KS.

V
V minh tun - KS.
minh t - phm thnh nam

Hng dn s dng

H Ni: 06/04/2008

Li gii thiu
Chng 1: M u
1.1. S ci t.. 3
1.2. c im chung.. 3
1.3. Th tc u vo... 5
1.3.1. u vo ca dng hnh hc... 5
1.3.2. D liu dng ch v gi tr.... 5
1.3.3. D liu dng la chn... 6
1.3.4. D liu kt cu.. 7
1.4. Khi ng chng trnh.. 8
1.4.1. Khai bo tng qut.... 8
1.4.2. Khai bo mu kt cu..... 10
Chng 2: Ln ca mng trn trong t
2.1. Hnh dng.... 12
2.2. Trng hp A: Mng cng. 12
2.2.1. Khai bo u vo 12
2.2.2. Qa trnh tnh ton.. 22
2.2.3. Xem kt qu 27
2.3. Trng hp B: Mng mm. 28
Chng 3: Kt cu ngp ca h o
3.1. Hnh dng 34
3.2. Tnh ton. 41
3.3. Xem kt qu u ra.

44

Chng 4: khng thot nc

4.1. Mu hnh hc..

47

4.2. Tnh ton.

4.3. Kt qu u ra.

49
52

Chng 5: H o kh s dng tng chn c ging neo

5.1. Cc s liu u vo.

54

5.2. Tnh ton. 57

5.3. Kt qu u ra.. 60
Chng 6: Cng trnh nn p ng
6.1. G thit.. 63
6.2. Tnh ton.

65

6.3. Kt qu u ra. 66
6.4. Phn tch an ton 68

LI GII THIU
PLAXIS l mt phn mm c bn quyn chuyn dng cho vic tnh bin
dng v n nh ca nn t trong cc d n xy dng. Vi u vo bng cc
hnh nh n gin cho php to ra cc mu cu kin hn hp gii hn mt cch
nhanh chng. Vic tnh ton c t ng ha ton b v c da trn vic m
ha cao. iu cho php ngi mi s dng c th lm vic vi phn mm ch
sau vi gi hc
Cun sch ny gip cho ngi mi tip cn hu ht nhng chc nng c sn
ca phn mm. N c gii hn trong mt s phng thc nh:
Ch mt b thng s t c th c dng trong mi tnh ton;
S trng hp tnh c gii hn trong 5 trng hp;
Khng c phng tin in n cng c chp nhn;
Cc kt qu xut ra khng c kh nng lu vo b nh tm thi.
Cun sch ny rt hu ch cho nhng ngi mi s dng dn thnh tho
vi phn mm PLAXIS. Nhng bi hc a dng cp n hu ht cc ng dng
thc tin v tnh nng ca chng trnh. Tuy nhin cc dng t mu c s
dng ch gii hn trong dng Morh-Coulomb c bn. Ngi s dng phi c kin
thc c bn v c hc t, nn v lm vic trong mi trng Windows. Mt ch
rng nhng bi hc c tip ni nhau. Nhng bi hng dn c s dng
trong mc v d ca cun sch ny v c th s dng kim tra kt qu ca bn.
Sch hng dn khng cung cp nhng kin thc c bn trong phng
php c bn c gii hn v cng khng gii thch chi tit nhng dng t khc
nhau c s dng trong chong trnh. Nhng iu trn c tm thy trong
Sch hng dn vt liu v nhng kin thc c bn c tm thy trong cc sch
k thut chuyn ngnh ph hp. Ngi s dng c th xem sch tham kho
bit nhng thng tin chi tit v nhng tnh nng ca chng trnh. Nhng sch
c th download min ph t trang web htttp:// ww.PLAXIS.nl.
Cho d u t nhiu cng sc trong vic bin son cun sch, vi mong
mun gip mi ngi c th tip cn nhanh chng v thnh tho trong vic s
dng phn mm PLAXIS nhng v nhiu l do, c th sch cn nhiu mt cha
c hon chnh. Chng ti rt mong qu c gi trong qu trnh s dng sch,
s gip cho chng ti nhng kin ng gp qu bu. Xin chn thnh cm n.

CHNG 1: M U
Phn ny a ra mt s ch v nhng th tc u vo c bn c s dng
trong chng trnh. Nhng tiu hay nhng ch mc c bit s c in
nghing. Trong khi nhng phm trn bn phm hay nhng ch cn ch trn mn
hnh s c trong ngoc khp (V d phm <Enter>).
1.1. S CI T
Nhng th tc ci t phin bn hng dn hon ton t ng. Nu c nhng
s c xy ra c th chy li chng trnh ci t sa cha nhng vn .
1.2. C IM CHUNG
Vic quan trng u tin trong vic phn tch mt cng trnh l vic khai bo
m hnh hnh hc. Mt m hnh 2 chiu s i din cho kt cu thc dng
khng gian 3 chiu v bao gm cc im, ng v min. Mt m hnh hnh hc
nn bao gm mt phn i din cho tng t quan trng nht, cc cu kin kt
cu, cc giai on xy dng v ti trng. M hnh phi ln ng ranh gii
khng nh hng n kt qu ca bi ton. Ba thnh phn ca m hnh hnh hc
c miu t chi tit nh sau:
im:
im bt u v kt thc mt ng thng, im cng c s dng
cho vic xc nh v tr im neo, lc tp trung, nhng im c nh
v nhng im chia ca li.
ng thng:
ng c s dng xc nh phm vi hnh hc, phm vi m
hnh v nhng ng t nt trong cc hnh nh cc bc tng hay
bn, gianh gii gia cc lp t. Mt ng thng c th c mt hay
nhiu chc nng hoc tnh cht.
Min:
Min l nhng din tch c ng kn bi cc ng thng. Phn
mm PLAXIS t ng nhn dng cc min da trn nhng ng
thng c khai bo u vo. Trong cc min xc nh th tnh cht
ca t l ng nht. Do cc min c quan tm nh l nhng
vng ca cc lp t. Mi tc ng nh hng n min s nh
hng n ton b cc phn t thuc min.

Sau khi to ra m hnh hnh hc, cc m hnh phn t s c t ng to ra

da trn da trn kt cu ca cc min v cc ng trong m hnh hnh hc.
Trong mt mng li phn t gii hn, chng trnh s nhn dng 3 loi b phn
cu thnh c miu t nh sau y:
Phn t:
Trong cc h mng li, cc min c chia lm cc phn t tam
gic. Chng ta c th la chn dng phn t 15 nt v 6 nt. Vi
cng mt dng phn t, vic tnh vi cc phn t 15 nt s c kt
qu chnh xc hn v linh ng hn nhng li mt nhiu thi gian
hn cho vic tnh ton hn so vi vic chn phn t 6 nt. Ngi
dng c th s dng ng thi cc dng phn t tam gic (thng
c s dng), phn t bn tng ng, phn li vi a k thut, v
phn t mt phn cch vo trong m hnh kt cu v s tng tc
ca kt cu t.
Nt:
Mt phn t 15 nt (6 nt) s bao gm 15 nt (6 nt). Cc nt c
phn b trn cc phn t nh trn hnh 1.1. Nhng phn t cnh
nhau c mi quan h thng qua cc nhm cc nt. Trong vic tnh
ton phn t hu hn, cc chuyn v (ux v uy) c tnh ton ti cc
nt. Nt c th c la chn trc a ra ng cong lcchuyn v
im ng sut:
Tri ngc vi chuyn v, ng sut v sc cng thng c tnh
ton thng qua cc im tch phn Gause c lp (hoc cc im
ng sut) hn l qua cc nt. Cc phn t tam gic 15 nt cha 12
im ng sut, cc phn t 6 nt cha 3 im ng sut c th hin
trn hnh 1.1a v 1.1b. Cc im ng sut c th c la chn
trc cho cc ng ng sut hay biu ng sut-lc cng.

Hnh 1.1: Cc nt v cc im c bit

1.3. TH TC U VO
Trong phn mm PLAXIS, khai bo u vo c thc hin bng cch kt hp
s dng chut v bn phm. Thng thng c 4 loi d liu u vo sau y:
D liu u vo dng hnh hc
(v d: bn v lp t)
D liu u vo dng ch
(v d: tn d n)
D liu u vo dng s
(v d: Trng lng ring t)
D liu u vo l s la chn
(v d: chn la gia cc dng t)
Chut thng c s dng v v chn mc Option trong khi bn phm
c s dng nhp ch v gi tr
1.3.1. U VO CA DNG HNH HC
M hnh hnh hc c khai bo da trn cc im v cc ng bng
cch s dng con tr chut trn min v. Mt s m hnh hnh hc c cho
trc trn thc n hoc trn thanh cng c. Vic khai bo m hnh hnh hc ch
yu da trn vic khai bo cc ng thng. Trong hu ht cc dng v, cc
ng thng c v bng cch kch chut tri trn vng v c im u, di
chuyn v kch chut tri mt ln na ta s c mt im mi s kt hp vi
im trc c mt ng thng. Vic v mt c ng thng s c
hon tt bng cch kch chut phi hay n phm <Esc>.
1.3.2. D LIU DNG CH V GI TR
Nh i vi hu ht cc phn mm khc, vic khai bo ch v gi tr l bt
buc. Cc d liu bt buc c trong cc hp hiu chnh. Cc hp hiu chnh
cho cng mt ch c bit c tp hp thnh nhm trn mn hnh. Cc ch
v gi tr c nhp t bn, kt thc bng phm <Enter> hay phm <Tab> . Khi
gi tr s c chp nhn v vng nhp s liu tip theo s c nh du.
6

mt s nc, nh H Lan, du ngn cch thp phn l du phy ,, tuy nhin

vic nhp d liu phi ph thuc nc ci h iu hnh.
Mt s thng s c th c khai bo mc nh do vic s dng phm
<Enter> m khng khai bo d liu u vo t bn phm. trnh trng hp
, ngi s dng nn in y thng tin vo cc vng d liu trn mn hnh
cho n khi n nt bm <Ok> trn mn hnh, khi bm <Ok> xc nhn cc
gi tr v ng ca s. Hoc c th la chn mt vng s liu u vo khc bng
cch s dng chut. hy b d liu khai bo v khi phc li cc d liu trc
hoc d liu mc nh ta c th s dng phm <Esc> hc kch chut tri vo
nt <Cancel>.
Tnh nng Spin edit c ch ra nh hnh 1.2, cng nh cc vng d liu
u vo bnh thng, mt gi tr c th nhp bng bn phm hoc cng c th
kch chut tri vo cc biu tng mi tn i ln
hoc i xung  bn phi
mi vng tng hoc gim gi tr c xc nh trc.

Hnh 1.2: Ca s SPIN EDIT

1.3.3. D LIU DNG LA CHN

Nhng s la chn c th c to ra bng cc nt bm radio, cc hp
chn hoc cc hp kt hp c miu t nh di y:
Nt bm Radio:
Trn ca s c nt bm radio ch c la chn mt ch mc, ch
mc c la chn c th hin bng mt du chm en bn trong
vng trn trng bn cnh ch mc. Ngi s dng la chn bng
cch kch chut tri vo vng trn trng hoc s dng phm ln hoc
xung trn bn phm. Khi thay i gia hp ang lm vic sang mt
ty chn khc, hp c coi nh cha thc hin.

Hnh 1.3: Nt bm Radio

7

Hp la chn:
Vi cc hp la chn, ngi s dng c th la chn mt hay nhiu
ch mc cng mt lc. La chn cc ch mc ph hp bng cch s
kch chut tri hoc s dng phm cch trn bn phm in du
tch vo vung trng.

Hnh 1.4: Hp la chn

Hp kt hp:
Trong hp kt hp, ngi s dng ch c la chn mt la chn
t mt danh sch la chn cho sn.

Hnh 1.5: Hp kt hp

1.3.4. D LIU KT CU
D liu yu cu c s dng mt cch hp l nht. Mi trng Window cung
cp mt s phng thc sp xp v hin th thng tin trn mn hnh. Mt s dng
d liu kt cu c miu t nh di y.
Qun l trang v Trang Tab:
Mt v d v 1 trang gm 3 trang Tab c th hin trong hnh 1.6. Trang Tab
c s dng khai bo mt s lng ln dng d liu khc nhau m khng th
cha ht trong mt ca s. La chn trang Tab bng cch kch chut tri trn
thanh Tab tng ng hoc s dng phm <Ctrl> v <Tab> trn bn phm.
Hp nhm:
Hp nhm l nhng hp ch nht c tiu cha mt nhm cc ch mc c
cc tnh nng c bn. Trn hnh 1.6, Trang tab cha 3 hp nhm l Stifness,
Strength v Alternatives.

Hnh 1.6: Qun l trang v trang TAB

1.4. KHI NG CHNG TRNH

Phi tha nhn rng chng trnh c ci t bng cc bc t ng ha.
Phn mm PLAXIS c khi ng bng cch kch chut ln biu tng
PLAXIS.
1.4.1. KHAI BO CHUNG
Khi bt u mt d n mi, ca s ci t chung nh hnh 1.7 s xut hin.
Ca s bao gm 2 trang tab. trang tab th nht, cc ci t khc nhau cho d n
hin ti s c a ra. Vic t tn cho d n khng thc hin bc ny m
c thc hin khi ghi li chng trnh.
Ngi s dng c th nhp mt bn miu t vn tt v vn nh l tiu
ca d n vo hp ch gii (Comments box). Tiu s c a ra u ra.
Hp ch gii n gin l ni lu tr thng tin v vic tnh ton. Hn na, dng
phn tch v dng phn t rt l thuyt. C th m phng cc lc ng bng cc
lc tnh c thc hin bng cch thm vo trng lc mt gia tc ring bng cch
nhp gi tr vo hp Acceleration.

Hnh 1.7: Hp khai bo chung - PROJECT TAB

Trong trang Tab th 2 (Dimensions) ngi dng khai bo n v (units) ca

chiu di (length), lc (stress) v thi gian (time), khai bo kch thc nh nht
(spacing) ca vng m m hnh hnh hc s c v trong . H ta chung
c quy c nh sau: trc X hng v bn phi, trc Y hng ln trn, trc Z
hng v pha ngi s dng. Trong phn mm PLAXIS, m hnh 2 chiu c
to ra trn mt phng XY. Trc Z ch c s dng cho kt qu ca ng sut.
Trong mc Geometry dimensions, khai bo vo Left ta nh nht theo trc
X, vo Right ta ln nht theo trc X, vo Bottom ta nh nht theo
trc Y, vo Top ta ln nht theo trc Y ca m hnh hnh hc. Trong thc
t, vng v thc t s ln hn vng v m ta khai bo do phn mm PLAXIS
s t ng thm vo mt kch thc nh lm l v c th cn do nguyn nhn
s khc nhau v t l chiu rng v chiu di gia nhng gi tr ta khai bo v
mn hnh.

Hnh 1.8: Hp khai bo chung - DIMENSIONS TAB

10

1.4.2. KHAI BO M HNH KT CU

Sau khi khai bo chung, hp thoi Input s xut hin nh hnh 2.9, nhng
ni dung chnh ca ca s Input s c trnh by sau y:
Thc n chnh:
Thc n chnh cha ton b cc mc c trn thanh cng c, v c mt
mc khng thng xuyn c s dng.
Thanh cng c chung:
Thanh cng c chung cha nhng nt tnh nng chung nh vic in n,
phng to hay thu nh i tng v n cng cha cc nt m mt
chong trnh khc ca phn mm (nh vic tnh ton, kt qu u ra v cc
th)
Thanh cng c hnh hc:
Thanh cng c ny cha nhng nt dng to ra mt m hnh hnh hc.
Nhng nt c sp xp t tri sang phi theo th t hon thnh mt m
hnh kt cu.

Hnh 1.9: Mn hnh lm vic

Thc k:
C 2 thc k bn tri v bn trn ca vng v gip ngi dng c th
c lng cc khong cch hnh hc.
Vng v:
Vng v l vng c dng v cc m hnh hnh hc, c nhng chm
nh c dng xc nh v tr cc im thng thng.
11

Gc ta :
Gc ta c hin th l mt vng trn nh ti giao im ca trc X v
trc Y.
Vng nhp th cng:
Trong trng hp nhp trc tip bng chut khng a ra kt qu chnh
xc, ngi dng c th nhp trc tip gi tr ta theo phng X v
phng Y, gia 2 gi tr c phn bit bng du cch.
v tr tr chut:
v tr tr chut cho bit ta hin thi ca con tr chut theo 2 phng.
Mt s la chn trn s c n i khi ta b s la chn trong thc n Menu.

Hnh 1.10: Thanh cng c

Ngi dng c th xem tn v tnh nng ca nt bt k trn cc thanh cng c

trn bng cch t v gi con tr chut ti nt trong 1 giy, mt dng hng
dn trong mu vng s hin ra.
Khi cn gip kch phm F1 c tr gip.

12

CHNG 2: TNH LN CA MNG TRN TRONG T

Chng 1 gii thiu nhng tnh nng v kha cnh c bn ca chng
trnh PLAXIS, chng 2 gii thiu bi hc u tin v s dng phn mm - tnh
ln cho mng trn trong t. Chng 2 s hng dn chi tit vic khai bo m hnh
hnh hc, thit lp mng li phn t hu hn, tnh ton phn t hu hn v nh
gi kt qu u ra.
2.1. HNH DNG

Hnh 2.1: S hnh hc ca mng

Xt m hnh kt cu nh sau: Mt mng trn ng knh 1,0m c t trn

mt lp t dy 4,0m nh hnh 2.1, bn di l mt lp cng coi nh dy v
hn. Yu cu ca bi ton l tm chuyn v v ng sut ca nn t di tc dng
ca ti trng truyn qua mng, trong c 2 trng hp mng cng v mng mm
trong m hnh hnh hc phn t hu hn trong c 2 trng hp l nh nhau.
Trong lp cng c c thay bng mt iu kin bin gn vo pha di
lp t. c th k n nh hng ca nn t v cc tc ng ca bin ngoi,
m hnh c m rng theo phng ngang vi bn knh l 5m.
2.2. TRNG HP A: MNG CNG
Trong trng hp ny mng c coi l tuyt i cng vi gi thit mng
ln u. Gi thit trn lm cho bi ton tr nn n gin tuy nhin n c mt s
nhc im, v d nh khng a ra thng tin v ni lc kt cu mng.
2.2.1. KHAI BO U VO
Khi ng chng trnh PLAXIS bng cch kch p chut vo biu tng
trong chng trnh u vo. Hp thoi Creat/Open project s xut hin trong
bn c th la chn mt d n c sn hoc mt d n mi. Chn New project
v kch nt <OK>. Lc ny ca s General settings s xut hin, bao gm 2 trnh
n l Project v Dimentions (xem hnh 2.3 v 2.4)
13

Hnh 2.2: Hp thoi Create/Open project

Thit lp tng qut

Bc u tin trong mi tnh ton l thit lp cc thng s c bn ca m
hnh phn t hu hn trong ca s General settings, bao gm vic m t vn ,
dng tnh ton, dng c bn ca phn t, cc n v c bn v kch thc ca
vng v. khai bo nhng iu trn cho vic tnh ton mng ngi s dng lm
theo nhng bc sau:
Trong trnh n Project, nhp Lesson 1 vo hp Title v nhp Settlement
of a circular footing vo hp Comments.
Trong hp thoi General, dng phn tch (Model) v dng phn t c bn
(elements) l theo l thuyt tnh. Vi mng trn, ta chn Axisymmetry t hp
thoi Model v chn 15-node trong hp thoi Element.

Hnh 2.3: Trnh n Project v ca s General settings

Hp Acceleration biu th gc tc ng ca trng lc l -900 l phng thng

ng. gi lp trng thi tnh ca cc yu t ng, ta cn thm vo gia tc trng
trng mt gia tc c lp khc. Trong bi tp ny ta nn gi ch s trn l 0, sau
kch phm <Next> di hoc kch vo trnh n Dimensions.
14

Trong trnh n Dimensions, ngi dng gi nguyn nhng n v mc

nh trong hp thoi Units (n v chiu di l m, n v lc l KN, n v thi
gian l Day)
Trong hp thoi Geometry dimensions, ta nhp kch thc ca vng v. Khi
nhp cc kch thc trn v di ca m hnh hnh hc, phn mm s thm vo
mt l nh cc kch hnh hc c t bn trong vng v. Nhp 0.0, 5.0, 0.0,
v 4.0 vo ln lt cc hp Left, Right, Bottom v Top.
Hp thoi Grid dng khai bo gi tr khong cch ca khung li, n to
ra mt mng li nhng du chm trn mn hnh m c th c s dng tham
chiu cc im. Khong cch gia cc du chm trn mn hnh c khai bo
trong hp Spacing. Khong trng gia cc du chm s c chia thnh cc
khong nh hn bng vic nhp gi tr vo Number of interval. Nhp 1.0 vo
Spacing v 1.0 vo Interval.
Kch nt <OK> xc nhn vic ci t, khi vng v s xut hin c
th to m hnh hnh hc.

Hnh 2.4: Trnh n Dimensions ca ca s General settings

Ch : Trong trng hp cn thay i bt k mt thng s c bn no, ta c th

m ca s General settng t thc n Menu.
ng bao quanh hnh dng
Thit lp tng quan c hon thnh mt ln, din tch v xut hin vi mt
du hiu ca gc v phng ca h trc to . Trc X ang ch sang bn phi v
trc Y ang ch hng ln. Mt hnh dng c th c to ra mt vi ni bn
trong vng v. to ra i tng, bn c th s dng nhng nt t thanh cng
c hay cc mc t thc n Geometry. c mt i tng mi, nt
Geometry line hot ng. Ngoi ra, nt ny c th c la chn t thanh
cng c th hai hay t thc n Geometry. xy dng ng bao quanh ca
15

hnh dng ra, thc hin theo cc bc sau:

Chn mc Geometry line.
V tr con tr (by gi ang xut hin nh mt chic bt) ti gc to .
Kim tra rng cc n v trong thanh tnh trng 0.0x0.0 v kch phm tri
chut mt ln. im u tin (s 0) by gi c to ra.
Di chuyn con tr dc theo trc X ti v tr (5.0;0.0). Kch phm tri chut
sinh ra im th hai (s 1). Cng thi im ng thng u tin c
to ra t dim 0 ti im 1.
Di chuyn con tr ln ti v tr (5.0;4.0) v kch ln na.
Di chuyn sang bn tri ti v tr (0.0;4.0) v kch li ln na.
Cui cng, di chuyn quay li v gc to (0.0;0.0) v kch phm tri
chut ln na. T im cui cng tn ti, by gi im mi c to
ra, nhng ch, mt ng thng thm vo c to ra t im 3 v im 0.
PLAXIS cng s tm ra mt nhm (din tch m c khp kn bi cc
ng thng ) v s mc nh cho n mt mu sng.
Kch phm phi chut kt thc vic v.
Ch : Li v tr ca cc im v cc ng thng c th c chnh sa hoc
pht hin bi vic chn la u tin nt Selection t thanh cng c. D di
chuyn mt im hay mt ng thng, chn im hay ng thng v ko n
ti v tr mong mun. xo mt im hay mt ung thng, chn im hay
ng thng v n nt Delete trn bn phm.
Nhng phn v khng mong mun c th c loi b bng cch kch nt
Undo t thanh cng c hay bng cch la chn mc Undo t thc n Edit hay
n Ctrl+Z trn bn phm.
Hnh dng a ra khng bao gm cc bn, cc li, cc b mt, cc thanh
neo, khp ni hay cc ng. K t y, bn c th b qua nhng nt ny trn thanh
cng c th hai.
Ch : Mu hnh dng y c hon thnh trc khi mt cu kin li c
sinh ra. C ngha rng iu kin bin v cc tham s mu phi c nhp v p
dng t mu hnh dng u tin.
iu kin bin
iu kin bin c th c tm thy phn trung tm ca thanh cng c th
2 v thc n menu. Vi bi ton bin dng, c 2 dng iu kin bin l chuyn
16

v bt buc v ni lc bt buc. V c bn mi bin u phi c mt iu kin

bin trong mi hng. Khi khng c mt iu kin bin r rng th iu kin t
nhin s c quy nh.
trnh trng hp m chuyn v ca m hnh hnh hc khng c xc
nh, mt s im ca m hnh phi c chuyn v bt buc. Dng n gin nht
ca chuyn v bt buc l dng c nh (chuyn v bng 0). Trong bi ton
ln ca mng cng c gi lp bng chuyn v 0 ti nh ca lp t ct.

Hnh 3.5: M hnh hnh hc trong ca s Input

lp iu kin bin cn thc hin theo cc bc sau:

Kch chut vo nt Standard fixities trn thanh cng c hoc trnh n
Standard fixities t thc n Loads thit lp iu kin bin chun.
Phn mm PLAXIS s to ra dng c nh y y ca m hnh v cc
iu kin trc trn phng thng ng( ux=0, uy t do). Dng c nh trong mt
hng nht nh xut hin trn mn hnh l 2 ng thng song song vung gc
vi hng . Trc c th hin l 2 ng thng ng song song v khung
c nh l cc ng crosshatched.
Ch : Trnh n Standard fixities ph hp vi hu ht cc dng a k thut.
l cch nhanh v thun tin nht nhp iu kin bin.
Chn nt Prescribled displacements trn thanh cng c hoc chn
trn trnh n Prescribled displacements ti thc n Loads.
Di chuyn con tr chut ti im (0.0, 4.0) v kch chut tri.
Di chuyn dc ng trn ti im (1.0, 4.0) v kch chut tri.
Kch chut phi kt thc.
thm mt im mi, chuyn v xung bt buc ca 1 n v (1.0
17

m) theo phng thng ng v phng ngang s c to ra trn nh ca

m hnh. Chuyn v c nh c th hin l mt lot cc mi tn bt u
t gc ca m hnh v ch n hng chuyn ng.
Ch : Nhng gi tr u vo ca chuyn v c nh c th thay i bng cch
kch chut vo nt Selection v kch p vo ng m chuyn v c nh p
dng vo. Khi chn Prescribed displacements t hp thoi Select, mt ca s s
xut hin thay i. Chuyn v c nh c xc nh trong bc tnh ton.
Thit lp thng s vt liu
gi lp s lm vic ca t, mt m hnh t ph hp v cc thng
s v thng s vt liu thch hp s c gn vo m hnh. Trong phn
mm, cc tnh cht ca t s c tp hp trong d liu vt liu v trong
d liu a dng trong c s d liu vt liu. T c s d liu, mt b d
liu c th c chn vo mt hay nhiu nhm. Vi h kt cu, nh tng
hay bn, dng kt cu khc nhau s c cc thng s khc nhau v do vy
cc b d liu khc nhau. Phn mm s phn bit gia cc b d liu t
v ng phn cch, bn, neo v li a k thut.
B d liu vt liu c to ra sau khi khai bo iu kin bin. Trc
khi li c lp, mi d liu v vt liu nn c xc nh v mi nhm
v kt cu phi c b d liu thch hp.
Bng 2.1: Tnh cht ca lp t ct

Thng s
Dng vt liu

Tn

Gi tr

n v

Model

Mohr-Coulomb

ng s ca nn t

Type

Drained

Trng lng t trn mc nc ngm

unsat

17.0

KN/m3

Trng lng t di mc nc ngm

sat

20.0

KN/m3

h s thm ngang

kx

1.0

m/day

h s thm thng ng

ky

1.0

m/day

M un n hi

Eref

13000

kN/m2

H s Poisson

0.3

Lc dnh n v

cref

1.0

kN/m2

Gc ni ma st

31.0

Gc n

0.0

S liu u vo ca gi d liu vt liu c th c la chn bng nt

18

Material sets trn thanh cng c hoc t thc n Materials

khai bo tnh cht ca cc lp t ngi s dng lm theo nhng bc sau:
Chn nt Material Sets trn thanh cng c. Mt gi d liu n l c th
c xc nh v sa i.
Chn gi d liu v kch chut vo nt <Edit> trn vng thp hn ca s
Material Sets. Mt hp thoi mi s xut hin vi 3 trnh n: General,
Parameters v Interfaces nh trong hnh 2.6 v 2.7.

Hnh 2.6: Trnh n General ca ca s d liu t

Trong hp Material Set ca trnh n General, nhp Sand vo hp

Identification.
Chn Mohr-Coulomb trong hp Material model v Drained trong hp
Material type.
Nhp gi tr thch hp vo hp thoi General properties v Peameability
theo tnh cht vt liu trong bng 2.1.
Kch vo nt <Next> hoc trnh n Parameters nhp s liu u vo.
Thng s hin ln trong trnh n Parameters ph thuc vo vic la chn
m hnh vt liu.

19

Hnh 2.7: Trnh n Parameters ca ca s d liu t

Nhp thng s ca bng 2.1 vo hp tng ng ca trnh n Parameters.

Bi m hnh hnh hc khng bao gm mt phn gii nn chng c tp
hp vo trnh n th 3. Kch nt <OK> khng nh vic khai bo d
liu u vo.
a cc d liu v t t ca s Material Sets (chn n v gi chut tri khi
di chuyn) vo vng t trong vng v v b vo (th chut tri).
Kch nt <OK> vo ca s Material Sets ng d liu.
Ch : Phn mm phn bit gia c s d liu ring d n v c s d liu ton
cu. B d liu c th thay i t mt d n sang d n khc s dng c s d liu
ton cu. Mt gi d liu c th c copy bng cch kch nt <Global> trn ca
s Material Sets v a vo gi d liu thch hp t c s d liu ton cu vo c
s d liu d n. Khi gi d liu ton cu s c s dng cho d n.
Gi d liu hin ti c th c thay i bng cch m ca s ci t vt liu, chn
gi d liu cn thay i v kch nt <Edit>. thay i kch p chut vo vng
cn thay i v Kch nt <Change> sau hp thoi Material set. Gi d liu khi
s c ci t cho vng tng ng bng cch chn t trong c s d liu ca d
n v n nt <Apply>.
H thng li
Sau khi khai bo xong m hnh hnh hc, m hnh phn t hu hn (hay li)
c th c to ra. Phn mm chp nhn mng li hon ton t ng, trong
m hnh hnh hc c chia lm cc phn t dng c bn v cc phn t kt cu
tng ng. H thng li bao ph ht cc v tr ca cc im v ng thng ca
m hnh, do vy v tr chnh xc ca lp t, lc v kt cu c tnh ton trong h
thng phn t hu hn. Qu trnh tnh c da trn phn t tam gic l kt qu
20

ca mng khng cu trc. Mng t do khng c hnh thi bnh thng ca phn t.
Tuy nhin nhng mng phn t lun hot ng tt hn so vi cc mng phn t
c sp xp theo mt th t no . Hn na h thng mng li t n bin i
d liu u vo (tnh cht, iu kin bin, gi vt liu,...) t dng m hnh hnh hc
(im, ng, vng) sang dng phn t hu hn.

Hnh 2.8: Mng li phn t hu hn quanh chn mng

to ra mng li c th lm theo nhng bc sau:

Kch chut vo nt Generate mesh trn thanh cng c hoc chn trnh n
Generate t thc n Mesh. Sau khi h thng mng c lp, mt ca s s
m ra th hin mng li.
Kch chut vo nt <Update> quay li s liu u vo.
Ch : Nt <Update> ch c s dng quay li s liu u vo, thm ch khi
kt qu nhn c t h thng mng khng tha mn.
Mc nh rng nh dng th (Global coarseness) ca h thng mng c ci t
l Coarse. iu c th thay i trong thc n Mesh.
Trong bc ny, d liu u vo vn c th c thay i m hnh hnh hc hoc
thm i tng hnh hc. Nu cc thay i c thc hin trong bc ny th sau
mng phn t hu hn s phi t thay i.
Khi cn thit mng li c th c tnh theo h a phng hay h ton cu.
iu s c nghin cu phn khc.
iu kin u
Khi mng li c thnh lp th m hnh phn t hu hn cng c hon
thnh. Tuy nhin trc khi tnh ton ta phi khai bo cc iu kin u. Nhn
chung iu kin u bao gm iu kin u v mc nc, m hnh nn t v
21

trng thi ng sut ban u. Lp t trong bi ton ny l kh do khng cn

khai bo iu kin v mc nc. Tuy nhin qu trnh tnh ton yu cu h ng
sut ban u c biu din bi cc h s K0.
Cc iu kin u uc khai bo vo mi m hnh c lp ca d liu u vo.
khai bo ngi s dng c th lm theo nhng bc sau:
Kch chut vo nt Initial conditions trn thanh cng c hoc chn trnh
n Initial conditions trong thc n Initial.
u tin mt ca s nh s xut hin th hin cc gi tr mc nh ca trng
lng ring ca nc l 10 (kN/m3). Kch <OK> ng gi tr sau khi h
iu kin mc nc xut hin. Ch rng thanh cng c v thng tin v m hnh
hnh hc thay i so vi m hnh u vo.
Cc iu kin u bao gm 2 loi: p lc nc v thng s hnh hc. chuyn
gia 2 loi s dng switch trn thanh cng c
Do bi ton hin ti khng c p lc nc, chn thng s hnh hc bng
cch kch phn bn phi ca switch. Cao nc ngm s t ng c
t vo y m hnh.
Kch vo nt Generate initial stresses (cc ch thp ) trn thanh cng c
hoc chn trnh n Innitial stresses trong thc n . Hp hi thoi K0procedure s xut hin.
Gi h s tng trng lng t, Mweight, l 1.0. iu c ngha l ton
b trng lng ca khi t s c tnh vo ng sut ban u ca h. Kch
<OK> ng vi gi tr K0 mc nh ca phn mm.

Hnh 2.9: Min ng sut ban u mng

Ch : H s K0 c th ch c s dng cho cc lp nm ngang vi mt mt

22

nm ngang v cao ca mc nc ngm. c thng tin thm v h s K0 xem

cc ti liu thch hp.
Gi tr ca h s K0 da trn cng thc K0 = 1- sin . Nu gi tr c thay
i, gi tr mc nh s b b i.
Sau khi h ng sut ban u c khai bo, ca s Output s xut hin trong
ng sut hu hiu s i din nh ng sut chnh. Chiu di ca cc
ng s tng quan vi ng sut chnh v hng ca cc ng s l
hng chnh. Kch vo nt <Update> tr li m hnh hnh hc ca d
liu u vo.
Sau khi h thng ng sut ban u c lp, vic tnh ton c xc
nh. Sau khi n vo nt <Calculation>, ngi s dng s c hi c lu li d
liu trn cng hay khng. n vo nt <Yes>, nhp tn v n nt <Save>.
2.2.2. QU TRNH TNH TON
Sau khi Kch nt <Calculation> v ghi li d liu u vo, chng trnh u
vo s ng li v chng trnh tnh ton s bt u. Chng trnh tnh ton c
th c s dng xc nh v thc hin cc trng hp tnh ton. N cng
c s dng la chn cc trng hp tnh ton cho kt qu u ra.

Hnh 2.10: Ca s Calculations

Ca s tnh ton (Calculations) bao gm mt thc n, mt thanh cng c,

mt b trnh n v mt danh sch cc trng hp tnh ton nh c th hin
trong hnh 2.10.
Cc trang Tab( General, Parameter v Multipliers) c s dng xc
nh cc trng hp tnh ton. N c th l mt lc, trng hp thi cng, giai
23

on c kt hay phn tch an ton. Cc trng hp tnh ton cn c xc nh

cho mi d n. Mi trng hp tnh c xut hin trng mt danh sch phn
di ca ca s. Trang Preview c s dng biu th trng thi thch hp ca
m hnh.
Khi chng trnh tnh c khi ng trc tip sau khi khai bo d liu u
vo ca d n th trng hp tnh sau cng s c t ng la chn. m t
ln ca mng cng trong tnh ton ch cn mt trng hp tnh. Trng trng
hp mt qu trnh tnh mm do s c thc hin. Phn mm PLAXIS c
mt th tc thun tin cho cc bc lc t ng c gi l Load Advancement.
Trnh t c s dng cho hu ht cc tnh ton. Trong cc tnh ton mm,
chuyn v bt buc c m t l vt lm ca mng. khai bo trng hp tnh
cn lm theo cc bc sau:
Chn trng hp tnh u tin bng cch kch vo <Phase 1> pha di
ca s.
Trong hp Phase ID vit tn thch hp cho trng hp tnh,
Trong trang General chn Plastic trong hp Calculation type.
Kch nt <Parameters> hoc kch vo trnh n Parameters.

Hnh 2.11: Ca s tnh vi trnh n Parameters

Trnh n Parameters bao gm cc thng s iu khin tnh ton c th

hin trong hnh 2.11. Gi li gi tr mc nh cho s lng bc ln nht (
Additional steps) (250) v chn Standard setting t hp.
Trong hp Loading input, chn Staged constructions.
24

 Kch vo nt <Define>.
Ca s Staged constructions s xut hin v th hin m hnh hnh hc hin
ti. Chn chuyn v bt buc bng cch kch p chut vo dng trn cng
mt hp hi thoi s xut hin
Trong hp hi thai Prescribed Displacement, ln v hng ca chuyn
v bt buc c nh ngha nh th hin trn hnh 2.12. Trong trng hp
nhp gi tr trc Y l -0.1 trong c 2 min, mi gi tr trc X l 0. Kch
<OK>.
By gi kch nt <Update> quay li trang Parameters.

Hnh 2.12: Hp hi thoi Prescribed Displacements trong ca s Staged

Construction

Vic khai bo tnh ton hon thnh. Bn trng hp cn li khng cn thit

trong v d ny.
Trc khi bt u tnh ton cn chn nt hoc im ng sut cho h ng
cong lc-chuyn v hoc biu ng sut v sc cng. Cn thc hin theo cc
bc sau:
Kch vo Select points for curves trn thanh cng c, khi mt ca s s
xut hin biu th mi nt ca m hnh phn t hu hn.
Trong ca s Calculations, chn nt <Calculations>, n bt u cho qu
trnh tnh ton. Mi trng hp tnh c la chn cho qu trnh tnh (biu
th bng mi tn mu xanh) s c thc hin.
Ch : Nt <Calculate> ch hin ra khi trng hp tnh c tp trung ti danh
25

sch trn.
Trong qu trnh tnh, mt ca s s xut hin cho bit nhng thng tin v
qu trnh tnh ton. Nhng thng tin nh th lc-chuyn v, h thng cc lc
v qu trnh tnh lp (s lp, li ton cu, im mm,..).
Khi qu trnh tnh kt thc, mt danh sch cc trng hp tnh c cp nht
v mt thng bo xut hin trong hp Log info tng ng. Hp Log info xut hin
d qu trnh tnh c thnh cng hay khng. Vic tnh ton hin ti s a ra mt
thng bo Prescribed ultimate state fully reached
kim tra lc gy ra chuyn v bt buc 0.1m, kch vo trnh n
Multipliers v chn nt t l Reached values. Hn na vn ti cc gi tr ca
s nhn trong 2 ct, nhng thng tin thm v c th hin pha tri ca ca s.
Gi tr ca lc theo phng Y l quan trng. Gi tr y biu din tng phn lc
tng ng vi chuyn v bt buc theo phng ng tng ng vi tng lc theo
1.0 radian ca mng. t c tng lc mng, gi tr lc theo phng Y nn
c nhn vi 2.
Hnh 2.13: Ca s thng tin
tnh ton

Ch : Cc trng hp tnh
ton c th thm vo, b sung,
v xa bng cch s dng cc
nt <Next>, <Insert> v
<Delete>.
Kim tra danh sch cc
trng hp tnh cn thn sau
mi bc tnh ton. Mt vic tnh ton thnh cng c nh du xanh () trong
khi tnh ton khng thnh cng c nh du gch cho (). Nhng trng
hp tnh c la chn cho qu trnh tnh c th hin bng ng mi tn
xanh().
Khi mt trng hp tnh c nh du xanh hay du ch thp , nt <Output>
s hin ln trn thanh cng c dn trc tip ti chng trnh u ra. Khi mt
trng hp tnh c th hin bng mi tn xanh th nt <Calculate> s hin ln
trn thanh cng c.
2.2.3. XEM KT QU
26

Khi vic tnh ton kt thc, kt qu s hin th trong chng trnh u ra.
Trong ca s u ra, bn c th xem cc chuyn v v ng sut trong m hnh y
cng nh trong mt ct ngang v phn t kt cu. xem kt qu ngi s
dng thc hin theo cc bc:
Kch vo trng hp tnh u tin trong ca s Calculations v kch nt
<Output> trn thanh cng c. Khi chng trnh u ra s c bt u
v ch ra mng b bin dng cui trng hp tnh c la chn cng vi
chuyn v ln nht. (hnh 2.14)
Chn Total displacements t thc n Deformations. Khi tng chuyn
v ca tt c cc nt v mi tn s c th hin.
Hp thoi hin thi trn thanh cng c l Arrows. Chn Shadings t hp
, n s biu din cc vng mu khc nhau ca tng chuyn v. Cc gi tr
chuyn v c biu din ti bin vng mu.
Chn Contours t thanh cng c biu din ng vin ca tng chuyn
v.
Chn Effective stresses t thc n Stresses th hin ng sut hu hiu
nh ng sut chnh. ( hnh 2.15)

Hnh 2.14: Li bin dng

Ch : Biu ng sut v chuyn v c th c kt hp vi cc tnh cht hnh

hc bng thc n Geometry.
Thc n Deformations cho php biu din chuyn v ln dn. Chuyn v ln dn
l chuyn v m din ra trong mt bc tnh ton (trong trng hp bc kt
thc).
Kch nt Table trn thanh cng c, mt ca s mi s xut hin
27

trong bng biu din gi tr ca cc ng sut Cartersian trong

mi im ng sut ca tt c c phn t.

Hnh 2.15: ng sut chnh

2.3. TRNG HP B: MNG MM

D n by gi c xt vi mng l mng mm. M hnh hnh hc ca
mng trong trng hp ny tng t nh phn trn tr nhng phn t thm vo
c s dng trong m hnh mng. Khng cn phi to ra mt m hnh mi, bn
c th bt u t m hnh trc, chnh sa v lu li bng tn khc. Thc hin
iu theo cc bc sau:
Thay i m hnh hnh hc
Kch vo nt Go to Input bn tri ca thanh cng c.
Chn file bi trc trong ca s Create/open.
Chn Save as thc n File, nhp mt tn khng trng vi cc tn c
trc cho d n v n <Save>.
Chn ng m trn c chuyn v bt buc v n <Del > trn bn phm.
Chn Prescribed displacement ti ca s Select items to delete v kch
<Delete>.
Kch nt <Plate> trn thanh cng c.
Di chuyn ti im (0.0; 4.0) v kch chut tri.
Di chuyn ti im (1.0; 4.0) v kch chut tri, sau kch chut phi kt
thc. Mt bn t im 3 ti im 4 c to ra gi nh cho mng mm.
Thay i iu kin bin
Kch nt Distributed load-load system trn thanh cng c.
Kch vo im (0.0; 4.0) v im (1.0;4.0).
Kch chut phi kt thc nhp lc phn b. ng gi tr mc nh ca
28

lc phn b (1.0 KN/m2 trc giao vi cc ng bin)

Thm tnh cht vt liu ca mng
Kch nt Material sets.
Chn Plates t hp Set type trong ca s Material Sets.
Chn gi vt liu khng tn hng trn cng ca hp danh sch v kch
vo nt <Edit>. Mt ca s mi xut hin l ni nhp tnh cht ca mng.
Vit Footing vo hp Identification v chn dng vt liu Elastic.
Nhp cc tnh cht nh lit k bng 2.2.
Kch nt <OK>. Mt b d liu mi s xut hin trong ca s Material
Sets.
Ko gi d liu Footing vo vng v v a vo mng.
ng c s d liu bng cch Kch nt <OK>.
Bng 2.2: Tnh cht vt liu mng

Thng s

Tn

Gi tr
6

n v

cng thng

EA

5.10

cng un

EI

8500

kN/m
kNm2/m

dy tng ng
Trng lng

D
W

0.143
0.0

m
kN/m/m

Ch : Nu Ca s Material Sets hin th trn m hnh mng, di chuyn ca

s ti v tr khc nhn thy mng r rang.
dy tng ng s c t ng tnh ton t s liu EA v EI, khng c
t nhp.
Lp h li
Kch vo nt Mesh generation lp mng li phn t hu hn. Mt
cnh bo s xut hin Ch rng p lc nc v ng sut ban u nn
c phc hi sau mng li. Kch <OK>.
Sau khi quan st mng li, kch nt <Update>.
Ch : S phc hi kt qu mng li trong s phn phi li cc nt v im ng
sut. Thng thng ng sut hin ti khng tng ng vi v tr mi ca im
ng sut. Do vic phc hi p lc nc v ng sut ban u sau vic phc hi
mng li l rt quan trng.
iu kin u
29

Kch nt <Initial conditionals> tr li trng thi Geometry input.

Do bi ton hin ti khng c p lc nc, chn thng s hnh hc bng
cch kch phn bn phi ca switch. Cao nc ngm s t ng c
t vo y m hnh.
Kch vo nt Generate initial stresses( cc ch thp ) trn thanh cng c
hoc chn trnh n Innitial stresses trong thc n. Hp hi thoi K0procedure s xut hin.
Gi h s tng trng lng t, Mweight, l 1.0. iu c ngha l ton
b trng lng ca khi t s c tnh vo ng sut ban u ca h. Kch
<OK> ng vi gi tr K0 mc nh ca phn mm.
Kch <OK> lp ng sut ban u.
Sau khi quan st ng sut u, kch nt <Update>.
Kch <Calculate> v ghi li d n hin ti.
Tnh ton
Trong trnh n General, chn <Phase 1> v nhp dng tnh ton: Plastic.
Nhp tn ca giai on tng ng v ng 0-initial phase nh l giai on
bt u.
Trong trnh n Parameters, chn Staged construction v kch nt
<Define>.
Vng m hnh hot ng s xut hin, kch vo khi ng. Hp thoi
Select items s xut hin. Kim tra hp checks ng c bn v lc.
Khi lc c chn, kch <Change> pha trn ca hp hi thoi. Hp thoi
distributed load-load system xut hin. Nhp gi tr Y-values l -350 KN/m2
cho cc im hnh hc. Ch rng tng lc c tnh nh phn trn.
ng hp thoi v n <Update>.
Kim tra nt v im lc cho ng cong lc-chuyn v nu cc im thch
hp vn cn c chn. Nhng im pha trn, bn tri nn c chn.
Nu trng hp tnh u tin c nh du bng mi tn mu xanh th cc
trng hp t th 2 n 5 s khng c nh du.
Nu khng phi l trng ng, kch p chut vo trng hp tnh u
tin hoc kch chut phi v chn Mark calculations. Kch nt
<Calculation> bt u tnh ton.
Xem kt qu
30

 Sau qu trnh tnh ton, kt qu cui cng ca tng bc c th c xem

bng cch kch nt <Output>. Chn vng cn xem. Chuyn v v ng sut
c th ging nhng kt qu thu c phn trc.
Kch p vo mng, mt ca s mi xut hin trong chuyn v hoc
mmen un ca mng c th c v s .
Ch rng thc n c th c thay i. Chn cc trnh n khc t thc
n Forces xem lc trong mng.
Ch : Nhiu ca s c th c m ra cng lc trong chng trnh u ra. Mi
ca s xut hin trong danh sch thc n Window.
Lp ng cong lc-chuyn v
Kt qu ca bc tnh ton cui cng thng hu ch khi quan st ng cong
lc chuyn v. lp ng cong lc-chuyn v nh hnh 2.17 th hin, c
thc hin theo cc bc sau:
Kch vo nt Go to curves program trn thanh cng c v ng cong.
Chn Newchart t hp thoi Create/Open project.
Chn tn ca file ca d n gn nht v nhn <Open>.

Hnh 2.16: Ca s h ng cong

Mt ca s Curve generation s xut hin bao gm 2 ct (trc X v trc Y),

cng cc nt la chn v 2 hp chn mi ct. S kt hp la chn vi tng
trc.
Vi trc X, chn nt Displacement. T hp thoi Point combo chn A(0.00/
4.00) v t hp Type chn Uy. nh du tch vo Invert sign. S lng vng
trn trc X l chuyn v thng ng ca im A.
i vi trc Y, chn nt Multiplier v t hp Type chn Mstage. S lng
vng trn trc y l s lng s thay i c khai bo. Cc gi tr c sp xp t 0
31

n 1, iu c ngha l 100% lc bt buc (350KN/m2) c tc ng vo.

Kch nt <Ok> ng s liu u vo v h ng cong lc chuyn v, nh trn
hnh 2.17.
Ch : Ca s Curve settings c th c s dng sa i thuc tnh ng
cong

Hnh 2.17: ng cong lc - chuyn v

Ch : vo li ca s Curve generation (trong trng hp c mt li, mt s

ti sinh mong mun hay s thay i) bn c th kch vo nt Change curve
settings t thanh cng c. Kt qu l ca s Curve settings xut hin, trong
bn nn kch vo nt <Regenerate>. Nh mt s la chn, bn c th m ca s
Curve settings bng cch chn mc Curve t thc n Format.
Ca s Frame settings c th c s dng chnh sa vic thit lp cu trc.
Ca s ny c th c m bng cch kch vo nt Change frame settings t
thanh cng c hay la chn mc Frame t thc n Format.

32

CHNG 3: KT CU NGP CA H O
Chng ny minh ho cch s dng PLAXIS cho vic phn tch kt cu
ngp ca h o. Nt c trng nht ca chng trnh l nhng kin thc s dng
trong chng I s c s dng y mt ln na. Ngoi ra, mt vi c trng
mi s c s dng, nh l: cch s dng b mt v cu kin neo, s pht sinh
p lc nc v s dng nhiu mt ct tnh ton phc tp.Nhng c trng mi s
c din t trong cc trng hp c th. Do , khuyn ngh rng chng I nn
hon thnh trc khi thc hin th chng ny.
Chng ny quan tm ti kt cu ca h o ng gn mt con sng. H
o c thi cng m xy dng mt ng hm bi s lp t tng on ng
c c sn. H o rng 30m v su 20m. N ko di trong phng chiu dc
cho mt khong cch rng, mt mu thng c th ng dng c. Cc thnh
bn ca h o c chng bi tng ngn di 30m, m c tng cng bi
cc thanh ging ngang ti cc khong cch nhau 5m. Dc theo h o, mt b
mt ti trng c a vo tnh ton. Ti trng c dt cch tng chn 2m n
cch tng chn 7m v c ln 5 KN/m2/m.
Trn 20m ca tng t chnh bao gm nhiu lp t do, m c m hnh
nh mt lp t st ng nht, pha di lp t st l mt lp t cng, m
ko di ti mt su rt ln. Do bi s gii hn ca bn gii thiu, tt c cc
lp t s c m hnh ho s dng cng b ngun vt liu nh nhau.

Hnh 3.1: Mu hnh hc ca trng hp mt h o ngp

y ca bi ton phn tch c ly ti su 40m di mt t. V hnh

dng l i xng nn ch mt na (pha bn tri) c cp trong phn tch.
Qu trnh o c m phng trong ba giai on h o ring bit. Tng chn
33

c m hnh ho ging mt tm, nh s dng cho kt cu ngm trong chng

tip theo. S tng tc gia tng v t c m phng trong tt c cc bn nh
l mt phn gii. Cc b mt k n chi tit ca s gim ma st tng so vi ma
st trong t. Thanh ging c m phng nh l mt cu kin n hi m tnh
cht cng thng thng l mt thng s yu cu u vo.
Thng tin c s trn nhng i tng mi ny xem trong phn tham kho.
3.1. HNH DNG
to mu hnh dng, theo nhng bc sau y:
Thit lp tng th
Khi ng chng trnh u vo v la chn New project t hp thoi
Create/ open project.
Trong trnh n Project ca ca s General settings, in mt tiu thch
hp v m bo rng Model c thit lp vi Plane strain v rng
Elements c thit lp vi 15-node.
Trong trnh n Dimensions, gi mc nh cc n v (chiu di = m; lc =
kN; thi gian = Day) v nhp kch thc ngang (Left,Right) theo th t l
0.0 v 45.0 v kch thc dc (Bottom, Top) l 0.0 v 40.0. Gi mc nh
gi tr cho li khong cch (Spacing = 1m; bc nhy ca khong cch
Interval = 1)
Kch vo nt OK sau khi bng cng tc xut hin.
ng bao hnh dng, cc lp t v kt cu
ng bao hnh dng: Chn nt Geometry line t thanh cng c (iu ny ,
trn thc t c la chn cho mt bi ton mi). Di chuyn con tr t gc
(0.0; 0.0) v kch phm tri chut. Di chuyn 45m ti im bn phi (45.0; 0.0) v
kch li mt ln na. Di chuyn 40m ln im (45.0; 40.0) v kch chut lai mt
ln na. Di chuyn 45m ti im bn tri (0.0; 40.0) v kch chut lai mt ln
na. Cui cng, di chuyn con tr v gc to v kch chut li ln na. Mt
nhm cc im hin ra. Kch chut phi kt thc vic v.
S ngn cch gia hai lp t: Nt Geometry line vn c la chn. Di
chuyn con tr ti v tr (0.0; 20.0). Kch vo ng thng ng hin ti. Mt
im mi (4) s c gii thiu by gi. Di chuyn 45m ti im bn phi (45.0;
20.0) v kch vo ng thng ng hin c khc.Mt dim khc (5) c gii
thiu v by gi hai nhm im hnh thnh.
34

Tng chn: Chn nt Plate t thanh cng c. Di chuyn con tr ti v tr

(30.0; 40.0) ti pha trn ng thng nm ngang v kch. Di chuyn 30m xung
(30.0;10.0) v kch chut. Ngoi ra, ti im ti chn tng, im khc c gii
thiu ti ni giao nhau vi trung im ca ng thng nm ngang (lp t ngn
cch). Kch chut phi kt thc vic v.
S ngn cch ca cc tng h o: Chn nt Geometry line mt ln na. Di
chuyn con tr ti v tr (30.0; 38.0) ti tng v kch. Di chuyn con tr 15m ti
im bn phi (45.0; 38.0) v kch ln na. Kch phm chut phi kt thc vic
v lp h o u tin. By gi, di chuyn con tr ti v tr (30.0;30.0) v kch
chut. Di chuyn ti (45.0;30.0) v kch chut ln na. Kch chut phi kt
thc vic v tng h o th 2.
Ch : Trong phm vi kiu nhp hnh dng u vo, khng hon ton cn thit
chn nt trn thanh cng c chng xut hin t tri n phi. Trong trng
hp ny, rt thun tin to ra tng u tin v sau nhp cc tng ngn cch
h o ging nh Geometry line.
Khi to mt im rt gn mt ng thng, im thng c bt vo
ng thng, bi v li t sinh khng th iu khin cc im v ng thng
khng trng hp ti khong cch rt nh. Qui trnh nhp cc im cng n
gin m d nh t chnh xc trn mt ng thng hin c.
Nu con tr c khng c t v cn bn v thay cho vic bt vo mt
im hin c hay ng thng th mt im mi ring bit s c to ra, im
ny c th c ko (v bt) vo im hin c hoc ng thng bng vic s
dng nt Selection.
Ni chung, ch mt im c th tn ti ti mt s kt hp chc chn v ch
mt ng thng c th tn ti gia hai im. S trng hp gia cc im hoc
ng thng s c t ng bt phi thnh cc im ring bit hay cc ng
thng. Qu trnh ko cc im ln trn cc im hin c c th c s
dng loi tr cc im hay cc ng thng tha.
B mt: Kch vo nt Interface trn thanh cng c hay chn biu tng
Interface t thc n Geometry. Con tr s bin thnh hnh du + vi mt mi
tn nm cc gc phn t. Mi tn cho bit hng m ti b mt s c sinh
ra khi con tr c di chuyn theo mt phng nht nh.
35

 Di chuyn con tr (trung tm ca du + xc nh v tr con tr) ti nh ca

tng (30.0;40.0) v kch phm tri chut. Di chuyn ti y ca tng
(30.0;10.0) v kch ln na. Theo v tr mi tn xung ca con tr, mt b mt
c sinh ra ti pha tri ca tng. Tng t, mi tn ln c t ti pha phi
ca con tr, v vy khi di chuyn ln ti nh ca tng c v kch mt ln na,
mt b mt c to ra pha tay phi ca tng. Di chuyn v im (30.0;40.0)
v kch ln na. Kch phm chut phi kt thc vic v.
Ch : S la chn ca mt b mt c thc hin bi vic chn tng ng hnh
dng ng thng v v cn bn s la chn b mt tng ng(chc chn hay
khng chc chn) t hp thoi Select.
Ch : B mt c cho bit nh cc ng thng chm gia dc theo hnh dng
ng thng. nhn bit b mt ti hng ny hay hng kia ca mt hnh
dng ng thng, mt k hiu dng ( ) hay k hiu m ( )c thm vo. K
hiu ny khng phi lin quan n vt l hay nh hng n kt qu.
Thanh lin kt: Kch vo nt Fixed-end anchor trn thanh cng c hay chn
mc Fixed-end anchor t thc n Geometry. Di chuyn con tr 1m ti mt v tr
di im 6(30.0;39.0) v kch phm tri chut. Mt ca s c tnh xut hin
trong hng gc v chiu di tng ng ca lin kt c th c nhp vo.
Nhp vo mc Equivalent length mt khong 15m(bng mt na chiu rng ca
h o) v kch vo nt OK(hng gc vn gi nguyn l 00)
Ch : Mt thanh ging c miu t bi mt ch T xoay vi mt kch thc t
l. i tng ny thc cht l mt lin kt mt u ni vi li v mt u khc
c c nh. Hng gc v chiu di tng ng phi c nhp vo trong
ca s c tnh. Chiu di tng ng l khong cch gia im ni v v tr
trong hng ca thanh lin kt ni m chuyn v bng khng.Theo mc nh,
chiu di tng ng l 1 n v v gc l 00(tc l nhng im lin kt hon
ton trong phng X )
Kch vo gia ch T la chn mt lin kt hin hnh.
Ti trng phn b: Kch vo Distributed load - load system A. Di chuyn
con tr ti (23.0;40.0) v kch chut. Di chuyn con tr sang phi 5m ti im
(28.0;40.0) v kch ln na. Kch chut phi kt thc vic v. Kch vo thanh
cng c Selection v kch p chut vo ti trng phn b v la chn

36

Distributed Load (System A) t danh mc. Nhp vo mc gi tr trc Y gi tr 5kN/m2.

Cc iu kin gii hn
to cc iu kin gii hn, kch vo nt Standard fixities trn thanh cng
c. Kt qu l: chng trnh s sinh hon ton c nh ti y v trc ln thng
ng ti phng ng. Cc iu kin gii hn l trong cc trng hp thch hp
to cc iu kin i xng ti gii hn phi (ng thng i xng ca h
o). Hnh dng mu trng hp ny c th hin trong hnh 3.2.

Hnh 3.2: Hnh dng mu trong ca s u vo

Tnh cht ca vt liu

Sau khi nhp cc iu kin gii hn, tnh cht vt liu ca cc tng t v
cc i tng hnh hc khc c nhp trong b d liu. Tnh cht b mt c
bao gm trong b d liu cho t. Thng thng, hai b d liu s c to ra;
mt cho lp t trn v mt cho lp di. Nh c s gii hn ca bn gii thiu,
chng s c t hp nh mt vt liu ring bit trong b d liu. Ngoi ra, mt
b d liu ca loi Plate c to cho tng chn v mt b d liu ca loi
Anchor c to ra cho thanh lin kt. to nhng b d liu, theo cc bc
sau:
Kch vo nt Material sets trn thanh cng c. Chn Soil & interfaces nh
Set type. Kch vo nt New to mt b d liu mi.

37

 i din cho lp t st, nhp Soil cho mc Identification v chn Mohr Coulomb nh l Material model. T y, ch c tc ng di hn ca h o
c tnh n, chng ti s khng k n tc ng ca nc ngm. Do , loi
vt liu c thit lp l Drained.
Nhp cc c trng ca t, nh trong bng 3.1, cc hp sp xp tng ng
ca trnh n General and Parameters.
Kch vo mc Interfaces. Trong hp Strength, chn nt Manual. Nhp mt gi
tr 0.5 cho thng s Rinter. Thng s th hin mi quan h gia cng t vi
cng b mt, tnh theo cng thc sau:
tg int erface = Rint er .tg soil v cint er = Rint er c soil vi c ref = c soil (xem bng 3.1)

K t y, s dng gi tr Rinter nhp cho s gim ma st b mt v lc dnh b

mt (lc dnh) so snh vi gc ma st v lc dnh trong lp t lin k.
Bng 3.1: c trng vt liu ca t v b mt

Thng s

K hiu

Loi t

n v

Mu vt li

Model

M-C

Loi vt liu tc ng

Type

Drained

Khi lng n v t trn mc nc ngm

unsat

16

kN/m3

Khi lng n v t di mc nc ngm

sat

20

kN/m3

H s thm theo phng ngang

kx

0.001

m/day

H s thm theo phng dc

ky

0.001

m/day

M un n hi(khng i)

Eref

10000

kN/m2

H s Poisson

0.35

Lc dnh (khng i)

cref

5.0

kN/m2

Gc ma st trong

25

Gc trng n

0.0

Rinter

0.67

H s gim cng

Ko b d liu Soil ti nhm t thp hn v n .Cng ko b d

liu ti 4 nhm cn li (nm trn 20m). theo mc nh, b mt t ng c n
nh b d liu ca nhm lin k.

38

Ch : Thay v vic chp nhn mc nh b d liu ca b mt, cc b d liu c

th c n nh ti b mt trong ca s c trng ca chng. Ca s ny xut
hin sau khi kch p chut vo ng thng hnh dng tng ng v chn b
mt thch hp t hp thoi Select. Kch vo nt Change sau thng s Material
set, b d liu thch hp c th c chn t cy hin th.
Ngoi thng s Material set trong ca s c trng, Virtual thickness factor c
th c nhp vo. l mt gi tr hon ton bng s, m c th c s
dng nh gi trc quan s biu hin s hc ca b mt. Ngi s dng
khng c kinh nghim c khuyn co khng nn thay i gi tr mc nh.
Ngoi ra, nhiu thng tin v tnh cht b mt xem trong Reference Manual.
Thit lp thng s trong ca s Material sets t Plates v kch vo nt New.
Nhp Diaphragm wall nh mt s nhn dng ca b d liu v nhp c
trng nh th hin trong bng 3.2. Kch vo nt OK ng b d liu.
Ko b d liu Diaphragm wall ti tng trong hnh v t n ngay khi con
tr cho bit rng vic t c th.
Bng 3.2: c trng vt liu ca tng chn (tm)

Thng s

K hiu

Gi tr

Material type

Elastic

cng khi nn

EA

7,5.106

kN/m

cng khi un

EI

1,0.106

kNm2/m

B dy tng ng

1.265

Trng lng

10.0

kN/m/m

H s Poisson

0.0

Loi tc ng

n v

Ch : Nt Rigid trong hp thoi Strenght l mt phng ca b mt vi tnh

cht cng nh ca t (Rinter =1.0)
Thit lp thng s Set type trong ca s Material sets ti Anchors v kch vo
nt New. Nhp strut nh mt s xc minh ca b d liu v nhp cc c
trng nh trong bng 3.3. Kch nt OK ng b d liu.
Ko b d liu Rigid ti lin kt trong hnh v t n ngay khi con tr cho bit
rng vic t c th. ng ca s Material sets.

39

Bng 3.3: c trng vt liu ca thanh ging (thanh neo)

Thng s

K hiu

Gi tr

Material type

Elastic

cng khi nn

EA

2.106

kN

Khong cch gia cc thanh

Ls

5.0

Loi tc ng

Lc ln nht

Fmax,comp
Fmax,tens

n v

1.10

15

kN

1.10

15

kN

S pht sinh li
Trong bi ton ny, mt vi qu trnh chn lc li n gin c s dng.
ngoi ra, lc li ton b trc tip, l kh nng n gin nht cho lc cc
b bn trong mt lp, trn mt ng thng hay quanh mt im. Nhng s la
chn c th thc hin c t thc n Mesh. pht sinh li d nh, theo cc
bc sau:
Kch vo nt Generate mesh trn thanh cng c. Mt vi giy sau, mt li th
c gii thiu trong ca s Output. Kch vo nt Update quay tr li u
vo hnh dng.
T thc n Mesh, chn mc Global coarseness. Hp kt hp Element
distribution c thit lp l Coarse, m n l thit lp mc nh. lm min
ton b, c th chn mc tip theo t hp kt hp(Medium) v kch vo nt
Generate. Nh mt s la chn, mc Refine global t thc n Mesh c th
c la chn. Kt qu l, mt li tt hn c gii thiu trong ca s
Output. Kch vo nt Update quay tr li.
Nhng im gc ca cc phn t kt cu c th l nguyn nhn dc dch
chuyn ln. Do vy, n rt tt to ra cc din tch tt hn cc phn ca hnh
dng. Kch vo trung tm ca phn tng thp nht (kch mt ln). ng
thng hnh hc la chn by gi c xc nh mu . T thc n Mesh,
chn mc Refine line. Kt qu l; s lm mn cc b ca ng thng xc nh
xut hin trong li gii thiu. Kch vo nt Update quay tr li.
Ch : Thit lp li c ct gi cng nhau vi phn cn li ca u vo. Li
tr li bi ton hin thi v khng thay i hnh dng v vic thit lp li, li
tng t c th c sinh ra li bi kch ngay vo nt Generate mesh trn thanh
cng c. Tuy nhin, mt vi s thay i nh s dn n trong mt li khc.
Mc Reset all t thc n Mesh c th c s dng phc hi thit lp mc
nh cho s pht sinh li (Global coarseness = coarse v khng lc cc b).
40

Nhng iu kin ban u

Cc iu kin ban u ca bi ton hin thi yu cu s xut hin ca p lc
nc, cc kt cu mt tc dng, ti trng v s xut hin ca ng sut ban u.
p lc nc(p lc nc l rng v p lc nc bn ngoi ranh gii) c th c
sinh ra theo hai cch khc nhau: Mt s sinh ra trc tip da trn u vo ca
mc nc ngm v mc nc ngm cao nht hay mt s sinh ra gin tip da
trn kt qu ca tnh ton lu lng chy ca nc ngm. Trong bi ton hin
thi ch gii quyt vi qu trnh sinh ra trc tip. S pht sinh da trn lu lng
ca nc ngm c trnh by trong phn hai ca chng 4 (xem mt ct 4.2)
Trong phm vi la chn s pht sinh trc tip y l vi cch quy nh
iu kin nc. Cch n gin nht xc nh mt mc nc thng thng,
di p lc nc phn b l p lc thu tnh, da vo u vo ca trng lng
nc n v. Mc nc thng thng c t ng n nh cho tt cc cc lp
sinh ra p lc nc l rng. N cng c s dng sinh ra p lc nc bn
ngoi, nu c th p dng. Thay cho mc nc thng thng, cc lp khc nhau
c th c mt mc nc ring hay p lc nc l rng a vo thch hp. Cc la
chn cao sau s c th hin trong phn u tin ca chng 2 (xem mt ct
2.2). y ch mt mc nc thng thng c xc nh ti im di mt t
2.0m.
pht sinh p lc nc l rng ban u thch hp, theo cc bc sau y:
Kch vo nt Initial conditions trn thanh cng c.
Ch : Khi mt bi ton c to mi, trng lng nc c gii thiu ngay
khi vo nhp Groundwater mode. nhp li mt bi ton hin thi, u vo ca
trng lng nc c th c truy cp bi vic la chn mc Water weight t
thc n Geometry trong Groundwater mode.
Kch OK chp nhn gi tr mc nh ca trng lng n v th tch nc,
l 10 kN/m3. Kiu Groundwater conditions sau s hot ng, trong , nt
Phreatic level c la chn. Bng mc nh, ma nc ngm General
c sinh ra ti y ca hnh.
Di chuyn con tr ti v tr (0.0;38.0) v kch phm tri chut. Di chuyn 45m
ti im bn phi (45.0;38.0) v kch ln na. Kch phm chut phi kt
thc vic v. th by gi th hin mt General mc nc ngm 2.0m di
mt t.
41

Ch : Mt mc nc ngm hin ti c th c thay i khi s dng nt

Selection t thanh cng c. xo mc nc ngm General (la chn n v n
phm Del trn bn phm), mc nc ngm thng thng mc nh s c to li
ti y ca hnh dng. Giao din u vo hoc s thay i ca cc mc nc
ngm khng nh hng n hnh dng hin ti.
to ra p lc nc l rng phn b chnh xc trong hnh, mt ng thng
hnh hc thm vo c th c bo gm tng ng vi mc nc ngm cao nht
hoc mc nc khi gp s c.
Kch vo nt Generate water generate (du cng mu xanh) trn thanh cng
c. By gi ca s Water pressure generation xut hin.
T ca s Water pressure generation, chn nt Phreatic level trong hp
Generate v kch vo nt OK.
Sau s xut hin ca p lc nc, kt qu c hin th trong ca s Output.
Kch vo nt Update tr li ch lm vic kiu Groundwater conditions.
Sau khi p lc nc sinh ra v trc khi ng sut tc dng chnh xut hin,
cc phn ca hnh dng m khng ch ng trong giai on ban u phi c
lm mt hot ng. S la chn ny ban u c s dng lm mt hot ng
cc phn hnh dng (nhm hoc cc i tng kt cu) m c xy dng trong
giai on tnh ton sau. PLAXIS s t ng lm mt tc dng ti trng v cc cu
kin kt cu trong hnh dng ban u.
Trong bi ton hin thi, tng chn v neo ban u khng trnh by nn
lm mt hot ng trong hnh dng ban u. K0 procedure trong s xut hin
ca ng xut ban u s khng a vo gi tr nhm hnh hc mt tc dng.
ch Geometry configuration kch vo nt switch trn thanh cng c.
Kim tra rng tng v lin kt trong hnh hc l khng hot ng. Cc cu
kin khng hot ng c t mu xm. m bo rng tt cc cc nhm t
vn cn hot dng.
Ch : Cc nhm khng hot ng l mu trng, ging nh nh nn, trong khi
nhm hot ng c mu sc ca b vt liu tng ng.Cc i tng kt cu
khng hot ng l mu xm, trong khi cc kt cu hot ng c mu c bn nh
c s dng trong sut qu trnh to mu hnh hc.
Kch vo nt Generate initial stresses trong thanh cng c. Hp thoi K0 procedure xut hin.
42

 Gi trng lng tng cng ca t bng 1,0. Chp nhn gi tr mc nh cho

K0 v kch vo nt <OK>.
Sau khi ng sut tc dng chnh pht sinh, kt qu c hin th trong ca s
Output. Kch vo nt <Update> tr li ch kiu Initial configuration.

Kch vo nt <Calculate>. Chn <Yes> trong tr li cu hi v lu d liu v

nhp mt tn tp thch hp.

3.2. TNH TON

Trong bi ton ny, cu trc ca mt h o l mt qu trnh m bao gm
cc giai on khc nhau. u tin, tng c t n su mong mun. Sau
, t c o ra to khng gian lp t thanh ging hay thanh lin kt.
Tip theo, t dn dn c o tip n su cui cng ca h o. Nhng
bin php c bit thng c a ra ngn khng cho nc vo trong h o.
Nhng thanh chng cng c th c cung cp chng tng chn. Trong
PLAXIS, nhng qu trnh ny c th c m hnh bi mc tnh ton Staged
construction. Staged construction c th lm mt tc dng hoc tc dng ca
trng lng, cng v bn ca cc thnh phn la chn ca mu phn t c
hn. Bi ton ny chng minh vic s dng sc mnh ca tnh ton cho m hnh
ho cc h o.
Ch : Mc Staged construction khng ch c d nh m phng cc h
o hay cc cng trnh, m n cn c th c s dng thay i s phn b
ca p lc nc, thay i tnh cht ca vt liu (v d m phng s ci
thin t ) hay ci thin chnh xc ca cc kt qu tnh ton tip theo).
H o, nh l trong v d ny, c thc hin trong nm giai on. S ngn
cch ca ba giai on h o c a vo trong sut qu trnh to mu hnh
dng bi ng thng hnh hc gii thiu trong cc v tr thch hp. xc nh
nm giai on tnh ton theo cc bc sau y:
Giai on 1: Ti trng ngoi
Chn giai on tnh ton u tin v chp nhn tt c cc mc nh trong trnh
oan General.
Trong trnh n Parameter, gi nguyn cc gi tr mc nh cho Control
parameters v Iterative procedure. La chn Staged construction t hp
Loading input.
Kch vo nt Define. By gi, ca s Staged construction xut hin,biu th
phn hin hnh ca hnh dng, l hnh dng y khng k n tng, thanh
43

lin kt v ti trng. Kch vo tng chn lm hot ng n ( tng nn

mu xanh). Ngoi ra, kch vo ti trng hot ng n. Ti trng c xc
nh trong Input l -5kN/m2. Bn c th kim tra bng cch kch vo nt
<Change>.
Ch : Bn cng c th nhp hoc thay i gi tr ca ti trng bng cch kch
p chut vo ti trng v nhp vo mt gi tr. Nu mt ti trng c t vo
mt i tng kt cu nh mt tm, cc gi tr ti trng c th c thay i
bng cch kch vo ti trng hoc i tng. Mt ca s kt qu xut hin m
trong bn c th la chn ti trng. Sau kch vo nt Change chnh sa
cc gi tr ti trng.
Kch vo nt Update kt thc qu trnh nh ngha. Kt qu l, ca s
staged construction c ng v ca s calculations xut hin li. Qu trnh
tnh ton u tin c xc nh v lu li.
Giai on2: Tng h o u tin
Trong ca s Calculations, chn bc tip theo.
Ch : chng trnh t ng coi giai on hin hnh nn bt u t giai on
trc .
Trong trnh n general, chp nhn tt c cc mc nh. Vo trnh n
Parameters v kch nt Define xc nh bc Staged construction ngay sau.
Ca s Staged construction xut hin li ngay by gi. Ti trng v tng nn
c hot ng v c nh du nh phn t mu xanh. Kch vo nh bn
phi ca nhm t lm chng khng hot ng v m hnh ho bc o
u tin.
Kch vo nt <Update> kt thc vic xc nh bc o u tin.
Giai on 3: Thit lp thanh lin kt
La chon ba giai on tnh ton v bt u nh din t trn. Li kch vo nt
Define vo ca s Staged construction. By gi lm hot ng thanh lin
kt bng cch kch vo ng thng nm ngang. Thanh lin kt nn mu
en biu th n hot ng.
Kch vo nt <Update> quay li chng trnh tnh ton v xc nh giai
on tnh ton tip theo.
Giai on 4: Tng h o th hai (ngp)
Gi tt c cc mc nh thit lp v vo ca s Staged construction. Giai on
ny s m hnh ho phn t th hai ca h o cng trnh. Lm ngng hot
44

ng nhm th hai t nh trn pha bn phi ca mng li. Kch vo nt

<Update> v xc nh tng cui cng.
Ch : Trong PLAXIS p lc l rng khng c t ng ngng hot ng khi
mt nhm t ngng hot ng. Do , trong trng hp ny, nc vn cn
trong khu vc o v phn h o ngp c m hnh ho.
Giai on 5: Tng h o th ba
Giai on tnh ton cui cng l m hnh o lp t st cui cng bn
trong h o. Ngng hot ng nhm th ba t nh bn tay phi ca mng
li. Kch vo <Update> tr li ca s Calculations.

Hnh 3.3: Ca s Calculations vi trnh n Parameters

nh ngha vic tnh ton by gi hon thnh. Trc khi bt u vic tnh
ton, phn mm kin ngh rng bn chn nhng du chm hay nhng im kch
cho mt. ng cong chuyn dch do ti trng hay biu bin dng v biu
ng sut. thc hin, theo cc bc sau y:
Kch vo nt Select points for curves trn thanh cng c.
Chn mt vi nt trn tng ti cc im m vng ln c th xy ra (v d:
30.0;30.0) v kch vo nt <Update>.
Trong ca s Calculations, kch vo nt <calculate>.
Qu trnh tnh ton s bt u. Chng trnh tnh ton cho giai on tnh ton
u tin m c chn biu din, l giai on 1.
Ch : chn nhng im mong mun, thun tin c th s dng mc
Zoom in trn thanh cng c phng to khu vc quan tm.
45

Trong qu trnh tnh ton Staged construction, mt php tnh cp s nhn gi

Mstage c tng ln t 0.0 n 1.0. Thng s ny c hin th trn ca s

tnh ton. Ngay khi Mstage tm ra gi tr 1.0, giai on xy dng c hon
l

thnh v qu trnh tnh ton c kt thc. Nu qu trnh tnh ton Staged

calculation kt thc trong khi

Mstage

nh hn 1.0, th chng trnh s a ra

cnh bo. Hu ht cc lnguyn nhn c th xy ra khng kt thc giai on xy

dng l do li ca my mc gy ra, nhng c th l cc nguyn nhn khc.
Xem phn Reference Manual cung cp nhiu thng tin v Staged construction.
Ch : Ca s Staged construction gn ging nh ca s Initial conditions ca
chng trnh Input. S khc bit chnh l Initial conditions thng to ra mt
trng thi ban u, trong khi Staged construction nh mt loi ti trng.
Trong v d ny, tt c cc giai on tnh ton c kt thc thnh cng, khi
n c biu th bi hp kim tra mu xanh trong dang sch. kim tra cc gi

Mstage , kch vo mc Multipliers v chn nt Reached

Mstage c hin th di y ca hp Other m xut hin.

tr ca php nhn
values. Tham s

Kim tra gi tr ny bng 1.0. Bn cng c th mong mun kt qu tng t cho

cc giai on tnh ton khc.
3.3. XEM KT QU U RA
Ngoi chuyn v v ng sut trong dt, chng trnh Output c th s dng
xem ni lc trong cc cu kin. kim tra kt qu ca bi ton, theo nhng
bc sau y:
Kch vo giai on tnh ton cui cng trong ca s Calculations.
Kch vo nt Output trn thanh cng c. Kt qu, chng trnh Output c
bt u, th hin bin dng ca li (phng to) ti cui ca giai on tnh ton
la chn, vi mt biu th ca chuyn v ln nht (hnh 3.4). Cc ti trng
th hin bn trong h o biu th p lc nc vn cn.
Chn Total increments t thc n Deformations. th th hin gi tr
chuyn v ca tt c cc nt nh hnh cc mi tn. Chiu di ca cc mi tn
biu th quan h ln.
Hp kt hp biu din trong thanh cng c gi l Arrows. Chn Shadings t
hp kt hp. By gi, biu th hin mu sc ca gi tr chuyn v. t biu
, mt vng bin dng rt ln xut hin pha sau tng.

46

 Chn Effective stresses t thc n Stresses. th th hin ln v chiu

ca ng sut tc dng chnh. Hng ca ng sut chnh th hin mt vng b
tc dng ln di y ca h o v mt vng b tc dng pha sau thanh
lin kt. (xem hnh 3.5)

Hnh 3.4: Li bin dng pha sau h o ngp

Hnh 3.5: ng sut chnh sau h o

v biu lc gy bin dng v mmen un trong tng theo cc bc sau

y:

47

 Kch p chut vo tng. Mt ca s mi c m th hin m mem un

trong tng, vi mt s biu th gi tr ln nht ca mmen (xem hnh 3.6).
Ch rng thc n thay i.

Hnh 3.6: Biu m men un trong tng

Chn Shear forces t thc n Forces. Biu th hin bin dng ca tng.
Ch : Thc n Window c th c s dng chuyn qua gia ca s vi
lc trong tng v ng sut trong hnh dng y . Trong thc n ny cng c
th c s dng Tile hay cascade hai ca s, m n l mt s la chn thng
thng trong mi trng windows.
Chn ca s u tin (th hin ng sut tc dng trong hnh dng y ) t
thc n Window. Kch p chut vo thanh lin kt. mt ca s mi s c
m th hin lc lin kt (kN/m). Gi tr ny phi c tng ln gp i bi
ngoi khong cch ca cc lin kt tnh ton lc lin kt ring bit (kN).
Kch vo nt Go to curves program trn thanh cng c. Kt qu l, chng
trnh cc ng cong dch chuyn ti trng c khi ng.
Chn New chart t hp thoi Create/ open project v chn tn tp ca bi ton
h o t tp tin yu cu.
Trong ca s Curve generation, chn trong X-axis nt Displacement v im
A(v d 30.0;30.0) v t hp kt hp Type chn k hiu U. Chn trong y-axis
nt Multiplier v t hp kt hp

Mstage .

Kch vo nt OK chp nhn d liu u vo v sinh ra ng cong dch

chuyn ti trng. Kt qu c th hin trong hnh 3.7.

48

Hnh 3.7: ng cong bin i ti trng ca tng

ng cong th hin cc giai on xy dng. Trong cc giai on khc

nhau, thng s

Mstage thay i t 0.0 n 1.0. S gim dc ca ng cong

trong giai on cui cng cho thy rng, gi tr bin dng do ang tng ln. Kt
qu ca tnh ton biu th rng, h o vn cn n nh ti giai on cui ca qu
trnh thi cng.

49

CHNG 4: KHNG THOT NC

sng c th chu c cc mc nc khc nhau. S thay i mc nc
v kt qu ca s thay i p lc nc l rng phn b nh hng n s n nh
ca . PLAXIS c th c s dng phn tch s nh hng ca p lc nc
l rng lm thay i s bin dng v s n nh ca kt cu a k thut. c
im ny c s dng y ngin cu cch hot ng ca sng trong
qu trnh mc nc tng ln, th hin trong hnh 4.1. Mt vn c bit lin
quan n hon cnh l s nng ln c th ca vng t thp pha sau . Nh c
s kin ny m nhng tng t do nh khng th xut hin p lc nc l rng
ln m ch xy ra thm qua tng ct pha di. Tc ng ny c th lm gim tnh
n nh ca .
trong hnh 4.1 c chiu cao 5,0m v bao gm cc lp t st khng thm
nc. Cao hn 6,0m tng t chnh bao gm cc tng t nh, trong tng t
st trn nh dy 3m v tng t than bn thp hn c b dy 3m. Pha di cc
tng t nh gn nh khng thm nc, v vy mt s thay i trong mt thi
gian ngn ca mc nc rt kh c th tc ng n p lc nc l rng phn b
ca nhng tng t . Di nhng lp t mm, l mt tng t ct thm
nc su, trong cao hn 4m c bao gm mu phn t gii hn. N c
tha nhn rng nc trong lp t ct c thng vi sng, n c ngha rng p
lc thu tnh trong lp t ct theo s thay i ca mc sng. D nhin, do gii
hn ca bn gii thiu m tt c ba lp t s c m hnh u s dng mt b
vt liu ging nhau.

Hnh 4.1: Mt ct ca chu s thay i ca mc nc

4.1. MU HNH HC
Mt ct trong hnh 4.1 c m phng vi mt mu hnh hc mt phng.
Li gii hn phn t c da trn 15 nt phn t. Cc n v s dng trong v
50

d ny: chiu di l m; lc l kN v thi gian l ngy. Kch thc ca mt ct l

65m theo phng ngang v 15m theo phng ng. Mt ct y c th c
to ra khi s dng mc Geometry line. Mc Standard fixities c s dng
xc nh cc iu kin gii hn. Mu mt ct ngh c th hin trong hnh
4.2.

Hnh 4.2: Mu mt ct ca

Cc b vt liu
Ba lp vt liu c chp nhn cho t. Tnh cht c a ra trong bng 4.1.
Bng 4.1: Cc tnh cht vt liu ca v lp t chnh

Thng s

K hiu

Gi tr

n v

Mu vt liu

Model

MC

Loi tc ng

Type

Undr.

Trng lng n v t trn mc nc ngm

unsat

16

kN/m3

Trng lng n v t di mc nc ngm

sat

18

kN/m3

H s thm theo phng ngang

kx

0.001

m/ngy

H s thm theo phng ng

ky

0.001

m/ngy

M un n hi

Eref

2000

kN/m2

H s Poisson

0.35

Lc dnh n v

cref

2.0

kN/m2

Gc ni ma st

24

Gc trng n

0.0

51

M ngun vt liu c bn v tn b d liu Soil vi cc thng s mu nh

bng trn. Tnh cht bn ngoi khng c lin quan trong v d ny. Ch rng
Material type ca cc lp t l Undrained. Ko cc b d liu n cc lp trong
mu mt ct. (xem hnh 4.1)
S hnh thnh lui
Vi v d ny, mt trng thi cao hn c m phng trong n, nh hng
mnh bi s chp nhn lm mn ca li. Do vy, Global coarseness c thit
lp vo Medium trong thc n Mesh. Ngoi ra, dc chuyn v ln c th
c hnh thnh ti pha bn phi ca chn . m phng phn hnh dng
chnh xc, chn im mt ct ca chn v chn Refine around point t thc
n Mesh. Kt qu l: kch thc cc phn t xung quanh chn c chnh
sa ly kch thc trung bnh. Li pht sinh c th hin trong hnh 4.3.

Hnh 4.3: Li gii hn phn t ca

Nhng iu kin ban u

Mt ct cha ng mt b mt t khng nm ngang. V vy K0-procedure
khng th c s dng tnh ton trng ng sut ban u. Thay v ng sut
ban u phi c tnh ton nh Gravity loading. l mt mc tnh ton m s
c gii thch trong mt ct 4.2. S hot ng ca p lc nc lun c thc
hin vi trng lng t, nhng s pht sinh p lc nc c th c thc hin
trong phn tip. sinh p lc nc ban u thch hp, theo nhng bc sau:
Kch vo nt Initial conditions.
Chp nhn gi tr mc nh ca trng lng nc (10kN/m3).
Nhp mt mc nc nhm thng thng t im (0.0;10.0) n im
(65.0;10.0).
Sinh p lc nc l rng t mc nc ngm bi kch vo nt Generate water
pressures v sau kch vo nt <OK>.
Trong ca s Output, kim tra s phn b p lc nc l rng v kch vo nt
<Update>.

52

 Tr v ca s Ouput, kch nt <Calculate>. Khng sinh ng sut ban u theo

K0- procedure.
Lu u vo di mt tn thch hp.
Ch : Nu ng sut ban u c sinh bi li, chng c th c thit lp li
bi vic nhp K0 - procedure, nhp mt gi tr ca Mweight = 0 v kch nt
<Generate>.
4.2. TNH TON
Qu trnh tnh ton gm hai giai on. u tin, trng ng sut ban u
c tnh t khi n khng c thc hin trong u vo ca iu kin ban u.
Vic tnh ton ng sut ban u c th c thc hin trong mt tnh ton mm
do ni m s nhn cho trng lng t c tng ln t 0.0 n 1.0. Mt tnh
ton ngn c gi l: Gravity loading. Mt qu trnh c gii thiu khi khi b
mt t, cc lp t hoc mc nc ngm khng nm ngang. Gravity loading
lun lun dn n mt trng thi cn bng ng sut, nhng ngc li K0procedure khng nm trong trng hp ca mt tng t chnh khng nm
ngang. Trong Gravity loading, c trng lng t v p lc nc l rng (m
c sinh trc y) c hot ng.
Ch : T , ng sut ban u khng chu s tc ng khng tiu nc, iu
quan trng v s tc ng ca nc khng thot khng c hot ng trong
gravity loading. N c th c thc hin bng vic chn Ignore undrained
behaviour trong thanh trnh n Parameters ca ca s Calculations.
Tng phn vi K0-procedure, vic tnh ton ca ng sut ban u nh kt qu
ti trng bn thn trong chuyn v. Cc chuyn v khng thc t, bi v c
m phng nh n xut hin trong thc t v tnh ton ca ng sut ban u khng
nh hng n chuyn v tnh ton sau cng trong phn tch. Chuyn v khng c
thc c th thit lp li 0 ti giai on u ca qu trnh tnh ton tip theo bi
chn Reset displacements to zero trong bc tip theo.
Giai on tnh ton th 2 l s gia tng ca mc nc sng, v p lc nc l
rng lp t thp hn. iu c thc hin trong ch Staged
construction. xc nh hai giai on tnh ton chnh xc, theo qu trnh sau:
Giai on 1: Cht ti trng
Trong giai on tnh ton ban u, chp nhn tt c cc gi tr mc nh ca
trnh n General v tin ti trnh n tip theo.

53

 Trong trnh n Parameters, chn Ignore undrained behaviour trong hp

Control parameters. Chn Total multipliers trong hp Loading input v kch
vo nt <Define>.
Trong trnh n Multipliers, nhp mt gi tr 1.0 cho

Mweight (nhn

cho

trng lng t).

Giai on2: S dng mc nc
Chn giai on tnh ton tip theo. Trong giai on ny, trng hp Ultimate
biu th trong hnh 4.1 s c xc nh.
Trong trnh n General, chp nhn tt c cc gi tr mc nh. Thit lp mc
nh nh l bt u giai on ny t kt qu thu c bc trc .
Trong trnh n Parameters, chn Reset displacements to zero trong hp
Control parameters. N s loi tr kt qu chuyn v khng t nhin t giai
on tnh ton u tin. l s hot ng, tuy nhin khng tc ng ti ng
sut.
Chn Staged construction trong hp Loading input v kch vo nt <Define>.
Trong ca s Geometry configuration, kch phm tri chut ca Switch n
ch p lc nc.
Nhp mt mc nc tng qut qua cc im (0.0;15.0),(20.0;15.0),(45.0;10.0).
Mc nc ngm tng qut ch c ngha sinh p lc nc ngoi trn pha tay
tri ca (xem trong hnh 4.4). Cc iu kin nc ring bit s c n nh
ti cc lp t khc nhau.

Hnh 4.4: Mc nc ngm thng thng so vi s pht sinh p lc nc ngoi

Kch vo nt Selection v chn nhm t pha trn (bao gm c ).

Trong khi nhm t trn c nh du, kch vo nt Phreatic level v v mc
nc ngm qua cc im (0.0;10.0),(65.0;10.0). Mc nc ngm nhm xc
nh ch p dng biu th nhm (xem hnh 4.5). Hnh 4.5 c sp xp ch
biu th mc nc ngm cho lp t st. Mc nc ngm tng qut khng
c biu th.
54

Hnh 4.5: Mc nc ngm ca tng t cao hn

Kch vo nt Selection v chn nhm t ct.

Trong khi lp t thp hn c nh du, kch vo nt Phreatic level v v
mt mc nc qua cc im (0.0;15.0),(65.0;13.0). Mc nc ngm ny ch p
dng cho nhm t ct. Hnh 4.6 ch th hin mc nc ngm cho lp t thp
hn; cc mc nc ngm khc khng c biu th.

Hnh 4.6: Mc nc ngm ca tng t thp hn

Kch vo nt Selection v kch p chut, hay s dng phm phi chut, lp

t trung gian. Kt qu l, mt ca s Cluster pore pressures distribution xut
hin. Trong hp Pore pressure distribution, l nm nt. Mc nh General
phreatic level c chn. Cc la chn khc l Cluster phreatic level,
Interpolate from adjacent clusters or lines, Cluster dry v User defined pore
pressure distribution. Mc Cluster phreatic level t ng c chn nu mt
mc nc ngm ring bit c nhp, nh din t trn. Vi nhm t hin thi
(lp gia) bn nn chn mc Interpolate from adjacent clusters or lines (xem
hnh 4.7). s dn n mt chiu di phn b t p lc ti y ca lp t
trn ti p lc ti nh ca lp t thp. Kch vo nt <OK> ng ca s.
Ch : Mc nc ngm tng ng vi mt nhm c bit c biu th mu
ngay khi nhm c chn. Kch bn ngoi kt qu mt ct trong mt s biu th
ca mc nc ngm. Nu mt nhm c la chn ni m mc Interpolate p
dng, khng mc nc ngm c biu th.

55

Hnh 4.7: Xc nh p lc nc l rng cho tng t gia

Kch vo nt Generate water pressures sinh ra p lc nc theo trn thi

cui cng.
p lc nc l rng phn b c gii thiu nh ng sut chnh (nh l cc
du cng) trong ca s Output. Kch vo nt Cross section v v mt ng
thng ng qua nh ca ti y ca mt ct. Kt qu l, p lc nc l
rng phn b trn tt c ba lp t c hin th trong mt ca s ring. Ngoi
ra, phn thu tnh ca p lc nc l rng phn b trong cc lp t trn v
di, biu th hin ng gia tng ca p lc nc l rng qua lp t gia.
Ch : Mt mt ct ngang qua c th c v hon ho nm ngang hay thng
ng bi gi phm Shift trong khi ang v mt ct ngang.
Kch vo nt <Update> quay tr li mt ct hnh th.
Trong mt ct hnh th, kch vo nt <Update> quay tr li ca s
Calculations.
Kch vo nt Select points for curves. Trong ca s Output, chn cc im ph
hp vi ng cong chuyn v do ti trng(v d chn v cc im c ) v
kch vo nt <Update>.
Trong ca s Calculations, kch vo nt <Calculate> bt u tnh ton.

4.3. U RA
56

Sau khi qu trnh tnh ton kt thc, kch vo nt <Output> xem kt qu

ca giai don tnh ton th hai. Chng trnh Output s hin th ngay s bin
dng ca do s thay i ca mc nc. Biu th hin r rng s nng ln
ca . Thm ch tr ln r rng hn nu bn la chn Total increments t thc
n Deformations (xem hnh 4.8).

Hnh 4.8: S gia tng chuyn v bi s thay di mc nc

La chn Effective stresses t thc n Stressess, n c th uc thy rng s

dch chuyn ca gy ra mt trng thi ng sut b ng trong lp t trn sau
.

Hnh 4.9: ng sut tc ng trong sau khi mc nc tng

S tc ng ca nc khng thot trong cc lp t gy ra s pht trin p

lc nc l rng. S d p lc nc l rng c th dc xem bi chn Excess
pore pressures t thc n Stresses (xem hnh 4.10). Trong mt phn tch chun
mc, tng thp nht (ct) c m phng kh, v khng d p lc nc l rng s
pht trin y. Trong trng hp ny, ch mt b vt liu l c hiu lc, tt c
cc lp t c m phng khng thot nc.

Hnh 4.10: p lc nc l rng vt qu gii hn sau khi mc nc tng

57

CH NG 5: H O KH S DNG TNG CHN C

GING NEO
V d ny lin quan n qu trnh thi cng kh 1 h o. H o c chng
bi cc tng chn bng b tng. Cc tng chn ny lin kt n nh vi nn
thng qua cc thanh neo ng lc trc. Phn mm PLAXIS cho php m hnh
ho chi tit loi bi ton ny. N c chng minh qua cc v d di y
bng cch gi quyt c cc cu hi t ra: Cc thanh neo v nn t c m
hnh ho nh th no v t ng lc trc vo thanh neo ra sao? Hn th na, h
o kh cn bao gm tnh ton vi dng nc ngm to thnh mt p lc phn
b. Hng phn tch ny s c cp n chi tit sau.
5.1. CC S LIU U VO
H o c cc kch thc sau: rng 20m; su 10m.
Tng chn bng b tng di 15m v dy 0,35m c s dng chn t
xung quanh.Ti mi tng chn s dng 2 hng cc neo nhm chng cho
chng. Chiu di tng cng ca tng neo trn l 14,5m v nghing 33,7o (2:3).
Tng neo pha di di 10m, nghing 45o. Ti trng phn b b mt pha tri l
10kN/m2 v pha bn phi l 5kN/m2.

Hnh 5.1: H o c chng bi h thng tng ging

t bao gm 3 lp khc bit. T mt t xung su 3 m c p bi t ct

pha c mn tng i. Lp tip theo dy 15m, l lp t c ng cht km
hoc tt u bao gm ct c ch s c cao. Lp t ny rt thch hp lp
t thit b neo. Tnh hung u tin c a ra l c mt mc nc ngm
3m so vi mt t (ti v tr nn ca lp t p). Di cng l lp st pha gi
nh c chiu dy v cng. Tt c cc lp t trn s c m hnh ho thng qua
cc vt liu tng ng.
58

M hnh hnh hc
Bi ton c m hnh ho thnh mt khi rng 80m v cao 20m (Hnh 5.2).
H thng neo vi t c m hnh ho bng cch chia thnh cc on kt hp
vi h li to . Li to m hnh ho cho khng gian nn v cc on neo
m hnh ho cho cc thanh neo. Trn thc t trng thi ng sut trong cc lp t
phn b theo khng gian 3 chiu. Mc d trng thi ng sut thc t v cc s
tng tc vi cc lp t khng th m hnh ho theo cc m hnh 2 chiu, nhng
theo cch ny c th c lng c ng sut phn b, bin dng v n
nh chung ca cng trnh. Vi gi thit rng khng gian nn khng dch chuyn
tng i. V vi m hnh ny cng khng th nh gi c lc nh ca neo.
Tm tng chn c m hnh thnh dng bn. Cc b mt chuyn tip ca
bn c s dng m hnh ho cc hiu ng lin kt gia cng trnh v t
(iu kin bin). Chng c m rng su thm 1m di tng chn.
Ch : Nn m rng xung quanh cc gc ca cu kin m bo v bin dng
t do v tng chnh xc v gi tr ca ng sut phn b. Tuy nhin cn m bo
bn ca phn m rng phi bng bn ca t v phn m rng khng cn
tr n dng nc ngm, nu c th c.
H o c thi cng lm 3 tng, c phn chia bi cc on thng th
hin trn Hnh 5.2. iu kin bin c s dng c th l iu kin ngm.

Hnh 5.2: S m hnh h mng cng trnh

Cc c trng ca vt liu
Nn t bao gm 3 lp t ring bit nhng c tnh cht ging nhau. Cc thng
s ca t v cc b mt chuyn tip c nhp trong bng 5.1.

59

Ch : Phn m rng ca b mt chuyn tip khng s dng cho tng tc gia

t v cng trnh v do nn ly cng bn ging nh khu vc xung quanh.
Do h s quy i s l R = 1,0; t ng c quy v bn c chn.
Trong phin bn y ca PLAXIS V8.0, cc thng s ca vt liu chuyn tip
c th c to ra cho cc phn m rng ca b mt chuyn tip. Thm vo ,
phn m rng ca b mt chuyn tip khng nn nh hng n thng lng ca
dng nc ngm. iu ny c th t c nh ngng hot ng ca b mt
chuyn tip khi xut hin p lc l rng .
Cc tnh cht ca tng chn b tng s c nhp trong mc Thit lp v vt
liu (material sets) dng bn. B tng c modul n hi 35Gpa; tng chn dy
0,35m. Cc thuc tnh ca chng c lit k trong bng 5.2.
Bng 5.1: Cc c tnh ca t v b mt chuyn tip

Thng s

K hiu

Loi t

n v

Mu vt li

Model

M-C

Loi vt liu tc ng

Type

Drained

Khi lng n v ca t trn mc nc ngm

unsat

17

kN/m3

Khi lng n v ca t di mc ncngm

sat

20

kN/m3

H s thm theo phng ngang

kx

0.5

m/day

H s thm theo phng dc

ky

0.5

m/day

M un n hi (khng i)

Eref

30000

kN/m2

H s Poisson

0.30

Lc dnh (khng i)

cref

1.0

kN/m2

Gc ma st trong

34

Gc trng n

4.0

Rinter

0.70

H s gim cng

Bng 5.2: Cc c tnh ca tng chn (dng bn)

Thng s

K hiu

Gi tr

Material type

Elastic

cng khi nn

EA

12.106

kN/m

cng khi un

EI

0,12.106

kNm2/m

B dy tng ng

0.346

Trng lng

8.3

kN/m/m

H s Poisson

0.15

Loi tc ng

n v

60

Cn i vi cc c tnh ca cc thanh neo vo t, 2 d liu v vt liu cn

c thit lp l : Thng s ca thanh neo v d liu ca li to . Cc d
liu ca neo c thit lp bao gm cc thuc tnh ca thanh neo; cc d liu
thit lp ca li to bao gm cc c tnh ca khng gian nn. Tt c c
lit k trong bng 5.3 v 5.4.
Bng 5.3: Cc thuc tnh ca thanh neo ( cc on neo )

Thng s

K hiu

Gi tr

Material type

Elastic

cng khi nn

EA

2.105

kN

Khong cch ngoi ca mt phng

Ls

2,5

Fmax,comp

1.1015

kN

Fmax,tens

1.1015

kN

Loi tc ng

Lc ln nht

n v

Bng 5.4: Li to

Thng s
cng khi nn

K hiu

Gi tr

n v

EA

1.105

kN/m

C ht
thit lp cc c ht nn s dng thc n Global coarseness. Mun bit
c ca t nn chn to im tng ng (S dng phm Shift), chn Refine
line t thc n Mesh. Bng cch ny c th a ra kt qu ca khong 520
thnh phn ht.
Cc iu kin ban u
Trng lng ring ca nc: 10kN/m3; mc nc ngm bt u tnh t 17m
di mt t (i qua cc im (0,17.0) v (80,17.0)).
Gi thit ban u l tt c cc b phn ca cng trnh u khng hot ng
(gm c cc on neo, li to gn theo). Ti trng b mt ban u cng cha
hot ng. Trng ng sut ban u xut pht t thit b c thng qua h s K0
- procedure v ly mt gi tr K0 mc nh cho tt c cc nhm.
5.2. TNH TON
S tnh ton bao gm 5 giai on:
Giai on u tin: Tng chn c xy dng v ti trng b mt cha hot
ng.
Giai on th hai: Tin hnh o 3m h o, tuy nhin vn cha s dng n
h neo. H o vn kh.
61

 Giai on th ba: Lp t tng neo trn v tin hnh ng sut trc.

Giai on th t: y mnh o thm 7m, bao gm c vic tiu nc cho h
o. Phn tch dng nc ngm trong t v tnh ton p lc nc l rng phn
b pht sinh, mt phn c xc nh trong giai on th 3.
Giai on th nm: Lp t tng neo th 2 v tin hnh ng sut trc; tip
theo l o thm 10m ti su thit k (tin hnh tiu nc).
Tt c cc giai on tnh ton thng qua phn mm PLAXIS s dng cp cng
trnh tng ng vi ti trng u vo v c n nh tiu chun cho tt c cc
tham s khc.
Giai on th nht
a tng chn vo hot ng.
a ti trng b mt vo hot ng v gn gi tr ti trng. Nhp gi tr Y = 10 kPa cho ti trng bn tri v -5 kPa cho ti trng bn phi ca h o.

Giai on 1

Giai on th hai
Ngng hot ng 3m lp t trn.

Giai on 2

Giai on th ba
Kch hot li to pha trn.

62

 Kch p vo cc on neo tng trn. Mt ca s thuc tnh ca cc on neo

xut hin cng vi cc tu chn. Chn hp pre-stress force v nhp lc 120
kN/m. n <OK> v ng ca s.

Giai on 3

Ch : ng lc trc phi tng ng khi kt thc mt bc ca cng trnh v

c t vo lc neo. Lc tnh ton giai on tip theo ch xt ti lc neo v
thnh ra l c th gim hay tng, ph thuc vo s pht trin ca p lc v lc
xung quanh.
Giai on th 4 :
o lp t tip theo.
By gi iu kin bin cho tnh ton dng nc ngm phi c thm vo.
Bn cnh ranh gii, mc nc ngm vn mc 17m. Bin ti y ca bi ton
nn ng kn. H o c gi trong trng thi kh nh h thng bm. Nh nc
lin tc c ht ra nn ti y h o, p lc nc bng 0; iu c ngha l
ct nc tnh bng chiu cao ca h ( = 13m). Cc iu kin trn c th hin
trong hnh v di y v cho php tnh ton i vi cc dng nc ngm. S
hot ng ca cc b mt chuyn tip trong sut qu trnh tnh ton vi dng
nc ngm ngn khng cho dng chy qua tng chn.

Giai on 4

thit lp chnh xc iu kin bin, hy thc hin theo cc bc sau:

Kch vo Switch lm vic vi cc ch p lc nc.
63

 Chn nt Closed flow boundary (ng thng t mu en ) t thanh cng c.

Kch vo im thp hn bn pha tri ca li to v tin hnh ging nh
vy i vi im pha di bn phi.
Kch vo nt Selection.
B mt chuyn tip c hai bn ca tng chn nn c hot ng mt cch
mc nh trong cc iu kin ca p lc nc, m bo khng thm nc.
Kch vo b mt chuyn tip kch hot hay loi b s c mt ca p lc
nc trong sut qu trnh tnh ton i vi nc ngm. Khi b mt chuyn
tip hot ng th hin qua mt vng trn hnh cam v ch rng n khng
thm nc trong sut qu trnh tnh ton dng nc ngm. Tuy nhin b mt
chuyn tip di tng chn nn gi ch cho nc thm qua (khng hot
ng trong sut qu trnh tnh ton i vi nc ngm).
Kch vo nt General phreatic level v mc nc ngm mi. Bt u ti
im (0.0,17.0) v v qua cc im tip theo (30.0,13.0); (50.0,13.0) v kt
thc ti im (80.0,17.0).
Kch vo nt Generate water pressures. Chn Groundwater calculation t
hp thoi Generate v kch <OK> bt u tnh ton dng nc ngm. (
Phng php lp Iterative procedure chn trong Standard setting )
Ct nc = 17m; Bin kn; Ct nc = 13 m.
Kt thc tnh ton vi dng nc ngm, n <OK> trong ca s tnh ton. Ca
s ng v cc ng th hin thng lng dng chy xut hin trong ca s
Output.
Ch : Kt qu tnh ton i vi nc ngm gm Pore pressures, Flow field v
Groundwater head. Gi tr ca chung th hin trong thc n Stress.

Hnh 6.3: Kt qu cc ng ng mc p lc nc l rng t tnh ton nc

ngm

Kch nt <Update> tr li cc mu v cp cng trnh.

Trong phm vi ca cp cng trnh , kch nt <Update> tr li chng trnh
tnh ton.
64

Giai on 5
Lm vic vi khu vc pha di li to .
Kch p vo cc on neo. Trong ca s Anchor, chn Adjust pre-stress
force v nhp ng lc trc 250 kN/m. n <OK> ng ca s trn.
o lp t th 3.
Cc iu kin bin c nh ngha trong giai on th ba. Chng vn c
gi tr trong tnh ton dng nc ngm. Tuy nhin by gi cn h thp mc
nc trong h o tip tc thi cng su mi. thc hin c iu
ny, v mt ng mc nc ngm tng qut General phreatic level t
im (0.0,17.0) qua cc im (30.0,10.0) ; (50.0,10.0) v (80.0,17.0). Kch
vo nt Generate water pressure v chn Groundwater flow t hp Generate
box v kch <OK> bt u tnh ton i vi dng chy ngm .
Sau khi kt thc qu trnh tnh ton dng nc ngm, kch <OK> trong ca s
tnh ton v qua st kt qu trong ca s Output. Kch nt <Update> tr li
mu cp cng trnh.

Giai on th 5

Sau khi tt c cc bc c xc nh, hy ch ra mt vi im trn ng

cong ti trng - chuyn v (v d nh cc im lin kt gia neo v tng chn).
Kch nt <Calculate> tin hnh tnh ton.
5.3. KT QU
T th 5.4a ti 5.4e ch ra li bin dng sau khi kt thc tnh ton t giai
on 2 ti 6. tnh hung cui cng, tng chn b dch chuyn v pha trc
8 cm. ng sau tng chn c mt khe ln nh.

65

(a) giai on 2

(b) giai on 3

(c) giai on 4

(d) kt thc
Hnh 5.4: Li bin dng t bc (a) n (d)

Hnh 5.5: ng sut thc t giai on kt thc

66

Hnh 5.5 ch ra ng sut thc t chnh trong tnh hung kt thc. Trng thi
ng sut b ng th hin r pha bn di y h o. Cng c th thy s tp
trung ng sut xung quanh khu vc t neo.
Hnh 5.6 ch ra m men un pha tng chn bn tri trong trng thi kt
thc. Hai ch nghing trn th c nguyn nhn do lc neo.
Lc neo c th quan st c khi ta kch p chut vo neo. Khi lm iu ny
chng ta c th bit c kt qu tnh ton ca giai on th 3 v th 5, n c th
kim tra c rng lc neo c th thay bng mt ng lc trc d kin.

Hnh 5.6: Mmen un tng chn bn tri trong trng thi kt thc

67

CHNG 6: CNG TRNH NN P NG

Cng trnh t trn nn t yu vi mc nc ngm cao nhm tng p lc
nc l rng. Nh kt qu ca ch khng tiu nc, ng sut thc t cn thp
v thi k c kt trung gian phi c chp nhn trong yu cu an ton xy dng.
Trong qu trnh c kt, lng p lc l rng d c phn tn do nn t c
th t c sc chng trt cn thit tip tc qu trnh xy dng.
Chng ny lin quan n vic xy dng mt nn t p m c ch ca n
s c m t chi tit di y. C 3 tu chn tnh ton c gii thiu, gm
phn tch c kt, phn tch c ht c cp nht v tnh ton h s an ton thng
qua phi-c-h s quy i.

Hnh 6.1: Gi thit ng p trn nn t yu

6.1. GI THIT
Hnh 6.1 th hin mt ct ngang ca nn t p. Nn p rng 16 m v cao
4 m, gc nghing 1:3. y l mt bi ton i xng do ch tin hnh m hnh
ho mt na bi ton (trong trng hp ny na bn phi s c chn). Bn
thn ng p t vt liu t pha ct xp. Tng t gc gm 6m t yu. y
cng chnh l nhng lp t tt trong xy dng v c m hnh ho nh lp st
tt. Mc nc ngm trng vi ng mt t t nhin. Di lp t yu l lp
ct cht, tuy nhin chng khng c xt ti trong m hnh.
M hnh hnh hc
Nn t p c th hin trn hnh 6.1 c c tnh ton da trn m hnh
bin dng phng. Trong v d trn s dng 15 nt phn t. Cc n v tiu chun
cho chiu di, lc v thi gian c s dng l (m, kN v day). Chiu rng tng
cng ca nn t p l 40m. Thng qua cng c Geometry line chng ta c th
v c ton b hnh nh m hnh bi ton trn. Gi thit bin dng ca lp
ct su bng 0. Do vy lp t s khng c m hnh ho v thay th bng
lin kt ngm.

68

Standard fixities c th c s dng nh ngha cho iu kin bin. S

hnh hc c th hin trn hnh 6.2.

Hnh 6.2: S hnh hc ca cng trnh ng t p

Bng 6.1: c trng vt liu ca ng t v lp t di

Thng s

K hiu

Loi t

n v

Mu vt li

Model

M-C

Loi vt liu tc ng

Type

Undrained

Khi lng n v t trn mc nc ngm

unsat

15

kN/m3

Khi lng n v t di mc nc ngm

sat

18

kN/m3

H s thm theo phng ngang

kx

1.10-2

m/day

H s thm theo phng dc

ky

1.10-2

m/day

M un n hi(khng i)

Eref

1000

kN/m2

H s Poisson

0.33

Lc dnh (khng i)

cref

2.0

kN/m2

Gc ma st trong

24

Gc trng n

0.0

Thit lp vt liu v phn chia c ht

Cc tnh cht ca lp t c a ra trong bng 6.1. Tt c cc lp t s
dng cc thit lp thng nht v vt liu, bao gm cc d liu ph hp vi bng
trn. t c m hnh khng thot nc. Cc ch a ra nhm tng p lc
nc l rng trong sut qu trnh xy dng nn t p. Gn cc gi tr thnh cc
nhm ph hp cho m hnh hnh hc. Sau khi xc nh cc yu t u vo ca
cc thng s vt liu, cc li phn t hu hn n gin c th c to ra bng
cc xc lp v c ht Medium. To ra li bng nt Generate mesh.
Cc iu kin ban u

69

Trng lng ring ca nc l 10 kN/m3. p lc nc thu tnh da trn ct

nc ngm qua cc im (0.0 ; 6.0) v (40.0 ; 6.0).
Khi thm vo ct nc tnh phi ch n iu kin bin ca cc phn tch v
c kt c s dng trong sut qu trnh c kt. Khng a thm bt c yu t
u vo no, tt c cc bin c tnh thot nc nc c th t do chy ra tt c
cc hng v cc p lc d l rng c th tn x ra cc hng. Trong iu kin
hin ti, tuy nhin, thnh bin pha tri phi ng kn bi v l mt ng
thng i xng, v vy dng chy ngang khng xut hin. Thnh bin phi cng
nn ng kn do khng c dng t do chy ra khi bin . y c m ra do
bn di lp t yu p lc l rng d c th t do chy xung su v thm qua
lp ct. Bin trn tt nhin c m ging nh mt ci ging. Cc ch c
to ra c c kt tng ng vi iu kin bin, theo cc bc sau y:
Kch vo nt Closed consolidation boundary (ng mu vng) trn thanh
cng c.
Di chuyn ln im pha trn bin bn tri (0.0 ; 10.0) v kch vo im .
Di chuyn ti im pha di ca bin bn tri (0.0 ; 0.0) v kch tr li,
kch chut phi kt thc.
Di chuyn ln im pha trn bin bn phi (40.0 ; 6.0) v kch vo im
. Tip tc vi im ( 40.0 ; 0.0).
Kch vo nt Generate water pressures to ra p lc ca nc, c kt
v iu kin bin.
Sau khi to ra p lc nc, kch vo switch chnh sa cc thit lp ban
u v hnh hc. Trng thi ban u ca t p khng c gii thiu. Gi thit
y l cha xt n cc ng sut ban u mi c to ra.
Ch : Cc iu kin bin ch c th c xc nh bng cch kch vo cc im
c sn trn hnh, chng trnh s t ng tm im.
6.2. TNH TON
Cng trnh t p bao gm 2 giai on, mi giai on mt 5 ngy. Sau giai
on u tin, cng trnh s c ch c kt trong 200 ngy cho php tn x
p lc nc l rng. Sau giai on xy dng th 2 li c mt giai on c kt
khc nhm cng trnh t ti gii hn v ln cui cng. Do , tng cng 4
giai on tnh ton phi c xc nh.

70

Cc phn tch c kt a ra khong cch thi gian tnh ton. Yu cu l phi

thc hin ng vi cc phn tch v c kt cc bc thi gian ring phi c
chn la. S dng cc bc thi gian nh hn gi tr thi gian gii hn c th
a ra kt qu l cc ng sut dao ng quanh gi tr cn tm. Cc la chn v s
c kt trong PLAXIS cho php t ng chn c cc bc thi gian so vi
khong thi gian gii hn. Trong chui cc bc nhy t ng ca thi gian, c 3
kh nng chnh: c s c kt cho mt thi k xc nh trc, bao gm tc ng
sinh ra do s thay i ca hnh dng (cp cng trnh), c kt n khi tt c cc p
lc l rng d gim ti gi tr ti thiu c xc nh trc (Minimum pore
pressure) ln s c kt cho mt s bc ang xt, s dng bi s gia tng gia
tng tng th h thng ti trng theo thi gian hoc s dng cc h s ti trng
(Incremental multiplier). Kh nng u tin trong 2 kh nng trn s c s
dng trong bi ton ny.
xc nh cc giai on tnh ton, tin hnh theo cc bc sau:
Bc tnh ton u tin l phn tch v c kt, cp cng trinh. Trong
mc General la chn Consolidation t bng t hp Calculation type.
Trong mc Parameters n Time interval 5 ngy. Chn Staged construction,
tm mc Loading input v kch vo nt Define. Kch hot phn u tin ca
t p trong ca s cc c trng hnh hc ca bi ton v kch vo nt
<Update>.
Quay tr li ca s tnh ton v la chn bc tnh ton tip theo.
Ch : Khi cc nhm t ln u tin hot ng, thm ch cc d liu c
thit lp v vt liu l Khng thot nc ( Undrained ), nhng cng vn hot
ng vi ch Thot nc (Drained). Trong cc giai on tnh ton tip theo,
cc ch gc ban u, ch khng thot nc s c phc hi.
giai on th 2 cng phn tch v c kt, cp cng trnh. Nhp khong
thi gian 200 ngy sau chn bc tnh ton tip theo.
Giai on th 3 cng ging 2 giai on trn. Sau khi chn la Staged
construction trong mc Parameters nhp 5 ngy trong mc Time interval.
Kch vo nt <Define> v kch hot phn th 2 ca t p. Kch
<Update> v chn giai on tip theo.
Giai on th 4 phn tch c kt p lc l rng t ti gi tr nh nht.
Trong bng Parameters, chn Minimum pore pressure t hp Loading
input v chp nhn gi tr mc nh ca p lc nh nht l 1 kN/m2.
71

Trc khi bt u tnh ton, kch vo nt Select points for curves v chn
cc im sau: Ti im A, chn chn ca t p. im th 2 (im B) s c
s dng v th v s tng (v gim) ca p lc l rng d. Sau khi chn cc
im trn, bt u qu trnh tnh ton. Trong qu trnh phn tch c kt, s gia
tng ca thi gian c th quan st trong phn pha trn ca ca s thng tin tnh
ton. Thm vo cc bi s, xut hin h s Pmax ch ra gi tr nh nht ca p lc
d l rng hin thi. H s ny ph hp trong phn tch c kt trong trng hp
p lc l rng nh nht, p lc l rng ti mi ni u gim di gi tr xc nh
trc.
6.3. KT QU U RA
Sau khi kt thc qu trnh tnh ton, tin hnh cc bc tip theo, bc th 3
v th 4 (gi nt <Ctrl> trn bn phm trong khi chn cc bc tip theo) v kch
vo nt <Output>. Ca s u ra ch ra 2 li bin dng, sau khi cng trnh
khng thot nc phn cui cng ca t p v sau khi c kt ton phn.

Hnh 6.3: Chuyn v tng sau khi cng trnh khng thot nc

Hnh 6.4: p lc d l rng sau khi cng trnh khng thot nc

Hnh 6.5: ng ng mc ca p lc d l rng sau c kt Pexess <1.0 kN/m

72

Cn nhc kt qu ca giai on th 3 (cng trnh khng thot nc), li

bin dng ch ra cc im nt gy ca chn t p v nn tng ng vi ch
khng thot nc. nh gi lng tng chuyn v tng cng, c th thy c s
pht trin ca c cu ph hoi (xem hnh 6.3). Thm vo , hnh 6.4 ch ra s
phn b ca p lc d l rng. D dng thy c p lc d l rng cao nht xut
hin di tm t p.
C th quan st c ln ca t gc trn b mt v t p gia tng
trong sut giai on th 4. N phi tng ng vi s phn tn p lc d l rng,
nguyn nhn c kt ca t. Hnh 6.5 ch ra s phn b ca p lc d l rng cn
li sau khi c kt. Kim tra gi tr ln nht phi lun nh hn 1.0 kN/m2.
Cc ng cong c th c s dng quan st s gia tng theo thi gian
ca p lc nc l rng di t p. to ra cc ng cong trn thc hin
theo cc bc sau :
Kch vo nt Go to curves program pha trn gc tri ca ca s Output.
La chn New chart v chn cng trnh hin ti t file yu cu.
Trong ca s Curve generation, chn Time cho trc X. i vi trc Y chn
Pore pressure - Excess pore pressure v chn im gia ca lp t yu
(im B) t hp t hp Point. Sau khi kch nt <OK>, mt ng cong ging
nh hnh 6.6 s xut hin.
Hnh 6.6 ch ra mt cch r rng 4 giai on tnh ton. Trong sut thi gian
cng trnh khng thot nc, p lc d l rng gia tng tng ng s gia tng ca
thi gian; trong qu trnh c kt p lc d l rng li gim theo thi gian. Trong
thc t s c kt xut hin trong sut qu trnh xy dng t p trong thi gian
nh. T ng cong trn c th thy qu trnh c kt hon ton din ra sau
khong 250 ngy.

73

Hnh 6.6: S pht trin p lc d l rng di t p

6.4. PHN TCH H S AN TON

Trong thit k t p, iu quan trng l khng nhng ch xt n s n
nh cui cng, m cn xt n s n nh trong sut qu trnh xy dng. R rng
l t kt qu u ra c th tm c mt c ch ph hoi sau giai on xy dng
th hai. Cng c th nh gi c h s an ton chung ti cc giai on.
Xt v mt kt cu, h s an ton thng c xc nh bng t l gia ti
trng ph hoi v ti trng lm vic. Tuy nhin i vi cu trc ca t nhng
nh ngha trn khng phi lc no cng c s dng. i vi t p l mt v
d, hu ht ti trng gy ra l ti trng ca t v s tng ln ca ti trng t
cng khng nht thit dn n s ph hoi. Thc vy, mt gc dc ca t ti s
khng ph hoi mu khi trng lng bn thn tng (ging nh mt mu ly tm).
Sau y l mt vi cc nh ngha thm v h s an ton :
H s an ton = Sln nht cho php/Scn thit cn bng
S: th hin bn ct. T l gia bn thc t vi bn nh nht c
tnh cn thit cho s cn bng gi l h s an ton c nh ngha trong c
hc t.
H s an ton =

c n tg
c r n tg r

c v :cc thng s u vo ca bn v v l gi tr ng sut thc t.

Cc la chn tnh ton ca phi-c-h s suy gim c gi tr trong PLAXIS t
hp Calculation type trn thanh General. Nu cc la chn Phi-c-h s suy gim
74

c la chn trong mc Loading input trn thanh Parameters s t ng thit

lp h s gia tng
Tnh ton h s an ton chung cho ng t p ti cc giai on khc ca
cng trnh, theo cc bc sau y:
c
tg
=
= Msf
c r tg r

Kch vo nt Go to calculations program trong ca s tnh ton.

u tin chng ta phi tnh ton h s an ton sau giai on u tin ca cng
trnh.
La chn cc giai on tnh ton t hp Start from phase
Trong mc General chn Phi-c-reduction.
Trong mc Parameters thi gian c thit lp l 100 thay cho gi tr mc
nh 250. Cc mu bin dng c sn t kt qu c cu ph hoi, la chn thit
lp li bin dng t gi tr 0. Mc Incremental multipliers c la chn
trong hp thoi u vo Loading. Kch vo nt Define nhp trnh n
Multipliers.
Trong ca s Multipliers, kim tra g tr u tin ca cp s nhn m iu
chnh qu trnh gim cng ,

Msf , c thit lp 0,1. By gi, vic

tnh ton h s an ton u tin c xc nh.

Do tng cc giai on c gii hn l 5 trong bn gii thiu, by gi vic
tnh ton c tin hnh, trc khi bt u vi phn tnh ton tip theo. Trong
bn y ca PLAXIS V8, giai on tnh ton tip theo c th c thm vo
v h s an ton c th c thc hin cho tt c cc giai on xy dng trong
mt bi ton.
Ch : Gi tr mc nh ca Additional steps trong tnh ton Phi-c-reduction l
100. rt ngn tnh ton Ultimate level, s lng cc bc thm vo lun lun
c thc hin y . Trong hu ht cc vic tnh ton Phi-c-reduction, 100
bc c th dn n mt tnh trng li. Nu khng, s lng cc bc them vo
c th c tng n gi tr ln nht l 1000.
Do phn ln vic tnh ton phi-c-reduction

Msf = 0,1 l mt bc u tin

bt u qu trnh. Trong sut qu trnh tnh ton, s pht trin ca tng gia tng
ca s gim cng ,

Msf , c t ng iu chnh bi qui trnh gia tng ti

trng.

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 Sau khi tin hnh phn tch phi-c- h s gim u tin, by gi chng ta mun
tnh ton h s an ton sau giai on xy dng th hai. Cho nn, la chn giai
on tnh ton cui cng v la chn giai on th 3 nh l giai on bt u
t . C th c thc hin trong trnh n General ca chng trnh tnh
ton bng cch kch vo hp t hp start from phase v chn giai on 3
(Phase 3).
Trong trnh n General, kim tra rng Phi-c-reduction vn c Loading
type chn.
Trong trnh n Parameters, kim tra rng mc Reset displacements to zero
c la chn cng nh Incremental multipliers v kch vo nt <Difine>.
Trong ca s Multipliers, kim tra rng

Msf

c thit lp l 0,1.

Cui cng, chng ta mun bit h s an ton cui cng ca . Do , sau khi
tin hnh bc tnh ton trc , li mt ln na chn giai on tnh ton
cui cng v n bt u t giai on tnh ton th t.
Trong trnh n General, kim tra rng Phi-c-reduction c la chn nh l
mt loi ti trng.
Trong trnh n Parameters, kim tra mc Reset displacements to zero. Ngoi
ra, la chn mc Ignore undrained behaviour, bi v trong trng hp ny, s
tc dng di hn c xem xt. Chn Incremental multipliers v kch vo nt
Define.
Trong ca s Multipliers, kim tra rng

Msf c thit lp bng 0,1.

Trc khi bt u tnh ton, m bo rng ch giai on tnh ton cui cng c
la chn thc hin( ); nhng giai on khc nn c nh du vi k hiu.
nh gi cc kt qu
Phn chuyn v thm vo c pht sinh trong sut qu trnh tnh ton phi-creduction. Tng cc chuyn v khng c ngha v mt vt l, nhng s gia tng
cc chuyn v trong bc cui cng (khng thc hin c) ch ra mt du hiu
c kh nng li my mc. xem c ch trong ba giai on khc nhau ca vic
xy dng , chn giai on 5 v kch vp nt Output. Chn tt c cc ca s
Total increments t thc n Deformations v thay i s trnh by t Arrows ti
Shadings. Biu th hin kt qu a ra mt n tng tt ca li my mc (xem
hnh 6.7). ln ca chuyn v gia tng l khng lin quan.

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Hnh 6.7: Sc thi ca tng chuyn v gia tng cho bit phn ln c th ng dng
li my mc ca trong giai on cui cng.

H s an ton c th thu c t mc Calculation info ca thc n View.

Trnh n Multipliers ca ca s Calculation information miu t gi tr thc t
ca ti trng tng thm. Gi tr ca

Msf

tng ng vi h s an ton, quy nh

l: gi tr ny qu thc t hay nhiu khng i trong sut mt vi bc trc .

Hnh 6.8: nh gi h s an ton cho giai on cui cng ca qu trnh xy dng

Cch tt nht nh gi h s an ton, tuy nhin, v mt ng con trong

tham s

Msf c v ngc vi cc chuyn v ca mt nt no .Mc d cc

chuyn v khng lin quan, chng cho bit d c li my mc hay khng th vn

c pht trin. nh gi h s an ton cho ba trng thi trong cch ny, theo
cc bc sau:

Kch vo nt Go to curves program khi ng chng trnh Curves.

Chn New chart v chn thu mc ng t t th mc ngi yu cu.

Trong ca s Curve generation, chn tng chuyn v ca chn (im A)
cho trc X. Vi trc Y, chn Multipliers v chn

Msf t hp thoi t hp

Type. Kt qu l, ng cong ca hnh 6.8 xut hin.

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