Installing Ubuntu

Historically, Linux has required its own private space on your hard disk. Achieving this required
making some fairly fundamental alterations to the files on your hard disk that could result in
all your data being lost if anything went wrong (although I've never known this happen). We
will install it in a much safer way.
If you don't already have Linux installed on your machine, I would recommend installing it as
a Virtual Machine you run a program that pretends to be a separate computer and then
install Linux on this virtual computer. Although this method of running Linux requires a
more powerful computer than would be required to run it on its own, there are many
advantages: you don't have to reboot your computer to use it, and you can use your normal
programs at the same time as Linux programs (and indeed copy things between them). If you
decide you don't require Linux any more, virtual machines are easy to delete.

Obtaining files required

Running Linux as a virtual machine can be done on a computer running either Windows or
Mac, or indeed Linux1, and these instructions should work for all platforms although what you
see on the screen may vary. We need to download two pieces of software: the virtual machine
program and a Linux install CD. We will be using the VirtualBox virtual machine software
and the Ubuntu version of Linux; the following paragraphs describe where to find these files.
VirtualBox is produced by Oracle can be obtained from http://www.virtualbox.org/. Visit the
download page https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads and download the version
appropriate for your computer, listed under VirtualBox Platform Packages. If you are installing
on a Windows machine, you need VirtualBox for Windows hosts; on a Mac, VirtualBox for
OS X hosts.
The Ubuntu download page (http://www.ubuntu.com/download) has several options for
installing, we want the Download and install option which will allow us to download a CD
image. This will download a large file (~700MB) containing the entire contents of a CD. The
other options are: Try it from a CD or USB stick or Run it with Windows; my experience
with running Linux directly from a CD is that it is painfully slow and impossible to do any
realistic amount of work but running from a USB stick may provide a better experience. The
third option provides an alternative to using a virtual machine for the Windows platform.
We should now have have two files: VirtualBox-4.1.8-75467-win.exe and ubuntu-11.10desktop-i386.iso (the actual file names may vary depending the exact version downloaded).
The VirtualBox software is easy to install: do this, getting help from your system
administrator if necessary.

1 It's penguins all the way down.

Creating a virtual machine and installing Ubuntu

After installation, we need to create a virtual machine on to which to install Linux. There is
nothing inherently difficult about this, and there is plenty of documentation available, but
following is an illustrated guide to take you through the process.

The virtual machine wizard

Run the VirtualBox program and a window like the one shown in Illustration 1 should appear.

Illustration 1: Opening screen for VirtualBox, ready to create a new virtual machine.
Click on the New button to start the process of creating a new virtual machine, opening a
window like the one shown in Illustration 2.

Illustration 2: The "Wizard" (helper) to create a new virtual machine.

The next window, see Illustration 3, allow us give the virtual machine a name to distinguish it
from any others we might install (and there is no reason why multiple machines couldn't be
installed, or even run, simultaneously). We will call this virtual machine Ubuntu: the

Illustration 3: Naming the virtual machine.

operating system and version are filled in for us automatically but these are just labels to help
organise things and are of little consequence.

Choose the amount of memory

After clicking Next, a window like Illustration 4 asks how much memory should be reserved
for the virtual machine. Once the virtual machine is running, all of this memory (plus a little
extra) is used by the program and so not available for any thing else. Picking the right
amount of memory is tricky, although it can be changed later, because it requires balancing
how much the operating system to be installed on the virtual machine requires compared to
the operating system the virtual machine is being installed on requires. Recent version of
Ubuntu recommend 1GB (=1024 MB) of memory, so this is what has been chosen here and
this is a reasonable if your computer has 2GB memory or more. You may have to reduce the
amount if your computer has less than 2GB.

Illustration 4: Amount of memory to reserve for the virtual machine.

The virtual hard disk

Having chosen the right amount of memory for the virtual machine, we need to create a hard
disk (actually a file on your current hard disk that the virtual machine is allowed to alter).
This is done in several steps: firstly, as in Illustration 5, we create a new disk but we could
reuse an old if we already had created one.

Illustration 5: Virtual hard disk for machine.

Next we are asked for the type of virtual hard disk we would like to create. As shown in
Illustration 6, this is just a list of formats that different virtual machine programs use and the

Illustration 6: Type of virtual hard disk to create

default option (VDI VirtualBox Disk Image) is perfectly fine. You might use the other options
if you were creating a disk image for somebody else who used different virtual machine
software.
The window shown in Illustration 7 allows to choose between a fixed size hard disk (the entire

Illustration 7: How storage is to be allocated.

file is allocated at once) or a dynamic size (the file gets larger as needed but will be no larger
than the size we ask for. There is a slight performance advantage to a fixed size but we'll
choose dynamic size so we don't create a huge file on the hard disk straight away. Illustration
8 Is a dialogue asking for the size of the hard disk to create (either dynamically or fixed)
we'll choose 8GB, which is enough for a toy Linux installation but probably not enough for
real work. The recommended minimum amount for Ubuntu is 15GB.

Illustration 8: Size of virtual hard disk.

Ready to create a new virtual machine

Finally, Illustration 9, we are ready to create the virtual machine. Click on the Create button
to start the process (this has to be done in two windows on some versions of VirtualBox).
The virtual hard disk (a large file) will be created at this time, so it may take a little time
before the virtual machine is ready for use (Illustration 10).

Illustration 9: Ready to create virtual machine.

Illustration 10: The machine is ready to start.

Altering a few settings

Before we start the virtual machine (by selecting the virtual machine and clicking the start
arrow) there is one final change to make to get the best performance out of the machine:
Ubuntu is quite graphics intensive and the default is not good enough. Click on settings, to

Illustration 11: Changing the graphics capabilities.

bring up the dialogue in Illustration 11, and select Display and increase the amount of video
memory to 64MB (or more) and select Enable 3D Acceleration.

Starting the virtual machine

The virtual machine we've created can be started by selecting it and the clicking on the green
Start arrow. Starting a virtual machine for the first time brings up a window like that in
Illustration 12, although there be an intermediate window informing you about auto capture
keyboard2, where you select what to boot from initially. We would like to boot from the

Illustration 12: Select media to install from.

Ubuntu
icon on
Ubuntu
Ubuntu

installation CD image that we downloaded earlier. Clicking on the yellow folder-like

the righthand side brings up a file selection window, see Illustration 13, find the
CD image and open it. Illustration 14 shows the virtual machine ready to boot the
install CD.

2 Clicking on the virtual machine window captures all the keyboard input so things like using the keyboard to
change windows may not work. Also, your mouse may disappear. Pressing the key mentioned in the window
(left apple key on a Macintosh, right control key on Windows) frees both the keyboard and mouse so they
will work as normal again.

Illustration 13: Selecting the Ubuntu CD image.

Installing Ubuntu from here is left as an exercise and there is plenty of documentation
available to help (e.g. http://www.ubuntu.com/support). Note: whenever the installation
refers to your computer or your hard disk, it is taking about the virtual machine and it's
disk not your computer. In particular, you will be asked if you'd like to use the whole hard disk
to install Ubuntu, see Illustration 15, with suitably dire warnings about everything else being
deleted. Here, it means the whole of the virtual hard disk and not your computer's hard disk

Illustration 14: Ubuntu image is selected.

so it is safe to say yes. The are two ways you can confirm this: firstly, when you are asked
about using the whole hard disk, Ubuntu notes that there is no operating system currently
installed (your real hard disk would have). In the following window, the hard disk to be
installed on will be called VBOX HARDDISK and will be quite small (we asked for about
8GB) compared to your real hard disk, which is probably several hundred GB.
Installing Ubuntu will take about 30 minutes or so, depending on the speed of your computer.

Illustration 15: Warning dialog. Note that no operating system is detected.