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SP 6-3 (1962): ISI Handbook for Structural Engineers -Part3 Steel Columns and Struts [CED 7: Structural Engineering
and structural sections]

! $ ' +-
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SP : 6 ( 3 ) - 1962

HANDBOOK
FOR

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS
3. STEEL COLUMNS AND STRUTS

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

STRUCTURAL
ENGINEERS' HANDBOOK
No. :I

SP : , ( J ) 1M2

HANDBOOK
'OR

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS
3. STEEL COLUMNS AND STRUTS

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN, 8 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

Gr 12

BUREAU OF IIPIAI STAIDARDS

First EdltJon
Eighth Reprint

1962
May 1999

UDC 624.21.9 : 624.075.2 : 669.14

C Copyright 1962
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
This publication is protected under the Indian Copyright Act (XIV of 1957) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the
publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.

Printed in India by Simco Printing Press, Delhi; and

Published by the Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi (India).

CONTENTS
PAGE

7
11

FOREWORD ...
SYMBOLS
ABBREVIATIONS

14
SECTION I GENIRAL

1.
2.

INTRODUCTION

15

COLUMN DESION FORMUL~ AND SPECIFICATIONS

17

SICTION II DISIGN OF CENTIlALL Y LOA DID COLUMNS

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

INTRODUCTION

20

SHORT CoLUMNS WITH SMALL LoADS

21

SHORT COLUMNS WITH LAROE LoADS

25

LoNO COLUMNS WITH SMALL LoADS

29

LONG CoLUMNS WITH INTERMEDIATE LoADS

33

SICTION III COLUMNS IN MULTI-ITORIY aUILDINGS

8.
9.

38
38

INTItODUCTION
BUILDING COLUMN DESIGN FOR DEAD PLUS LIVE LoADS

SECTION IV MILL aUILDING COLUMN WITH

CRANE GANTRY

10.
11.

..

INTRODUCTION

54
54-

STEPPED MILL BUILDING CoLUMN WITH CRANE GANTRY

SICTION V CONCLUDING REMAIIO CONe.RNING

COLUMN DIIIGN

12.

67
69

EPPlClEHCY 0' CoMPRESSION MEMBERS

TABU

TABLE

II

ALLOWABLE AVERAGB

STRuas FOR

71

ApPROXIMATE R.ADli OF GYRATION

ApPENDIX A INDIAN STANDARDJ ON

0' STEEL IN STRUCTURES

B CoM.OIImoN
CoIOllTrKIt. SMDC 7

ApPBNDIX

AXIAL CoMPUlSION

Paonucrrox,

DE!ION AND

USE
72

OP STRUCTURAL t:NOI~EBRING SECTIONAL

74

FOREWORD
This handbook, which has been processed by the Structural Engineenng
Sectional Committee, SMDC 7, the composition of which is given in Appendix S, has been approved for publication by the Structural and Metals
Division Council of lSI.
Steel, which is a very important basic raw material for industrialization,
had been receiving considerable attention from the Planning Commission
even from the very early stages of the country's First Five Year Plan period.
The Planning Commission not only envisaged an increase in production
capaciry'In the country, but also considered the question of even greater
importance, namely, the taking of urgent measures for the conservation of
available resources. Its expert committees came to the conclusion that a
good proportion of the stee! consumed by the structural steel industry in
India could be saved if higher efficiency procedures were adopted in the
production and use of steel. The Planning Commission" therefore, recommended to the Government of India that the Indian Standards
Institution should take up a Steel Economy Project and prepare a series of
I ndian Standard Specifications and Codes of Practice in the field of steel
production and utilization.
Over six yean of continuous study itt India and abroad, and the deliberations at numerous sittings of committees, panels and study groups, 'have
resulted in the formulation of a number of Indian Standards in the field
of'stee! production, design and use, a list of which is included in Appendix A.
The basic Indian Standards on structural steel sections are:
IS: 8081957 SPECIFICATION POR ROLLED STEEL BLUI, CHANNBL AND
ANOLE SBCTIONS ( Since revised and split up into parts )
IS: 811-1961 SPECIFICATION FOR. COLD FORMED LIOHT GAUOE STRUCTURAL STKBL_SBarlONS ( Since revised)
IS: 1161-1958 SP&CIPICATION POR STaHL TUBEI lIOR STRUCTURAL
PURPOSItI ( Second revision published in 1968)
IS: 1173-1957 SPECIFICATION FOR ROLLED STEaL SECTIONS, To HARS
( Since revised )
IS: 1252-1958 SPECIFICATION POR ROLLED STEEL SECTIONS, BULB ANOLa.
IS: 1730-1961 DIMENSIONI FOR STEET ~ P: ,ATE, SHEET AND SnIP FOR
STRUCTURAL AND GENERAL ENOINEERING PuRPOSES (Since revised
and spUt up into parts)
IS: 1731-1961 DomNilONS FOR STEEL FLATS FOR STRUCTURAL AND
GaNERAL ENGln...INO PuRPOSES ( Since revised)
IS: 1732-1961 DIMENSIONS POR ROUND AND SQ,UAIlB STEEL BARS FOR
STRUCTURAL AND GBNERAL ENGINEERING PuRPoau ( Since revised )
The design and fabrication of steel structures is covered by the following
basic Indian Standards:
IS. 800-1956 CoDa OP PaAarlCB I'OR USB OP 8nuaruIlAL STaaL IN
GSN&IlAL BU~INO CoNlTllUCTlON ( Since reviled )

. . IlANDUOOIt 10. lTaUCTUaAL aHOINU: naaL QOLUMNI AND natrn

CODE OP PRACTICE POR USB OF COLD FOIUdD LIGHT

GAUGB STEBL STRUCTURAL MBUBERS IN GBNERAL BUILDINO CON-

IS: 801-1958

nRuarlON (

Since revised)

IS: 806-1957

CODK OF PRACTICB POR USE OP

BUILDING CoNSTRUCTION. (Since revised)

IS: 816-1956

STUL

TUBES IN GENERAL

CoDS OF PRACTICE FOR USE OF METAL \RC WELDING FOR

GENERAL CoNSTRUCTION IN MILD STEEL ( Since

revised)

IS: 819-1957

CODB OF PRACTICE FOR RBSIITANCB SPOT WELDING POR

LlOHT ASSEMBLIES IN MILD STBBL

IS: 823STEEL (

CODS OF PROCEDURE FOlt METAL ARC WELDING OF MILD

Under preparation) ( Printed in 1964 )

IS: 1024-

ConE OP PRACTICE FOR .WELDING OF STRUCTURES SUBJECT

TO DYNAKIC LoADING ( Under preparation) (Printed in 1968 )

IS: 1261-1959 Oons OF PRACTICE FOR SBAM WBLDING IN MILD STEEL

IS: 1323-1959 CoDE OF PRACTICE FOR OXy-ACItTYLENE WELDING POR
STRUCTURAL

Won

IN MILD STEBL (

Since revised )

lSI undertook the preparation of a number of design handbooks. This

handbook, vzhich is the third in the series, relates to steel columns and
struts. The first one on structural steel sections was published in March
1959. The second handbook) which deals with steel beams and plate
girders, is being simultaneously published along with this handbook. Other
handbooks proposed to be published in the series in due course are expected
to cover the following subjects:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
i)
8)
9)
10)

II)
12)
13)
14)
15)

Apphcation of plastic theory in design of steel structures

Designing and detailing welded joints and connections
Design of rigid frame structures in steel
Economy of steel through choice of fabrication methods
Functions of good design in steel economy
High strength bolting in steel structures
Large span shed type buildings in steel
Light-weight open web steel joist construction
Multi-storey steel framed structures for offices and residences
Roof trusses in steel
Single-storey industrial and mill type ..buildinp in steel
Steel transmission towers

Steelwork in cranes and hoists

~tru~f:ura1 use of light gauge aecnoDi
Structural usc of tubular sections

Metric system hu been adopted in India and all quantities, dimensions

and design ~p1el have been given in this tyltem.

tOa.woaD

This handbook is not intended to replace text books on the subject. With
this object in view, theoretical treatment has been kept to the minimum
needed. Special effort has been made to introduce only modern and practical methods of analysis and design that will result in economy in utilization
of steel.
The-information contained in this handbook may be broadly summarized

as follows:
a) Explanation of the secant formula adopted in IS : 800-1956,
b) Design examples in a format similar to that used in a design office,
c) Commentary on the design examples, and
d) Tables of important design data.
In accordance with the main objectives, those types of columns and strut
designs that lead to the greatest weight saving in steel have been emphasized,
as far as possible.
The calculations shown in the design examples have all been worked
out using the ordinary slide rules. The metric sizes of rivets and plates
incorporated in the design examples are likely to be the standard metric
sizes which would be produced in this countr-y. Indian Standards for these
products are under preparation.
This handbook is based on and requires reference to the following publications issued by lSI:
IS: 2261958 SPECIFICATION FOR STRUCTURAL STEEL ( Second revision)
( Fifth revision published in 1915 )
OF PRACTICE FOR USB OF STRUCTUP..AL ~TEItL IN
GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION ( Since revised)

IS: 800-1956 CoDE

IS: 806-1957 CaDit

OP PumiCE FOR USE OP STEEL TUBKS IN GENERAL

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION (Since revised )

IS: 808-1957
IS:

IS:
IS:
lSI

lSI

lSI
lSI

SPECIFICATION FOR ROLLED STEEL BEAY, CHANNEL AND

ANGLB SECTIONS ( Since revised and split up into parts)
816-1956 CODE OF PRACTICB FOR USB OF METAL ARC WELDING FOR
GENERAL CONSTRUCTION IN !\{ILD STEEL ( Since revised)
875-lgs7 CODE OF PRACTIOE POR STRum JRAL SAFETY OF BUILDINGS:
LoADING STANDARDS ( Since revised)
11611958 SPECIFICATION FOR STEEL TUBES FOR STRUCTURAL PURPOSES ( Second revision published in 1968)
HANDBOOK FOR STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS : 1. STRUCTURAL STaEL
SECTIONS
HANDBOOK FOR STRUCTURAL ENGINEBRS ON SINGLE-STOREY INDUSTRIAL AND MILL TVPE BUILDINGS IN STEEL ( Under preparation)

HANDBOOK FOR STRUCTURAL ENGINBBRS ON USE OF STEEL TUBES AS

STRUCTURAL MATBRIAL ( Under preparation)
HANDBOOK FOR STRUCTURAL ENGINBERS ON MULTI-STOREY STEEl.
FRAMED STRUCTURES ( Under preparation)

IIAJC.-ooK POa IftvcruaAL .......... : IftaL OOLUIOII AND ..... un

In the preparation of thi~ handbook, the technical committee has derived

valuable assistance from Dr Bruce G. Johnston, Professor of Structlll'a1
Engineering. Univenity of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Dr Bruce G. Johnston
prepared the preliminary draft of this 'handbook. This assistance was
made available to lSI through Messrs Ramseyer & Miller, Inc, Iron &:
Steel Industry Consultants, New York, by the Technical Co-operation
Million to India of the Government of USA under their Technical Assistance Programme.
The photographs in this handbook have been provided through the
courtesies of American Institute of Steel Construction, New York, and
Butler Manufacturing Co, Kansas City, USA.
No handbook of this type can be made complete for aU times to come at
the very first attempt. As designers and engineers begin to use it, they
will be able to suggest modifications and additions for improving itl utility.
They are requested to send such valuable suggestions to lSI which will be
received with appreciation and gratitude.

10

SYMBOJ.,S
Symbols used in this handbook shall have the meaning assIgned to them
as indicated below:

Area of section; Greater projection of the base plate beyond

the column

Distance between the main components in a laced or battened

section or width of rectangular stress block in bearing
plate design

Lesser projection of the base plate beyond the column

Flange width

Depth of a section; In rivet groups, the diagonal distance

between two rivets: Spacing of battens in a battened
section

til'

External diameter of a tube

Internal diameter of a tube

d.
E
E,

Young's modulus
Tangent modulus
Eccentricity

IC

ii

Eccentricity ratio

Fl
F.
F~
F,
.fo
f"

Longitudinal shear
Permissible axial stress
Permissible bending stress
Permissible stress in direct compression
Calculated axial stress
Calculated bending stress
Stress at proportional limit
Calculated average shear stress in the section
Moment of inertia

.I~

If'
I
I....
1..
l:t

I.,

1M:

==

Moment of inertia about .A-A axis

Moment of inertia about B-B axis
Moment of inertia about X-X axis
Moment of inertia about V-V axis
] ]

III HAIID800It 'OIl ITRVcn:aAL .NOISZr..S : STEEL ('.()L\.~ A~D

nat.n

1..

c::

K
L
I
I.
I.

Coefficient of effective length

- Actual length
Effective length (=KL)
- Effective length about X-X axis
a:::: Effective length about Y-Y axis
- Slenderness ratio
Bending moment
Total bending moment in the column section at mth floor
level
== Distribution of the bending moment at the mth Boor level
in the column section between mth and nth ftoor levels
z::

_.

1/,
M
M".

..

~{

P".IfII

R
R.

R.

..

'

s:::::::

'min

'.
"
S

==

If

==

'tD
J"

J',

IV

Moment of inertia of a column section between mth and nth

floor levels

Axial load
Axial load in the column section between mth and 11th floor
levels
Static moment about the centroidal axis of [he portion of
cross-sectional area beyond the location at which the
stress is being determined
Reaction at A
Component of the rivet strength in X-X direction
Component of the rivet strength in Y-Y direction
Radius of gyration
Radius of gyration about B-B axis
Minimum radius of gyration
Radius of gyration about X-X axis
Radius of gyration about Y-Y axis
Shear
Thickness of base plate or splice plate; Flange or web
thickness
Flange thickness
Web thickness
Total shear resultant on cross-section
Shear force per unit length
Pressure or loading on the under-side of the base plate
12

x
y
Z

Distance of the rivet from a reference point along X-X axis

Distance of the rivet from .a reference point along Y-Y axis
= Section modulus
Z~
- Section modulus about X-X axis
Z.
Section modulus about Y-Y axis
Zmtl Section modulus of the column section between mth and nth
floor levels
.6
Deflection
~
Centre line
@
.- At
> = Greater than
<
Less than
~
Not greater than
~
Not less than
~
Approximately equal to
Therefore

13

ABBREVIATIONS
Some important abbreviations used in this handbook are listed below:

UBit.
Area in square centimetres
Length in centimetres
Length in metres
Length in rnillirnetres
Load in kilograms
Load in kilograms per metre
Load in kilograms per square centimetre
Load in kilograms per square metre
Load in tonncs
Moment in centimetre-kilograms
Moment in centimetre tonnes
Moment in metre kilograms
Moment in metre tonnes
Moment of inertia expressed in centimetre to the
power of four
Section modulus expressed in cubic centimetres
Strength of weld in tonnes per centimetre

em l
em
m
mm

kg
kg/m
kg/cm~

kgjm
'
t

em-kg

crn-t
rn-kg
mt
em l

em'
tlcm

Other AbbreviadoD8
Alright
Basement level
Centre to centre
Dead load
,Floor
lndian Standard Angie Section conforming to and
as designated in IS : 808-1957
Indian Standard Beam Section conforming to and
as designated in IS : 808-1957
Indian Standard Channel Section conforming to
and as designated in IS : 808-1957
Live load
Outside diameter

14

OK
B

c/c
DL

Fl
ISA

ISLB, 18MB, etc

ISLe, ISMC, etc

LL

OD

SECTION I
GENERAL
I. INTRODUCTION
1.1 A column is a structural member whose primary function is to transmit
compressive force between two points in a structure. The subject of column
strength has retained the interest of mathematicians and engineers alike for
more than 200 years since Euler's famous contributions to column theory of
1744 and 1757.

1.2 A column is loaded and performs its useful function in compression,

hut, when overloaded, beyond its working strength, it does not generally fail
by direct compression. Failure may be due to excessive bending or in some
cases by bending combined with twisting, depending on the slenderness ratio
of the compression member. If a short compression member is subjected
to an axial load of sufficient magnitude, it will rail by decreasing in length
and bulging, or may rail because of excessive shearing stresses if the material
is brittle. If, on the other hand, a long slender strut is subjected to a
relatively small axial load, the strut is in stable state and if it is displaced by
a small amount due to some disturbing force, the member will straighten
itself when that disturbing force is removed. For a certain increased value
of the axial force, however, the member is in a state of neutral equilibrium
and will remain deflected even after the removal of the disturbing force.
This axial load is called the buckling load. The column will behave in the
same way it: instead of a disturbing force there is a bent and/or twisted
configuration existing in the member, Thus, as the length of the column
increases, the cross-sectional area being. constan-t. the load requited to
produce the various types of failure decreases. Therefore, columns are
commonly classified as short and long columns. Even though this division
may be arbitrary and there ~ no absolute way of determining the exact
limits for each classification, for convenience of discussion in design examples
of columns in this handbook this classification is being adopted.
1.3 The Euler load is the buckling load which will hold a completely
elastic column in a bent position. An infinitesimal tendency to change
from a straigltt to a bent or buckled shape will, at the Euler load cause
the column so to bend. If we consider the inelastic stress-strain curve
of the material, the compressive load capacity without any bending is the
tangent-modulus load, Shanley having showed that if any load larger than
the tangent-modulus load is applied the column will start to bend.
1.4 Thus, the tangent-modulus load provides a strength criterion for the
ideally straight and centrally loaded column. In this connection, astatement
published in Bulletin No.1 of Column Research Council (of 'USA) may be
Part of the introduction is abstracted from the talk on 'Basic Column Strength' presented
by Dr. Bruce G. Johnston at the Fourth Technical Session of Column Research Council
and publish~d in the Proceedings of ~f.)", 1944.

15

lSI HANDBOOIt

roa

STauC"li1uL ENOINUas : ITEEL COLl:M..tu AND STRun

quoted:

'It is quite generally accepted that the column strength may be

determined with satisfactory accuracy by the use of the tangent-modulus
method applied to a compressive stress-strain curve for the material, if
the material throughout the cross-section of the column has reasonably
uniform properties and the column does not contain appreciable residual
stresses. The strength of a column may be expressed by:

""Er

.............. (1)

A = (~L) i
where
p

average stress in the column,

E.,.

:=

tangent modulus (slope of stress-strain curve) at stress

!C,

i'fA, and

= equivalent slenderness ratio of the column.'

1.5 In the elastic range, E; == E, and this substitution in equation (1) reduces
it to the Euler column formula. Equation (1) may be written:

KL = . / E."
,
V PIA

(2)

1.5.1 In equation (2), if E.,.=E and PIA=f. (stress at proportional limit

of material), the KL/, so evaluated is the minimum slenderness ratio for
which the elastic buckling occurs.
1.6 Since the failure of the column, excluding the possibility of torsion,
is a matter of bending, one may catalogue the following two general categories
of 'effects' that influence bending behaviour in real columns. These result
in departure from the ideal column strength estimated by the tangentmodulus theory.
a) Accidental factors that caus bending in the column to take place
below the tangent-modulus load:
1) Lateral loads,
2) End eccentricity, and
3) Column curvature or twist and non-homogeneity of material.
b) Fa':tolS that modify "sislanu to bnuJing:
1) Residual stress (may increase or decrease strength);
2) Variation in inelastic stress-strain characteristics, either
inherent in the material or as a result of prior tensile overstrain in all or various parts of the column.
3) Shear strength;
4) Local buckling;

16

I&C11OIC I : OaMULAL

5) Shape of CI'OII-sectionj and

6) Lateral or end restraints (may increase strength).
1.6.1 One item bas been left out of the foregoing outline, that ill compressive load, which in itself reduces bending stiffness. When an 'ideal' column
buckles at the Euler load it remains perfectly straight up to that load, then,
under an infinitesimal increment of load, suddenly buckles with indefinite
deflections within the range wherein the assumptions inherent in the Euler
derivation are valid. It would appear as if such an 'ideal' column suddenly
had lost all of its bending stiffness, since the slightest touch would cause it
to take any bent-position desired. This is not the case. Relatively small
axial load has little effect on bending stiffness, as measured by EI, but at
a gradually increasing rate, the bending stiffness reduces and as the Euler
load is approached the rate of loss is quite rapid. The bending stiffness
does become zero when the Euler load is reached but the variation is a
continuous function of load even though the buckling itself is a discontinuous
process.
1.7 If any generalization at all can be made about the list of facton that
affect the strength of a column it is obvious that it is impractical to
introduce them all in any mathematical way into anyone column formula.
On the other hand, various investigaton and designers in the past have
tended to over-emphasize one factor without a good enough look at the

others. One is reminded of the old folk tale of the blind men, feeling
various parts of an elephant, with each different man coming to a different
conclusion as to what an elephant really was. The uncertainty 81 to what
a column really is has been increased by virtue of the fact that even in
laboratory tests there are usually several factors affecting column strength
as determined by the testing machine. In attempting to explain any single
test by a mathematical formula, it is quite possible through over-empbasis
of anyone factor in any particular trial 'theory', unknowingly or otherwise,
to compensate for the effect of other factors that may co-exist in the tests
that may be omitted from the particular theory that is on trial. Thus. one
may take a given set of test data on concentrically loaded hinge-end columns
and show that the test results agree with the secant formula, assuming
accidental initial eccentricities of the required amount to make the theory
. fit the telt 6r, on the other hand, agree with an initial curvature theory by
am,ming an initial curvature of the required maximum amount. Thus.
there may be no proof at all that either eccentricity or curvature was the
dominating factor that should have been used in the theory.

2. QOL11MN DESIGN FORMUlA: AND SPECIFICATIONS

2.1 A! has been stated, the tangent-modulus formula provides the most
proper theoretical basis for relating the stress-strain properties of a metal
to the ideal column strength of the same metal. However, for design
purposa
~tc customary to determine any point on the column strength
curve,
y in the case of a structural steel, as that load which will
17

III HANDBOOK

roa

rraUCTtJaAL &NOIHUItI : STaaL COLUMNS AND

lTRun

cause initial yielding in an eccentrically loaded column of that particular

length. The eccentricity is arbitrarily assumed so as to give agreement
between the resulting strength formula and many column tests. This is
the basis for the permissible working stresses given in IS : 800-1956. The
actual formula (reduced from the column strength curve by a factor of
safety of 1-67) is given in Appendix D of IS : 800-1956 and is referred to
in Table I of that standard. It is noted that the assumed eccentricityis
in dimensionless terms :
.
ec

;a

= 015

Tables I and XIII of IS : 800-1956 give permissible average stress for

various 1/, ratios for structural steel and high strength structural steel respectively. As noted in Appendix D of IS : 800-1956, when 1/, is greater
than ISO. the allowable stress given by the secant formula is modified by
a reduction factor which, in effect, introduces an increasing factor of safety
with I/r as the value of 150 is exceeded.

2.2 To facilitate interpolation, for each integer value of lIt from 1 to 180,
Table I (," p. 69) presents permissible stresses in agreement with '.1.2 and
Table I of IS : 800-1956, for structural steel conforming to IS : 226-1958.
2.3 The cross-sectional shape of various columns commonly used. in practice
is given in Table II (see p. 71). Also shown are approximate values of 'radii
of gyration for these sections. In the-case of the rectangular and circular
sections. the values indicated are closely approximate to the correct values
but for the built up section there, may be a considerable ftuctuation
because of the variation in relative cross-sectional dimensions.
2.4 To minimize steel requirements in column design, one should keep
the effective llr as small as possible so as to use the niaterial at the greatest
possible stress. The length is given in the general design drawing and tile
designer should select the cross-section that will provide the largest possible
radius of gyration without providing more area than is needed. Since
, =

J~

the largest radius of gyration is obtained when the material is

farthest from the centroid. For constant area this means that the material
gets thinner and thinner as the column size increases for any particular type
ofcross-section. This leads ultimately to such thin walls for any given column
cross-section that local bpckling becomes a problem and it is local buckling
that ultimately limits the size to which one may go. In some cases, in
order to get the material as far as possible. from the neutral axis, especiaUy
when only a small load is to be carried and the total area is small, angles
or channels are used. together with lacing or batten/latel to hold them in
position as shown in Table II. The lacing bars an batten p.lates are not
load ca.-rying elements. They function primarily to hold the load carrying
portions of the column in their relative positions and provide points. of
intermediate sup~rt for each separate part of the built-up,column. Thus,
18

I&CTION I : OuaaAL

for minimum st-eel requirements, batten plates and lacing ban are economical only if the increase in permissible Itren for the load-carrying memben
permits a greater reduction in weight than is added by lacing or battens.
2.5 A column designed as centrally loaded may be accidentally loaded
eccentrically or may start to bend. In such cases, there will be variable
bending moments induced because ef'the eccentricity between the centroidal
axis of the column and the resultant line of action of the applied load.
As a result of the varying bending moment that is induced there will be
related shearing forces in the plane of the cross-section and the lacing,
batten plates, or other connecting elements should be designed to be adequate
to resist this shearing force. In 21.2 of IS : 800-1956, this is arbitrarily
taken as 25 percent of the direct load for which the column is designed.
In the case of very short columns, the shearing force is induced primarily
by the eccentricity of load whereas in long columns, it is primarily induced
by bending. Some authorities consider that the connecting parts should be
designed for the shear that would be developed when the column has finally
buckled at its full load and in buckling has reached the yield point.
2.6 An important determining factor in the design of a column is the 'effective length' as influenced by end restraint conditions. There are two types
of restraints, namely, position restraint or restraint against movement
pe~ndicular to the ~xis of the column and direction restraint or rest~nt
aplDst angular rotation at the end of the column. Each type of restraint
may exist about either or both axes and the conditions at the opposite ends
of the column may be different. A complexity of possible combinations
results but some of the more usual conditions of restraint are J?ictured in
Appendix G (Fig. 1 to 15) of IS : 800-1956. Design examples will illustrate
the use of these figures which provide interpretation of 18.1 and Table V
of IS : 800-1956.
2.7 Maximum permissible slenderness ratios are given in 18.2 and Table VI
of IS : soo.I956 and minimum thickness of local elements is given in
terms of ratios of width to thickness in 18.4 and in Tables VI and VII of
that standard.
2.8 The design of a column base slab is also covered in this Handbook
. as provided-in 18.8 of IS : 800-1956.
2.9 Additional reductions in permissible stress for single struts or discontinuous struts are provided in 18.9 of IS: 800-1956 with allowable stresses
for single angle struts given in Table X of that standard.
2.10 If bending moments are introduced into the column at axial loads
be 10\\" the buckling load, the column is sometimes called a 'column-inbending' and rules for design of such members are given in 9.5 of
IS : 800-1956 covering bending and axial stresses. The bending moment
in a beam-column may be introduced either by lateral load, or by end
eccentricity and the assumed allowances for end eccentricity are given
in ILl aftd Table IX of IS : 800-1956.
19

SECTION II
DESIG'N O'.ClNTRALLY LOADED COLUMNS

s, INTaODUCDON
3.1 11ae crou-sectional shape of a centrally loaded column dependa very
largely OIl whether the column is long or short and whether it carria a
small or Jjrge load. Therefore, design examples will show alterDative
selectioDl suitable for the following load and length conditions:

al

.man

Short columns with

loads,
b Short columns with large loads,
c Loug columns with small loads, and
d Long columns with intermediate loads.
3.2 The design examples will be discussed under
fonowing headings
pertaining to the column type rather than the length and load category:
a Circular cress-section,
b Single angle,
c Double &nJle,
d H-beam WIth welded cover plates,
. e Single cell box,
Laced columns, and
gl Batten plate columns.
3.3 In summary, the design problem of a centrally loaded column includes
the following steps:
a) Make an initial approximation of the average allowable streuF.;
b) Determine the required area to carry the load at the estimated
allowable stress A=-P/Fc ;
c) Select a column section that will provide the estimated required
area along with as large as possible a radius of gyration consistent
with clearance requirements and minimum thickness limitations;
d) Calculate the radius of gyration;
e) Determine the effective slenderness ratio based on the estimatedeffective length according to 18.1 of IS : 800-1956;
C) Determine allowable stress from Table I as based on 1.1.2 of
IS: 800-1956; and
g) Repeat steps (a> to (f), if necessary, with' a revised estimate of
allowable column stress.
3.4 In makinK the yreliminary estimate of allowable stress, reference mav
be made to Table with a rough approximation of the probable lIre
the case of very ahort columns, or columns of any reasonable lengt& with
very heavy loads, the IJ, ma}: always be made reasonably small. In such
a case the allowable stress will vary but little and a good estimate may be

me

In

made at the outset.

20

4. IIIORT COLUMNS WITH SMALL LOADS

4.1 Col.... 01 CIreaIar ero..-Secdoa (SII De8Ip ........ 1)The circular cross-section may be either a solid round or a hollow cylindrical
tube. Any circular cross-section has the same radius ofgyration abo~t every
centroidal axis and the thin wall hollow tube provides the most effective
possible disposition of material for a circular column that has the same
equivalent length with respect to all axes. For a more complete discussion
of tubular members, reference should be made to lSI Handbook for Structural Engineers on Use of Steel Tubes as Structural Matero.l (under
preparation) .
Local buckling will not occur in the walls of a circular tube until very
large ratios of radius to thickness are introduced. For practical purposes,
allowing for imperfections in manufacture, it is customary to require that
the tube radius be no more than about 65 times the wall thickness. Thus,
for a tube having minimum permissible wall thickness of 63 DUD the maximum radius should be about 400 rom. Minimum wall thickness permitted
for tubes not exposed to weather is 32 mm (SII 6.3 of IS : 806-1957).
Circular columns are especially recommended for exposed use in regions
of heavy wind. The wind forces on such columns are minimized and are
independent of direction.
In the following pages, designs of different types of sections used as short
struts are compared for a small axial load. As a first example, tubular
section is taken up for illustration. Then the other types follow. It is
to be noted that the required area of cross-section for the tube is leu than
either the single or double angle struts designed.

4.2 ",Ie Aalle Strata (SI' De8ip kample 2) - The permissible

stress in single angle struts connected by a single rivet or bolt is penalized
by 18.9.1.1 of IS : 800-1956 because of the eccentricity of connection.
But when connected by a weld or by two or more rivets or bolts in line along
the angle af each end, the permissible stresses in accordance with Table I
of this Handbook or Table I of IS : 800-1956 are applicable without any
reduction, because of the end restraint effect that reduces the effect of
.eccentricity. The effective length I should be taken as equal to the length
centre to centre of connections.

4.3 Doable ~Ie Strau (se, De.... kample 3) - The double angle
strut is more effective and efficient than the single angle strut, Dot only
because of the greater permitted working stress, but also because the angles
do not tend to buckle about either oftheir individual principal axes in ~
of which the radius of gyration is the minimum. All other things being
equal, if the long legs are placed back to back, the beat balance ofradii of
gyration about the two axes of the combined section will be olftaiDed.
Attention. is called to the required use of stitch rivets to cmure integral
combined action of the two angles.
(~.p.25)

21

JlANl)M)()1t

PO. ITaUC'n1aAL UOINUIlI : ITU.L COLUMNS A."fD STRUTS

- - - - -. - - - - - - - - .. - - - - _.

--

- - --,..---------~-.....
DellI" Ixample I

,_

of

Tubular Strut

~,permiaible

Load P

::z

10 t

Length 1

:a

3m

axial comprcuive suea F.:a: 1 000 ka/c:m'

A_
nn:ia

ed ~
requir
n

10 000
-rDOO"

Minimum wall thiekneu -

10 em '
4 mm ($II 6.3 of IS : 806-1957)

TO 8O-mm nominal bore x-O-48.S; em (SII IS : 1161.1958)

Area A

Radius oIlYNtion -

V~

==

12-8 em'

-= 298 em

Allowable F, -

884 kg/ern l (III '.1.2 of IS : 800-1956

and Table
Handbook).

Allowable load -

22

884 x 128-II SOO ...

or

>10 t OK.

this

113 t

aCTION II: DUION OP CENTRALLY LOADED COLUMNI

0..;,. aM",_ Z-Si,.,l. A,.". Serul

nil aaN Uu/ieGIIs JlVlral trial s,ltioIU ktuling to an anlU tJaal provUUs a cajHlcily oj1261.
II is to ".IMI tlUll OM ofeM triGl duif1U IuuJ to IH modifwd becauu th6 outslilndint withJalllliattus

tJIIIl.",

UHJS excessiv. For sin," anglt

struts, tIM maximum pmnitud withh/thickness ratio
is 14 tu cortI/JtI',d with 16 for otJwr outstands, This
limitalUm is usi,abk b,causl 1M singl, angle strut
WJUJlly "","s 1M neares: to torsional huckling of any
,011.'s.1 mmabtr.

,atio oftJu

- - - - -(Equal
-- ---------- - - ------legs for maximum 1min)

-......_ ..

Desll" Example 1

Sin". Anile Strut

I
of

-----------_.........- ...

Auume two rivets at eaeh end.

Allowable stresses in accordance with Table I and lL9.1.1 (b) of IS : 800-1956

Trw,
for l/,
OJ

120= 300.
,
, ,=25 em

Allowable F,

709 kg/eml (ut Table I of this Handbook)

Area required

= I ~:;:o = 141 em l

Try ISA 100 100, 8 mm.

A
'_In

=
=
=

1539 em t
195 em

300 = 154195
t
=: 472 kg/em
Allowable F.
Allowable load = 472 X 1539=7 250 kg-~o Good.
Try ISA 130 130, 8 mm.
A
=: 2022 em'min
= 255 em
300
llr
=:
= 118

1/,

rn

Allowable F, z= 726 kg/em t

Allowable load == 726 x 2022:: 14 700 kg -- over design
Tr;yISA 110 110, 8 rom .
.If
== 17,02 emS
= 214 em
'min

1/,

==

300
rn
=

140

Allowable F, .
559 kg/em l
Allowable load = 359 x 1702 =9 500 kg-~o Good.
Therefore, ISA 130 130, 8 mm is the mOlt economical section because other sections
with required area and 'min have greater weigh; per metre.
:lIE

Check outstanding}
ISO
Iq T

-=

Effective width Effective area -

.o\IIowable F.

16'25> 14-No Good (S', ILt.! of IS: 800(1956)

14 x 8 -=112 nun
173 em' (according to 11.4.1.1 of IS : 800(1956)

.. -726

AllowabIe IoMI -

ka/an'

0-726 x 175-126 t ...... OK.

----------------------------------------------- OIl
&hat Cor compudnl
the full ana of tbe ouwandlna may be tUeD. in
.....CMe"'
(........eeaceoi
IS: 100-19-'6).
~rda

23

III HANDBOOK POR lTRucnJIlAL UfOINUltl: IT&&L OOLUIOII AND .TaL,..

D..... ...",. 3 - DoubH A,.,le S".",

(LM,Ir "" hid to bd etmntMJ 10 bolla sidu of

tJ

lo-mm gwSlI by two ';l1ItI)

....- ..

~---.

D_lln E.amp'e J

Double Anile Strut

of
I

Load and length are the same as Jriv~n in Design Examples 1 and 2

Tty 2 ISA 90 60, 6 mm.

A

ICI

r.
r"

lIZ

==

l/'mID

r,

Allowable
as
Allowable load
Try 2 ISA 80 50, 6 mm
A
lei

II:IZ

2 X 865= 173 em l
286 em
255 em (from lSI Handbook for Structural Engineers:
I. S~ctural Steel Sections)

2~~

= lIB-No length reduction is auumed.

726 kg/eml [SI' IU.l.2 (b) of IS: 800-1956]

726 X 173 12 550 kg-over design
longer legs back to back.
1492 emII::

'.

==

'.

cr

254 em
2-16 cm

llr...

300
m
-139

Allowable F, -= 565 kg/emf

Allowable load - 0565 x 1492-8-42 t-No Good.
Adopt 2 ISA 90 60, 6 mm only,

~'O.60.'"''

==L
---Il.-.o"""

'_Ia of ~Dlle ISA CD 128 em

.luimumc/coC.dtcbriveta - J28xSO-64 em
(Ule @ SO em clc.)

24

<_ 22.5 of IS:8QO;.1956)

SECTION II: DESIGN OF C!.NTRALLY LOADED COLUMNS

Double angle struts are frequently used in single plane truss construction
and it is common practice in the chords to put the short legs of unequal
angles, back to back, on opposite sides of gusset plates, so as to provide the
overall truss with greatest stiffness against lateral bending out of the plane
of the truss,

5. SHORT COLUMNS WITH LARGE LOADS

5.1 H-Beam with Welded Cover Plate (see Design Example 4)The H-beam by itself is a very commonly used column cross-section and the
design of a number of such columns is provided later in Design
Example 9 pertaining to a complete building column design. In the Design
Example 4 the load is considerably greater than that in the building design
example and it is necessary to add cover plates to the H-beam cross-section.
This introduces the design of connecting welds as a function of required
'
shear strength.
5.2 Slagle Cell Box Section (see Design ExaDlple 5) - The single cell
closed box cross-section provides a very effective column, similar to the hollow
tube, in that the material is disposed nearly as far as possible in all directions
from the central axis and it is convenient to provide about the same radius
of gyration about all axes. Although the built-up box section requires
more work of fabrication, because of the longitudinal welds, it is made of
plates or channels that cost less than a cylindrical tube. As in the case of
the cylindrical tube, a box section is immune from torsional buckling but
shall be checked as to width/thickness ratios of plate segments.

25

III HANDBOOK

,oa

"..... Ese 4-SIaort

IT1lUCTURAL ENGINEERS: STEE.L COLUMNS

s.n.u lor Lq, ..4sUt1 Loab-HB,.". willa

A~D

STIlL,..

JJ'fldtfl CoHr PIal..

I'"

TIw I.. is 500 t 01 50 ti""s of 1M' givm ;ft Dlsi,,. Examp" 1 but
1"'Ith ,IIII4iItJ ,Itt
UfW til tilt. ""Ir,s. FOl" sutlr a lare lJ4 it is obvitnu llult 1/, will IN stIUIll a"d a 'ar" tIl,.,.6It
IIraI is tU.".,d at tiu start, As soon as tlr, basit
---I
ISHB s,ction is s61tcttd it ;.1 possibu to maU tJ dou
,_
JnXi"""Um of tlu rad;w of g,ration SUtu llu 'OIJI' .... Dnilit I.ample ..
1
IN put on suffici"'/~., wid. 10 maJu 1M '.
of
.......... RIji"ntt is mad, to Tabl II to ,s,imtJu
Des.p of Cover Platee
2
1M'.'
Aft" a to
s,l,etioft
ofplaus
thatof
ar,,y,ation
a/J!Wdimal,ly
.
. ,,,,,A
baltIIIU
'III ,adii
about r ......._ ..

L-----------....

""'J ".. ,

u clwktd a"d slMnJtl H less

tn,
- - - .. - - - - ... - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. - - NM "tS, 1M oulsttUUli"l witlthltlaickfllss ,atitl H.1o"" tla, H-btam
rial rest of th calcullliions
s,1j ,Jt/JItmakwy. .
'

. . 16.

Small

= 5OO-l

1:=3 m

1/,-Trial F,

I 200 kg/em'

Area required

:=

~
1200

=417 em'

ISHB 450, 92'-5 kg

18'5 em
A = 11789 em'
Add plates-inereac '. and '. to about 19

'.-=

Predicted II'
Area required

= ~ = 16 Predicted F.= I
500 000

= TI28:a
==

rea supplied by 15HB 450

Balance
2891

.. -2-

JaS

',==5,08 em
228 kg/em'

4070 em'
!lU.em'
289,1 em'

,
145 COli required per cover plate

Rdeninl fo Table II :
Approx,. = 021 b
19
:. Assume b = 0,25

19=:0,21 b (021 is low ifplatea are wide)

= 76 em

T'7 75X 2 em cover plate as in the sketch.

Check outstanding width: thickness ratio
24
= 2'
::: 12 less than 16 .... OK ($II 1.....1 of IS: 800-1956)

Check radius oof gyration

J.-H Section ==
lof plates

4 ~;3'

3 045 em!
129 672

cm~

132 717 em4

Area
'"

= 1179-+2 X 146..409,9 em'

CIC

l 32
V4iJ:9
727 == 18 cm

(,_ steater than 18'5-no need to check)

'. is Ina than predicted but probably O~.

26

,
I

r-

-l

~'-'If

~._"c"'~

SECTIO:-r II: DEIION OP CI.NTIlALLY LOADED COLU!4XS

Desl... "amp'e 4
2
W.lth . , _s;IIIIIIfor a sJua, of 2 S/Jn,mt of 1M
axUJIlul Of' J25 I. It is 10 b, noud that 1M continuous ....- - - - - - - - - -.... of
D," of Cover Plat.
WlltIs til ,,,,II ",d shou:d b, as grtat as 1M maximum
2
W.ld.
wit/til of'M JlMts joint,d.

_--------_.......-..

- - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .....
I,'r "=

.
Area required

31~

1667 F.= I 227 kg/em.

.
=408 em' (near enough to 4099 em t provided)
..... OK.
D,s;',. tDlinti,., wtldsfor sAto, of 2'5 /JIt't,,,t Of P (.ft, 12.2.1 of IS: 800-1956)
Y = 0025 X 500= 125 t

=-

500000

Shearing force per unit length, V,

lz of H..Beam =

40 3-4-99

J. of plates
Total I.

a.-

!.p

40 350 em!

== 161 352 em
Zt:

201 702

em~

== 146x 23,5=3 431 em'

12'5x3431

Y, == 201

702 X 2t

==0,11 tJcm per weld

Cover plate 2 em thick requires minimum fillet weld of 60 nun (m Table I and
1.2.2 of IS: 816-1956)
Shear value for weld per em length -= 06 x O'7 0: X 1.()2S:
0'43 t/cm per weld
Tr:1 01)( 8 em @ 90 em e/e intermitttnt.
::'C

3lf

0-49 = 0'115 tfem per weld greater than Y. -0-11

t/cm ..... OK
Clear .cIia&aAce between welds
220
-11iiCb. ihiOn"t plate :II: i:f' - 1605> 161 but may be penaitkcL

. ~:

or

Ute (I"

X. em @ 30 em clc intermittent.

27

III HANDBOOK POR STRUCTURAL ENOINEERI: STEEL COLUMNS AND STRvn

t
.....---17c. - - - - . .

::I6e"

.-.---------I-:'J-.,
,

I.....- - - b - - -...J

Trial u"ion
25-mm plate)
Area of 2 plates 46 X 25 em
Area of 2 plates S6x 25 em

==

230 em l
180 em.

Total

::I

410 em'

5x36I

1. of the two 36-cm plates = -12-

:c;

=m

19 500 em.

1. of the two 46-cm plates == 46 X 5 x 1925' == 85 200 em t

104 700 em

/i047OO

, =:V
1/,
Allowable F,

=16em

300

=:

Ell

16== 19
1 225 kg/em t

Area required ... 5f2: -408 cm1o=area provided..OK.

Ule diaphrapDI or capl @ each end to seal out air and hold the erosa-section ahape.

-----------------------------------------------
boa
II more
dae
tberel'ore. Cor
iD,. cue,efFectloacI

n...tlc.l~uan lbape
teedoa
~
N ~~ . . . . . ", .........

.....1.

eea.omical but Ia the pnleDt

any b:creue
the

aDd pracdCaIlylaO ecoDOIDy II aCbieYed.

28

&he

OIl . . . . . . . . .

I&C'I'IOIC D: omaN O. CBNTIlALLY LOAD&D OOLUIINI

6. LONG COLUMNS

wrra SMALL LOADI

..1 J.-. ~."oa MemIIer for Small I..-.l (- ......

B._pie 6) - t is generally efficient to use laced channel sectioaI ~r
long compression members carrying a small load. Therefore, in the c:IeIiJrn
exampe illustrated also, it is tint expected that laced channels would proviClc
a suitable cross-section. However, a closed box section turns out to be the
logical development subsequent to the initial trial of a laced channel
section.

29

III

HA~D800~

PO. ITaUCTtJRAL ENOIND. . : Itt&L COLUMNS AltD ITaUTI

..... . . . .pI~ 6-Lo", Cornpreuion M ~ fer S..." LoU

. . . . . ltJatJ is small and 1M column ltmt, 1M sltutint point in this des;,n is till ,..,...,.,., ,.
. . ,. 1/, ,atio btlow tM maximum ptrmissi61, VtIlw of 180. The ;,.;lio1 4SSUWtMI ~
simi illJtIIt corrtsptmding to an llr of 180. 0,. this ....
..._ ...
1MriI. ,., ISLe 150, 14'41cg cluuaMls art found to
D...", I.amp'. 6
I
" llllifl-Itwy and Ilvir capacifY is _found at one, to 6, 1-1
of
"..,., IJwa "guirtd. HOWlvtr, the jlangts ar, tH
Tria. Deslln w.th Laced
c. . ".,."JorfabrUation to mak, ,;r:tl,d lacing
J
""', /MsilJu bilUSI of IN insufficient clearanc j",
Channels
6dVv", th rivets. ISje 150,9'9 kg 'MnMls
till IriId MIlfound to bejwt sufficient.
----~-------------------------------------~-~~~-

Load p==10 t; Effective length 1= 10 m (No bracing possible)

Tbe problem is to obtain maximum r with minimum sectional area.
Vie 2 channels or 4 angles with battens or lacing ban.
rrMl INs;,n c"sin, ChtlllMls
Minimum depth of channel for I/r= 180 is determined as follows:
,_ == 0-36 d* =rmln

~.:tl =

180;

tl=

155 em

Try ISLe 150, 14'4 kg

A=:2 x IB36 em'==3672 em'
'. == 616 em
:\'OTE -

By choosil18 6. '. can be made equal 10 '.

1/,_

1000
= &i6==162

Allowable F. == 427 kg/em' (m Table I)

Allowable load = 0'427 x 3672::::: 157 t-over daip
Tr::v ISj C 150. 9'9 kg
A=:2 x 1265 em'=253 eM'
'. = 616 em
1 000
1/,- -= '&16== 164
Allowable F. = 416 kc/cm '
Allowable load == 0416 X 253 == 105 t OK..
Approx b to make "
(sa 21.1.1 and
ILLI of
IS: 800-]956)
040 6 c:: 616
6 = 154 em Adopt 61:::16 em
Ch~ck till of web

-='.

dlt = 150-2 x 56=:38 <45 (_lLU of

~6
IS: 800-1956)
Check '.

I,

:m

2 x 1265 (8-166)'+2 X 379

-=

1 090 em'

" _A"V/ . 125.9

090 == 655 em ... OK.
Battenlor 1acinp are required. (These will not be designed here.
tbeIe desipa win be given under 7.)

Ep.,.,.

ot

--~-----~~--~--~----------~----~-------~---~---. . . Table II OIl . . . . 71.

30

UCTION U: DEIIOH OF CENTRALLY LOADaD COLL~

--r--------..

LtJa.,s OT haUntS will ... 10 " WId in CtJSI tA,

0.1... E.ample ,
2
.sip "SltMt J is tUIo/J;'tl. &tum;", to till on,intJI
.f
ultion qf two ISI J50, it is obvitnu IMI tlte blst ....
wo" is Is lUI thes in tltefiorm 01' tI closldbox S;1I&, ",is Flha 0.11" with Welded
3
~
Channel. a Box
,limi1UJlls
tIw nec,ssity to WI ~battln plaus or lating
ba1s, wlaieh in tltnns,lzo,s carry no lotJd, Y'l tulti 1o 1M ...- - - - - - - - - -........- ..
to/ol s.1 ,'quir,m,nl. Thl widtJalthidcnlss ratio of the ,"b of a compression mlmHr mtI)' P tU
Ai," as 80 but only 45 t is alloWld tIS cont,ibutinf to wifulload capacil)'. The wtb of the ISLe
J50 is satisfactory in thi"s/JI" andtill dettJils of uilding up channels with b(J(k-up strips to prouitM
a .ulIisftory weld (111 shown "",. The llr is found to bejust under J80 and the column ctlJNl&il.1
of tit, box section is about 25 perc,nt more than tha: required.
-~--------------------------------------------~

.\5 an alternative, if a solid welded box is desirable:

Try ISLe 150, 144 kg

rL

2 x 18,36=36,72 em:

r,

616

I,

2:< 1836 (7j-238)'+2 X 1032

1 169'0 em!

1Scm

r.

:._>V l 3672169'0=5'64 em

1/,. = 1000=177'1
564

C2038cm

F,

75cm

350 kg/em'
0330 x 1836 x 2
J283

~s

~;STR'P
DETAIL AT A

greater than 10 t .... OK.

Size of weld
= thickness of flange a tend

(78- 6

2,.

7'80-0,92

-= 688 mm
Weld to be continuous

tan 15)

W HANDBOOK FOR ITRUcrultAL E.NOINItI.RS: STEEL COLC)lNI AND STaUTI

F .. ,.., "","lin (10 m) trtlllS7ltillint G srull

lMI (ff, "9, 9 10 10 I) tU illllais lXampl6, 1M hollow
9IiltJlii.l "'" is comJHlrtJbl6 10 1M box,d cluztaMl

....

Dell... hample'

J
.f

Alternatl D.IIII with

Tube

_-------_........- .

------- - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - ....
TrW INn". Using Tub,s

Tr;,1S nominal bore 150 ($II IS: IIt'I-1958) 1651 em OD by 5-4 rom wan thiclme.

==

, -

1/, -

271 em l

565 em

1 000
5.65

.. 177 (Border line Cor

Allowable F. -

Allowable load -

1/, of main memben)

353 kg/em l

o-S53x271

- 96t

Because of small loads, a tube or closed box is obviously economical of Heel.

Laced

battened column of amaller 1/, would be of comparable wa,ht becaUIC: or non-ltrell

anyiDs material.

32

SECTION

n:

DUION OF C&MTaALLY LOAD&D COLUMNa

7. LONG COLUMNS WITH INTERMEDIATE :tOADS

7.1 LacecI Colama. (SII De. . . . . . .pl. 7) - For either very heavy or
very light loads the use of solid box or hollow tube columns seems more
economical of steel but for intermediate loads the i&ed or batten plate
column may be selected. The lacing ban or battenjlate serve to hold the
load carrying portions of the column in position an shall be designed for
the shear requirement as previously explained, Lacing ban are more
effective.than batten plates in resisting shear since they cause the column to
act as a truss.
7.2 .ttea Plate Co11llll1l. (su De. . . . . . .p1e 8) - It is to be noted
that the batten plate column, according tQ 22.1.2 of IS : 800.1956, shall
not be used where the compression members are subjected in the plane of
the battens to eccentricity of loading.

33

III HANDBOOK FOR ITaVCTURAL POINDU: S.TEEL

COLUM~I

A:sn STRl"'CS

D..... Esompl~ 7-Le,., Compr",ion MIJfIMr for Inln'lfIflli.ol, Lotul

'T1tI load is 100 t and 1M lnagth 11 m. A .fortunate jwelimiru:wy IstimtJle of lIN tWnGl'
t--issibll slress as btJJed on em Istimaud 1/, of 92 Itmtsout to be alright and two c/um,..ls lit,
~ly Sllected with a caPacity jwt a littl 0"", . . .- - - - - - - - - -....- - - 1
$~d load of Jq~ t. F.I~,s of 1M .,han",ls
Deslln Example 7
I
." IIIntId out to lat'/Ilate nvellllg of lae,,,, bars.
TtIIM II provi*s tift eslimeu as to how fa, apa,t ....- - - -......- - - - -... of
1M duJnnlls should H btl/c-to-btl/c to balancl the radii
S.lectlon of Section
2
ofvr4lilm about 1M X.X and Y-Y axes.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ....- - - - - - - - - -. . .- - 4

LM,d ClaalWls -

Load p= lOOt; Effective length I = 11 m

(Probably ISLe 300, 33'1 kg or ISLe 400, 45 7 kg channels required)
Preliminary estimate , c::: 300 x 04 = 12 em

llr

:~

"'" 92;

b - - -......1

- ----4----

Allowable F.

Ar~a. =- .!-OO950
~ =105 em'
Try two ISLe 350, 388 kg laced as shown in the
sketch.

-t--

= 950 Itg/em'

A =

22c:",

--------t------

'tl

11'11
AUowable F,
Allowable load

1025 t ..... OK.

Spacing .hould provide equal/I,_ and 1/,,,
ASl\lme'it ;:z: 06 b (set Table II)
1372
b c:: ""0=6=22'9 em

I,

-= 22 em
~ 2 X 4947 (11'0+2'41)'

'.,

::a:

Try II

1
7011"1'

49'47x2=98'94cm'
1372 em-by choosing 6,
may be made equal to '"
1 100
13.72 = 804
1 036 kg/em'
1036 x 9894-

+2 X 395= 18 581

11,_ _

an

Vl8 581/9894 =- 137 em

1 100 == SO.5

J3:7

1 OS5 kg/eml OK.

Allowable load :::: 1035 X g&.94
1008 t .. OK.
Single lacing ban @ 60 0 to the axis of the member.
Allowable F,

Check

1/, of

channel between lacing connections.

1= 32x2=37cm

y3

'" of ISLe 350, 388 kg==282 em

1/,.
34

37

lIZ:

fftD;J31 <07 x80 ..... OK

(SII 21.' of IS : 800-1956)

SECTION II: DaslON OF C1NTRALLY LOADED COLUMNS

1-----------_

H", Ih6 principtJl tUsip problnn is 1M dlsip of

D.11ft Example 7
2
1M ltuin{ btlts. A trial layout wing jlal bars is
of
SMWft Willa tJ1J ..,11 of 60 b,1wun sucussive bars.
Ths l/r of 1M indir.,idual chtmnll bllw,m lacing and
D lln of Laclnp
2
oMlditnu is d,ck,d and found 10 IH well b,/ow the
maximum JIm1Iissibu limit.
. - - - - - - - - - - - -....--41
1M us, ofjlat bars for lacing is usuallysuitable _for very muzll columns bUI ,II" jltU b., '"41 h,
cJuuag,tllo anglls or ClumMI SIC'ions for larln columns and varioru schmw, sueh til X brill,
may6, inlrodut,dtofill 1Mr,quirmamts. A lae,dcolumn wing angustIS ladn, bMS will 1M tlaipld
in DIng,. Exampll 10 for tJ sllpp,d mill building column' can;yinf tJ C1tIM lDtuJ. Tlu IIIuilI
str""th tmtl rivet Vdlues ar, cMcUd and ar, found to hi atl,qllall. Compr,ssio,. strl1l,11I is ..
cOnlrolling factDr.
Ti6 plaUs ar, r,quit-,dat 'lUla nul but theirdesi,,. is tM StJtM asfor bat",. plalu covn,tl b.7 olinMI;w DlSign Example 8.
'
-------------~-----~-----------------------~--Lacing BMS

Minimum width .. 50 nun (su 21.3 of IS: 800-1956)

Minimum thicknesa

Try SOx 10 rnm

a:

bar-,. 1/,.

Ia

F. Allowable load Shear capacity, 2 ban

-

Check teDIile

370
40

-925 mm (SII 21.4 of IS: 800(1956)

0289 em

37
ro:28-= 128 < 145 .... OK (- 21.2.S or
IS: 800-1956)
644 kg/eml
644 X 5 -= 3 220 q
(one on either aide)
S22x2xO866.-S58 t >25 percent ~ the
load or 100 (-25 t) . OK.

.treDfth -

l6-mm rivet

17-1D1D rivet bole

1 (50-17) 1420xG-866x2 - 81 t>2S t. - - - .OK.
17'
One l6-mm ahop rivet JDisiDlIe abear - 1-025 X T X. - 2-32 t

BeariDI - 2 S60x 17x 1 - .. t

..... shear' acmma. 232 X 2>2-5 t shearcapacity required OK.
Supplyde pla.fleacb ad -cIeaip II ~ for batteD pJMee1ia Dedp B. . . . . .L
35

III HANDBOOK FOR STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS: STEEL COLUMNS AND ITIltrn

B.,."

'0

D_i&ra &ampl_ 8-Ale.r"". D.'i&n U.i,.,

PI...
Reploee Lori",
1M crosl-_tiM m4kI up is th6 IIIIM asfar tit, liIud column in D,si". &ampll 7, Mnu tAu 1IIId
nol " "/JIaud.lrtitially, tlat code JWovision is followld and tM battnas arl/JUt in wWa ,. mMimum
s/Nl&inl b,twun """esl rivlls .MJ tIS to /WovUh lUI "...
~ -...
(/, 1j'lO ma.rimum ., O' 7 timls 1M 1/, of1M mnnb"
Deilin Example
I
tU ..
TIll II' df 50 UJOJJ4 .:
and tht 1 .....

w"'' .

,nmt

~~~~~~~~.~
" . . is Wdc,tl/., 1M trI01MIt "Stdliltg.frMn 1M

DeslE of a.tten
pacln..

2
sJwr of 25 iJ'rena' o{ till u* luJ UJlUeh in this
e4U is 25 I. .A WIIIJ&t com/JtJriMa sMwS that th6.
6tJtlera pl4u collllM "tplires less total CtmllUWr stlllfor bdttms tJum aMS 1M lac,tlcol",""for laan,
btUs.

Shear S
Maximum

be~eennearntriveb

theICkn ell
M 1?lmUOl
T~

==

0025 X 100=2'5 t
ac 141 em (su 22.5 of IS: 800-1956)

_ 50 X 282

spaCing)"

Use 71-mm plate.

4 rivetl on each side.
Rivet group.,tl

Ie:

ca

320
50

1m

64 mm ($1122.4 of IS: 800-1956)

2 (151+51)

- 500 eml
175 em, .... 32 em

,100 .......- -...

._-------_. --.....
,ao -

._--&0._

.....- - - - - .".0 c.- C TO C IMTINI - - - -.....

Loqitudinal mear (.- 22.2.1.1 of IS: 800-1956) :

F
25x 175
_ 6-84 t
I

2x32

Moment (SIC 22.2.1.1 of IS: 800-1956) :

.M _ 2Sx 175
109. t

2x2

Sheu -

IeDcIioc

.traI- ~ -

~
~

1'71 t

3'27 t

1-"

107.5J

V327'+171 - 364 t
2Sx71 x2 ~
value of 22 mm nvet 100 x 1 000
Raultant load

BeuiDI

em

- 380 t>S64 t . OK.

-;i+i,~~-~~~-------------------------------

36

SECTION II: DUIGN OF CENTIlALLY LOAnKO COLUMNS

or"

1,.
10 IIUW' IJuu local .f4il"" of IhI nuaUl
uwnJxmItW .ar b4tlna 'OMItINtIS doIs not
du 10 loedl tombiMdsfrus tlw 10 blndu., (41 (J ,,11I"
of 1M 2'~ Jllrunl transwrs, shM6 in lJ4ttms) tIIIII

"'" .....

to'"

axial lHl, 1M $IdioM 111' ,hld,d and 1M

ctmllJiltld fi/w. stress is limilld to 1 575 kllma l b.1
,1duM, tfw sJHIMI of bGttms.

Deslan "amp'e

.pac" f

a.ttenl

2
.f
2

1-----------...-. .
.-....ce4

- -ch;ek ~ -~ndinK ;~ i; th; dt~ (tho~h -th; i~ ~;t p;";i~i';l; ~td';; ~

IS: 800-1956, it is considered necessary).
Moment = 125 X 725 = 906 em-t
Z. (on channel) 1:1I 52 em'

f. = I 250 X 725
52

== 1 740 kg/em'

Average colUOlnf. :::: 1 035 kg/em'

CombiDcclf.+f.loca1ly =- 2 775 kg/em'
Non - er-..ectioo Z. - 52 ani wu UNd.
R.educed spacing is required to allow I 575 kg for local
combined Itrea.
1 575-1 035 tm 540 k,/an'
is available for local bendinas.

The spacing n:quiredia1

s:

145

= 45 em

With this lower spacilll adopt 2 rivetl of 22 mm at

10 em c/c instead of 4 of 22 mm at 10 em cleo
~ 6GUM sJNM:inl
Check rivet IttuI:
F1 =
M

2;5:~5

-= 2-15t

= 2-~: ~5

34-6 em-t

MOIl """. rioI':

215

Shear :.: -2"Bending

at

M6x5
2'X5i

==

11 t

az

3-46 t

V (346)1+ (11)'
364 t<38 t beanna value
of 22 mm rivet ..... OK.
Weilb t comparison -laced Wf'nu battened
Laced-4 ban == 4 X 1 X 42 X .5 em'
per 37 an of column
177 kg/m I~ of column
(taking density of structural steel as
Resultant load

:=I

000785 q/cml )
Battened-2 platn

:=

2 X 20 X 42 X 007 em'
per 5.5 em of column
168 ka/m length of column

37

'as.

'JSt

SECTION III

COLUMNS IN MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS

.. INTRODUCTION
8.1 For a general treatment of the design of steel frames for multi-storey
buildings, reference should be made to lSI Handbook for Structural
Engineen on Multi-Storey Steel Framed Structures (under preparation)
wherein the problem of multi-storey building column design will be treated
in greater detail with reference to both vertical loads and lateral wind loads.
8.2 In the design example to follow, the details regarding distribution
of load to a typical building column for dead plus live load only are given.
Special design aspects related to column splices, eccentricitx of floor load,
and base plate design are included. Several typical budding columns
are shown clearly at the left side of Fig. l , The column splices should
be noted.

9. BtJILDlNG COLUMN DESIGN FOR DEAD PLUS LIVE LOADS

(SII . . . . Esample 9)
9.1 The building column in question will be designed for a full silt-storey
height of a building that includes a set-back. In the top four storeys, the
column is at the exterior of the building with corresponding eccentricities
of load, and in the first two and basement storeys it becomes an interior
column with centric load. The basement column will be designed as a
cased column.
9.2 In calculating the loads on multi-storey building columns, reference is
made to IS : 875-1957. From Table I of IS : 875-1957 the loading is
taken at 500 kg/rn l of area and the imposed roof load is taken as ISO kg/raJ.
Reference is 'aIio made to the reduction in imposed floor load on columns
u given in 5.1 of IS: 875-1957. A uniformly distributedIoad of
400 kg/ml for weight of floon plus 100 kg/m'A for partitions is assumed on
aU ftoon. The fint floor is designed for a heavier live load of 1 000 kg/m!
.and a total dead load of 750 kg/mi.

38

tiECr:r10 N III: CCLtoMNS I~ YVLTI-ITOIUtY BUILDINGS

, ~~it;~:~;~~f\:"!~~~~~~""'"
; ;,,,~,~"r.U~~"

''-:- ~;.. '

,1:}~;~i~~r::>,.~':'~:; :'~", :
"'~~fE..l?"

.' .r.: '

.--

r:~J,~~~;~:L, ~.
.:t'

f.' '.:;.

':>'1! '"

.:...,

I,ffr.~~

~:..~,;

.- .',

~:~'~~
.

39

"-

&a.pIe 9-B. . . . eM- D.ip

fw D..l Flu

Lift ~

rdHl4Iien

LL

5-5m

ow

........,

... "

2".f'

3" 11

'1

sa "

,Ut ,'"

"'';:~KI/m2 -

01.-750 K.,.2

e.ftII~

LLaSOOK~

DL-500~

Ll.SOD~

1t00'

1000

H-OO

6000

Q-50

67-00

JOeSO

7400

7750

L.l
II

- .
LUT .
....T 5ID

5OO.7.S.,

)0$.,

MatP

900- ?oS
'SO."'~
500.
500.

~Swf/2

~'M'~~
500.

=
=

:II

Hacla} ~=

500.
toO.M
SOOa1J5at/J

2SO. 'Jo'-/a
150. M-./2

OL 7S0.7-5a16
lL 1000. )os.,

Ll

OL

Dl.

Ol
lL
DL
DL.

LL

Ol

lL

Dl.

Ol

LL

Dl.

.-u.

U T
RIGHT sa:

SMlE AS 6th'"

SMC AS Mill,.

.....l

considered.)

..

i~

[&.fUlION

(No wind locd

~'" I

N:tJ 1

DL-a1lO

100m

'-SIn

Dl-.MWw!

&)l.250~
LL-15O Kl;l/m2

ofjloor IMMls CAmiIt( Dfl 1M C,ol,muu

MeA"

250

000

37S

~SO

.5000

JJ 750

22 500

22 500

1.6aS

a)tas

" 000
II 2S0

II

000

II

"

Ut

).

llI':

4t

5:

r-

(II

I:
12

zc

4le

II'J

;...

":-

c:

JD

:II'

, tas

fa
~Z

LOAD
(lei)

1M J-rliM ..t 1nIiltIirIt

..,. 11M tI-. . . . ~ is /wi . . . . ill . . , . tlItIl JIla, ... 1MtluJ tDUl " . lotMls tift ~
~:J.
Noll 1M ~ ofllw eJ- III 1M tJtinJ.fIw ., I l l " ' " ~ of 1M ~.....,. fa 1116
1tIlt1n 1ttIl1 01 SlIM 1 ~ , . ~ IIIIIl tIw , . . . lw. lItls ;" 11'--' witI&
5.1 ef Is: 875-1957. l,. 1M .~ tot- stJicu lin ~ 05 III . . . , 1M first,
Dell... Example'
_I
dtiri
_
__.
_.
_ _/lftAjIotw
_ _ _ _ lnvl$.
_ _ _ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
of
Details of Load.
14

D~.1t

~ECTION

III: COLUMNS IN ~ULT1-STOREY BUILI>IN05

Dulin Example'

2
of
14

Details of Loads

r- '-r-smi
6IT

1
75m

J
IlL

FLOOR

LJ.

REDUCED

I.L

COMBINATIOf\
OF LoADS AS

..\ LTERNATIt

REDUCED

DESIGN LoAD

[(2) + (4)]

CoLUMN

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

3625

3375

337.5

9000

900

6th Fl

18000

11250

10125

28125

37'125

5th FI

18000

11250

9000

27000

64'125

11250

787.)

2587r)

9000
12240

(1)
Roof
..

..th FI

18'()()()
23625

1462:-)

8'77.1

3240()

2nd FI

22300

22j()()

11250

33'7~O

156'15

1st Fl

33700

4:'),000

22500

.16200

2123:;

3rd PI

(All values in

1l1..-tric

tonnes.)

~-~--------~------~---~~--~~----------~-------~~

Doa DO& InclucW cInd weitht or columns.

41

151 HANDBOOK FOR STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS: STEEL COLUMNS

Sinc thetopcolumn runsfrom ,levation710 to 77'5,

lM design load is estimated al approximauly midway

A~D

ITIlUTS

ample t
1------------..
a.tween
Dellln

between tlu .fifth floor and ,oof with an approximate

Column
5th
of
allowance of 190 kglm fo~ the weight of this ~rtion
Floor and Roof
14
of IhI column together with encasement. As UI thl
cas, of a centrally loaded column the darting point ...- - - - - - - - - - -...- - - 1
is a trial average load but this is reduced in rough. proportion to thl amount of eccentr"ieifY that is
,x/JIcted. In thI case of building columns, the calculation of eccmtricifY is based on IL6 of
1$: 800-1956. At th sixth floor and at the roof, one-third of tM total load is inlroduud with an
eccmtricifY. This may be verified by referenc to th connection details shown on Sheet 2 wlrere it
may b, seen that two-thirds of the load above th4 set-back is introduud cmtrally to tM column web
c~tions and one-third comes in eccentricity through the seat angle conneclwn to the column jltmge.
At 1M sixthJlDOr level, the eamnic moment is assumed equally divided above and below th6 sixtJajloor.
II is to hi noud that no redutt",n in live loadis made in calculating tlu localeccentric moment.
The column has been checked in the last sluet at the sixth floor leVlI and thn, is no ,..d to cheek
it 41 1M rooflewl since the eccent, it column moment there is lessthanjust abowor below thI sixth floor.
II ts to be noud that in calculating ,hi dfectwekngtJa of tMs, columns, tIaI sleruJmuss ratio is
tIS 067 times tM sleruJmuss ratio cmtr,-to-unlre of floors. This is in accordance willa Fig. J of
AppnuJix G Qf IS: 800-1956. .AltJaough only one Ham frames into 1Mcolumn jlange 011 OM siu.
tIwr, an two beams providing direction fixity in the WlaJc plaM ofbending.
Assu",. 3 column splices as shown ill 1Msketch. Also nou lhal 1M splices are O'5 m above 1M
jloorlevels.

'aun

,.,.,st

-----------------------------------------------Top Column-5th Floor to Roof

=

950 kg/ems

Approximate
design load -- 38 t (from Sheet I)
Area required -- 38 000/950
- 40 cm l

r::r.-;

Try ISHB 150, 346 kg

A
Z.

=
=

J--

.!. Of

LOAD

..... I , (THII
CAUSU
ICClNTlttCITV)

~O'LOAO

44-08 em'
2181 em'

Top and seat connection of roof beam to column flange introduces 1/3 roof load with
eccentricity as explained in the commentary above.
(See 18.6.1 of IS : 800-1956)

e = ;5+20==95 em (seat usumed to be unstiffened bracket with

1=2 em)
Moment at
roof level M a

:;;;

Load at roof level

3
X e
900

- -3Moment .,
6th Roor level M.

95 = 285 cmt

95

:=

.29.25 x
3 X 2t

= 463 cmt

-----------------------------------------------aclcUa,
No reduction in live load in c:alcu1a~ local ecceatric IDOI'MDt. ThUi 292.5 i. obtalnod by

..m. iD 2Dc1 aDd3rd col 01' table oIloada In Sheet2.

t s. IU.I (b) oilS : 1OO-19~.

42

the

m:

UOTION

COLUMNI IN JlULTI-srORBY BUILDINGS

Dlp Example t

..

Column Between

of
14

5th Floor and Roof

lIb = 067 x 3'5 x 100 ~ 12

F.

f.

20
1 575 kg/em' (see 9.2.2 of IS: 800-1956)
_ 463 x 1 000 _
,
218'1
-212 kg/em

'. =

335 em, effective

II'. -

067

F.

:=

1 098 kg/em' (_ 9.1.2 of IS: 800-1956)

x 350 -70
335
-

Axial load p _ *190x ~3~I'75) -38'125 t

38 125

f. :::: 4+08
865
Therefore, I 098

:a:::

865 kg/em'

:=

0922

212

+ 1m

T'7ISHB ISO, 306 kg

A
Z.

< 1 .....

J::1I

3898 em'

;::I

2053 em'

OK.

M. = 463 cm-t

Q ......

,.-..,.~

em,

067

350

lib

::a

f.

= 463 ~~.~ =225 kg/em.

20

= 12; F.= 1 575 kg/em

il:B
0'67 X 350 ==68
'.
3.44F,

==

1 106 kg/em'

38125

f. - r:s:98 ==980 kg/em'

f. r
;:; + ~

980

225

c.

rror+rm

==

0884 +0143 lIS 1027> I ..... not permitted

U.lSHB 150, 346 q.

- ; ~-liG kij'; b r;r-.ddid~~ ~.; ;t~~ ';p~o-ndd-h~;- of So;,-(;, :;.;;.;.; -..-

......

).

43

III HANDBOOK FOR ITIlUCTURAL ENOlNEEltS: STEEL COLUMNS .'ND STRUTS

1------------41

TM dlsip of tlu column bdwem t1l6 third and

De.lln Example'
5
fifth jlotWs split,s is similar to thatfor the top column
of
slttion tU already given with the exception of the
Column Between
bmJing moment diJt,ibution at 'M fifth floor. A,
14
3rd and 5th Floon
tording to 18.6.2 of IS: 800-1956 ijtJu difference
in III is gr,G'" than 1,5, thI "cmlrit moment is to I" ....- - - - - - - - - -.....- -..
distrihuud in proportion to 'h, III of 1M up"" and lower column sections resplCtively. &ttlllSl of
1M UMquQl distribution, 1M bmding moment in the column at the fifth .floor level is W(" IJum til
tAlfourth./loor, but thl stress condition at thl fourth .floor lel',l goterns the design beceus o,t 1M IfWIUr

aialload.

Column-J,d to 5th Floor

Assume f. = 900 kg/ems
4th floor load = 900 t

Add weight of column =

13 t

Approximate design load = 913 t

Area required _.

913x 1000
=101,5 em'
900

Try' ISHB 400, 774 kg

A

9866 em',

r'l

z=

526 em,

1/6 Effective

1/,'1 ==

350 x 067

25
350 x 067

526

Ze

~-

1 4042 em"

250 em

=- 9'4, F.;": 1 575 kg/em t

=44-6, F. = 1 187 kg/em'

M .. (without reduction) (assuming t == 2'0 em a.~ before) =-= 2925 (20+2)

3x2
- 10725 em' t
P q ~ 90'00+ (200 x 12,25)
1 ()()()

938

765

fl87+T'575

t107'25 xl 000 --76.t: k / '

1 404.2
- : ) g em

X 1 000
f. = 925798.66

Therefore)

92.57

= 938 k /

gem

= 084<1 ..... OK.

But try smaller sections ;

With
an area of

f. -

9257
TI87
X I 000

:=:

I 187 kg/em' as obtained in the lut trial

78 enl l i!l required approximately.

-~------~--------~---------------~---------~-~- TbiI iI.~ weipt due to column and ill encuiDt concrete (or aleJlJth o( 1225 m - 55)( S (tor 4th,
aDd. . loon) plYi S'5x 1/2 Cor the 3rei 8001',the ~cUOD coneidend MiDI midway betwecD
aacl4tti

~...

Ioor .......
t 1I.-I07-a..., II eonsidered ADd Dot M .. u it I. only 455 em"

'rei

U could be teeD froID &beet14.

5ECTJOS III : COLt!MNS IN )IVLTI-STORY BUILDINGS

"ir, s.o

cm

)orC':.ol~o c~

6
of
14

Column Between
3rd and 5th Floor.

-=-="--H ~

~_ _

L~

DII" Examp'e 9

Tr}'

\J-

ISHB 300, 630 kg

A = 802.i em",
Z;e -- 8633

I 154
Therefore, I 188

'" = 529 ern

Effective 1/" = 067,,< 3:;0
529

ern",

F. -- I 188 kg/em'
29'25 (15+2)
M 3x2
F. ~-: 1 575 kg/em'
829 x I 000
fll _..
8633
9257 X 1 000
f. -8025
96
= 0973+0061

+rm

~44'4

-- 829 em' t

rtzz

96 kg/em'

1 154 kg/em'

1034> 1 ..... not permitted

:. Adopt next heavier section ISHB 350, 674 kg

Check 4-5 section due to probable greater moments
1597
}
lull ~ 19
~
= 550
The ratio between tbe two is
greater than 15 ($II lLI.2 of
I ll ==- 1 6356 -= 4.7
IS: 8OO-1956~
350
Total moment at 5th floor
2925x (17'5+2) = 1901 em t
3
The distribution to the column below
4P"
55x 1901
= 175 em t
==
597
175x I 000
Iv >
I 094-8
-,,, 160 kg/em'

/, at 5th floor

66x 1 000
85.91

Effective

l/,.

== 768 kg/em
=z

==
Therefore, f1ii+f575 ==
F.

768

160

350 x 067
5304I 189 kg/em l
0747 < 1 ..... OK.

Use ISHB 350, 674 kg

-~-~---~----~~-~-------~--~----------~~~~~---~--

(14125+ 19-66).

45

III HASDBOOK FOR STRUCTURAL ENGINEEltS : STEEL COLUMNS AND STRUTS

----------1

Ire asipin, the column hllwma 1M firsl and the

Dlan Example 9
7
tltirtl jIw splic,s, it is _foawl illitWI" thdI th, first ....
to uetmtljlw slgment will null COVlr pltJl,s b,caus,IM
Column Betw..n
of
r'fUfr,d ar'd is ,r'aln tlum 1M.
of ~"tion of 4,,!
lit and 3rd 'Ioon
14
IntlUIIt Standard rolkd uctuna tWaalabil. ThIS
jJrooUU$ an opportunit,y for ",allf' SUfi 'COllOm" and .....- - - - - - - - -.........-
1M rolutl uction is #lIcud on till basis of 1M r,quirements betwem tM second and llaird .floor wilJa
tIN plan 10 tuld cover platls bltwma tIN first and s,cond floors onl". TM mortIINt . . to
,cemtrieif1 etndd /Jet'1afI/JS H maimum dt IJw firstfloor l,vel as th, liueloaJ alfirstjlOtJr is maiMum
HUt, J 000 kllm' and mcu1mama ,ccm"icit.1 is cawed WMn live load on one sideof tlaljlw is uro
aNI a' 1M DtAn the full 1 000 kglm' and llat ratio of III ahove and below this.floor is dlai"
IIum 15 so""', 1M mD1M1Its Gr, /JrD/JO'ftiDrwd aecordingly. This will he clr6chdlaln whiZ, jinididnt
th6 uelUmftw (DIII1M /-2 (see S",,, 10). Having checked in this sheet ,hi second to thi,tJjloor
as tldlqutJII, 1M additional MIa "pir""'''' for CDVtr pial's in ttu first and secondjloor is MtmninMI
in SIwI I.

dr,.

p'''''

Sf"""

ColMmn-1st to SrdFloor
For maximum steel economy: Try selection for 2.. 3 and add cover plates in 1-2 only.
PI-a

~ 122-4+ 190X7+21~~+24() (1'75) = 1256 t

Alaume F.

:::2

I 100 kg/em'

1256x I 000
1 100

::

114 em'

Tt:7 ISHB 450, 872 kg

A =r 11114 em'
~

....., .t JrtJ jIMw ,.",.

Ittler Sheet 1_
to.d calculation at 3rd floor.
~tric

load &om the left aide:

DL 250 X 75 )t 6/2 X -I/S - 1 875 kg
LL J50 X 75 X 6/2 X 1/3 .. 1 125kg

3 000kg

110m the riaht aide:

DL500x7'5x6/2xl/3 -,3750q
U500x7Sx6/2xl/3 - 3750.

7 500.
Therefore, net load caUlinc escentric moment:
75-3-0 - 4-5 t
But the wont cue is wbeDthe Uve lC*l is DOt aetiDI OD the left aide on the roof.
11MII die maximum ecceatric moment M.-f5625 (22-5+2)
-138 em- t

~UL'fISTOREY

SECTION III: COl.l:MNS IN

of column between first and third floor

BUILDINGS

is eontinUld from Sheet 7 and the additional require-

1------------1

- - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

._---------_.....- ....

Calculation

Des.,n Example ,

mt"ts/:or column betwetn ,first and second floor are

work, out in this shiel.

of
14

Column aetween

lit to 3rd Floor.

A. the moments of inertia of column section above and below the floor differ by more
than 15 times the lesser, the moment due to eccentricity will be distributed in the ratio of 1.
.
1....
39 211
The share ot column 3-2 JII+l --= 39 211 + 19 160 ~ 067
u

Mu
Z
r"
Effective llr"
F.

::-~ O'67x 138 ::.c:. 92,5 em' t

=- 1 7427 ern" (of ISHB 450, 87'2 kg)

= 518 em
= (350/5'18) 067 ~.:- 45,:)
== 1 184 kg/em'

lIb --

F"

-~

f. -

~
=-~
25

1 575 kg/em'
*125'6 x 1 000

f. Therefore,

14

1 130
53
TT8i
+ T575
-

111.14

925x I 000
1 742.7

I 130 kg/cnl

--- 53 kg/em

0988< 1 ..... OK.

""WlIII

AtIdUiMIJl 'lpi,nnnats
floors 1-2
Co'-t--lllltl Jrd floor
Select for axial load from lit to 2nd floor and then check for eccentricity at 3rd floor.
AaumeF. ---= 1 160~g/cml

Pn A::r
Area of ISHB 'i-50, 87,2 kg ==
Are. of plates required ==
Try ~ platet'20 x oa em:

156'15+ 190X7.0+210~~i~t240(3.5+5/2) 1604 X 1 000

1 160
11114 em2686 em'

A:=
1. (HB)..
1,. plate ==

Tota11.

.d - 32 + 11114 -

1/,_

067 X 500
a:

3.

160'4t

== 138 em'

32 em l
2 9852 cm
1 067 em'

4 052 em'
14314 em"

:: 628,

::a

y''"i0'52
i'4':i4

=a

533 em

F, = 1 129 kg/em'

CaJ*ityaa 1129x 14314 == 1616 t> 160'~ t tTentatively ..... OK.

1Iaeet 7.

t 11M .....t due

to eocentridty II Dot considered yet hen in the deslp

ddI will .. cIoDe ill Sheet 10.

47

orsection for colWILD

1.2

lSI HANDBOOK tOR

STRU~"'URAL

ENGINEER!: STF.EL

COLU"~S .~~D

STR\.'TS

1-------------.- ,

Continued from Sheet 8. the design of tilt COIlt,De.lln Examp'e t

plated column segment between the first and second
floors is similar 10 prerious Design Example " for
Column a.tw.en lit aftfl
axial loads.
2nd Floor. and In auement

of
14

The basement Jet/jim of the column is 'cased' and

may be designed by a direct procedure because the ....- - - - - - - - - - - -....- - 1
undth. of the corer /)/all'.\ may be selected in at/vance. The radius of gyration is tJam thlnmintd
according to 18.10 of IS: HOO-l.95(j on the basis of concrete encasement. Thus llr. is pt:etktmnilVd
and direct I altulation I1U!l' be made as 10 the required thickness of COl'eT plaus 10 be addedto the (ho~en
ISHB 450, 117:! kg.
Stop 08 ern plate at 0'2 rn above 2nd floor level.
Design intermittent welds same as in Design Example 4

l)fJign Basement Sa/ion: Column cased with concrete (see 18.10 of JS : 800-1956)
Continue ISllllF>O. B72 kg and usc cover plate 35 em wide.

15~.7.5

r.

5tJ.

= 02 fb+IO) (selll.lOof
IS : 800-1956)

ri;t~:;s.:;n~~~.1;}?i;~t;~~
~~;!~;;{~f~~:JX::;~??~j1;f;~

-- 02 > 45 -

liT. -

F,
Load Pal

-- 472

-- I 182 kg/on '

= t21S4 t

Area required -

9 em

085:-: 500

2184 x 1 000 _.
185 em'
1 182

ISHB 450, 872 kg;

..4 = 11114
Plate area required -- 73'86 em-

All dimensions in centimetres.

Add cover plates 35 Y 125 each,

.t ..- 875 em',

Check

mOITJ~nt

Total A = 19864 em' ..... OK.

at Ist floor level

Eccentric load from left side:

DJ.. 750x 75 X 6/'1 X 1/3 -

.3 625 kg

LL assumed zero for maximum moment as before

Eccentric load for right side:
DL 750 X 75 X 61'i. X 1/3

5 625 kg

LL 1 000 X 75 X 6/2 X 1/3= 7 500 kg

13 125 kg
l\Jet load causing maximum
moment

13 125-5 625 = 7 500 kg

----------------------------------------------- Base connection will not be desicncd for fixing direction.

T 212.35+ (190)( 7'0) + (210)(' 7.~~40 (3'5+ Q) +360)(' 5 -218.4.

48

5ECTIO~

III: COLt.:M~5 IN Mt:L TI-ITOREY BU1LDINOI

.1
Column .......

....m...t and lit Floor

of
14

Ignoring the concrete encasement

= 193 em

= 75 (225+123+2)

Total moment at 1st floor

Moment of Inertia of basement column section about X-X axis:

II. =

=
Zla =

~q

211+875x(231)'

88 600

eint

3 740 em a

Moment of Inertia of column section between the 1st and 2nd 800n:
111 =

Zit

39211 +32 X (229)1

56000 em!

2 400 em'

Thus moments of inertia are varying .by more than 1-1/2 times the lesser.
The share of column between
basement and 1st floor

111+11

= 061 times the total moment M 1 at Ist floor

~loment

at lst floor distributed to

column between I st and 2nd floor

= 193 X O39
::: 753 em t

Final check of the column section between 1st and 2nd floor (continued from Sheel 8)
067x 500
lib =

25

= 134
F. = 1 500 kg/ems
Applying the interaction formula:

1604 X 1 000
143.14x 1129

753 X 1 000
2 430 X 1500

1> I ..... OK.

Check the section between basement and lit floor. In the light of 11.10.2.1 of
IS: 800-1956. the steel section alone should be considered as carrying the entire load. The
stiffening effect of concrete could be recognized to adopt allowable stresses of 1 500
klJ/cml in bending and 1 182 kg/eml axial compression as determined in Sheet 9.
~,Ioment

Therefore.

share of basement column

2184x I 000

195.16 X 1 182

:=

193 X 06

IISax I 000
.f- 3660 X 1 500

49

==

==

1158 cm-t

0-97 < 1 ..... OK.

III HANDBOOK POa navcrvllAL ENGlNUIlI: STEEL COLUMNS AND ITRUTI

Dalp fI6 . . . Plat. - TIwr, is JID pan;Desl... bamp'. ,

II
nd ......, ("..,., ;roNlH.1' lk of~) ill .....
...
~ 1M ftJUltllstiOll tmJ ~n
lIS ditlttion
Dell", of . . . Plata
of
J!w. T1Iis is tIw 10 II" I.~ IMI 1M l/~ is smtUl and Spllc. at 5th Floor
14
III tn!1 UUI . . th, pmrtusal, stress WlU not "
4Ud b.1 th, VtJriGtitm in llr thllt would " - - - - - - - - - - - - -..
intlutltl by tlumfin, th, lUISI/IDle .~Iy_ Rt/min, 10 1 .2 of IS : 800-1956 1M"pUlIl .'11
is ohltlinld on the 'lUis of 5 kgl",t hemi,., pressw, em tlrt concrete and th, btu, pltlu lllicbwss
atc",ditlglD 1M spedfittJti.aformuu, isfouruJ to he 2-93 ma_

'au

"'''1.1

- - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ... -, - - - ... - ... - - - - - ...... - ... - ...

~

(SI, 1....2 of IS : 800(1956)

It is asaumM that the load is being
jistribut~d uniformly by the slab bale.
Assume that concrete can take a
bearing pressure of 55 kg/em':
Load == 2184 t (SII Sheet 9)
Area .. 21S4x 1 000
3970 emt
55
The load is auumed as distributed
by the column with an area of475x 35
em. For maximum economy in the
thickneu of the slab bale ',', the projectiona '.,4' and 'B' should be elluaJ .. may
be seen from the formula given under
11.1.2 of IS : 800-1956.
For such equal projectiODl, try 58 X 70
em witn 115 em and 11-4 em projections giving an area of .. 060 em l _
KS

EO

5.

f-

'-

--

.-.

'1

45 - - - .
to--- 35 -----1

---

475 7 o

I 7-5

(All dimensions in centimetres.)

218': ~000 _ 54kg/cml

~T

WELD

AU. ROUND

==

11-41)
3 X54 (
/ TBO
11.51 - .
=293cm

Use ba e plate 58x 70x 3 em.

SPLICE AT 5TH FLOOR
The splice is to be checked for two
conditions, namely:
a) for moment caused by eccentricity, and
b) for axial load.
CHECK for .moment capacity of the
SECTI(H AA
splice with details as shown in the
sketch.
Assume 16 mm rivets in ~7 mm rivet holes at 630 kg/em' tension for power driven
field rivet (SII Table IV of IS : 800-1956).
Taking puge as 45 mm for the 80 X 80 mm angle ISA 8080 used for connection, the
distance between the rivets on either aide ia 2(45) 15-24 em.

Moment capacity ==
1901-175

&:3

2x630x227x24
1 000

K2

686 em t

15-1 em- t (Sheet 5) OK.

If-CTION In:. OOLUMMI IN MULTI-ITOUY BU1LDlNOI

..41

llttt
et.:,if
in - - tIIpI1I is J:.,.II.
. JJ- ."",
"'4' H us. to trMSj., IIu 1tHul.

if""

nu
-....utrtJlld on Shu' 14. If I1wrI is
d ,.,,. dum,t ill ~, it will 6, mor, ICOIIDtftittJl of
s.1 Ie itaIrotJuu GIl nul tl6tail, suth as is mown on

D"',n "amp'e t

1-----------1
Deslln of Splice at
5th 'Ioor

12
of

.4

$'-' 11. In IIW aldil, tI UMuud WF sMp, is built

iIIIo tJw top of 1M column. This is c"'c/udjtJr suJ/i&ient s',mgU& in sMtu twl Hndu." III if ~ .",
d slttwt HtJIII, to
d U1&iform distribution of stress in the column lulow 1M sl'lie.. 1M iJdIUl
~ lIS shDum UJIU ftnWl ,. 6, inatUquaU in sMa,. W,b doubler plaus could H tWlMJ, hi iI U
JiJln tIII4 mtW, IttmtnnittJl in th6 ""snal cas, 10 thepen 'hi
slCtitm so tU to ~ .."
,,,-, CIJ/NI&iI.1. AlllmdtiDl{". WId" sluJped t,ansition section could 6, introduud.

"asj"

"tun

----~-------~----------------~-~-~--~-----~-~~--

Check for axial load.

The axial load may be considered as being transmitted to the column section below by
the specified sections acting like a short beam.
The load iJ auumed to be distributed uniformly at the bearing.
Total axial load at the fifth floor splice to be transmitted as detailed in Sheet 2 is 58 t.
The se~tiODl designed are ISHB 150, 346 kg above and ISHB 350, 67'4 kg below the

aplice.

The ftanIe width == 150 mm or 150 em

The depth of web between flanges .. 150- 2 X 9 =- 132 mm or 132 em
The total1ensth ofdistribution
15+ 15+ 132 -432 cm
::II

lporinc the difference in thickneta between the web and flange of column section it
may he .-oDed that the distribution of load is proportional to length and with this
aaumpdon each flange transmits:

~ -= 132t
432

The load beins tranamitted through web =- 38-2 X 13,2==11-6

The 8aage width of the lower

column aecbOD ISHB 550, 674 kg
Web depth between flanges

!I~~i5

Web takes up 38-2 X 115

The loading is mown diagrammatically.

Maximum .hear -

11,5

15x9'9

338

... 1l.5t
=s

f-R

13'2'

(35-252)

15 e

16 t

13'2t

tilifut

L~--,
f f f f f fI
'---v-----'
USt
15t
n.l.

AI .ketched (IeCtion AA, _ Sheet 13)

if 11-'41, 14 em, aheararea 12X 083

16

t-14'lan-i

,. 25 em

== 5268 em
Each flange takes up

.. 996 em l

L, n"cm -..J

X 1 OOO

- 1 610 ./cml > allowable ahear Itraa945 ./cm'-No Good.

--~---------------------~------~-----~-~----~--~
w....... 0111118 550,17-4.. - HS.

51

1IAND8OO& FOR STRUCTURAL I!KQINURI: STEEL COLUMNS .",SD ITRun

Dellp Ixample ,

Desl", of Splice at
5th Floor

13

.f
14

Therefore, " should be increased suitably to give more shear area.

16 ()()()

~ X

m1

= 20'4 em, S41, 22 em

tiJI =

Moment at centre

22
0:83
<85 .. . OK
115x!!8
2

::=

20.7.1 of IS : 800(1956)

J5x33-8
2 x 4-

132x141
2
=-

(SII

- Il'6x14-1
. 2x4

1442 em- t

The teetion shown in the sketch i. the one resisting the moment of 1442 em' t.

SECTION I\A

lIb

338

=-25
== say, 1-5

F.

==

1 500 kg/em l

l.offtanges =- 2x25x(.y.)1

Z _

a=

2x25x21 x21 x2
2 x2 x 22
503 em'
(even ignoring web modulu.)

1442 X 1 000

I'

50S

I. -

287

kcleml < 1 500 kB/cm' . _. _. OK

...-T-bb ;.; ;.;.;.d ;..- If;.; ba..-- i'1~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 52

COLt;~NS

SECTION III:

IN MULTI-STOUY BUILDINOI

HeT' is. sIunDn " /JOssiIJle tlItlJil al IhI llairll JIw

$/Jlia """,. IItt r,huit" c"'" in column siu is null ....
mough to

/JIrIftil

lUI

of II simtJu

Del.... "amp'e'

b,ann, pIG" 10

.,

.. 14

Dellp 01 Splice
"tlllSfn 1M luJ, .4 similar spIkl will bl r'qui"d
14
at Jrd 'Ioor
til IN first JlotW,
Tlat bearing plote is dlsi""d as a
simp" beam with all of the column loadconsnvatit'lly - - - - - - - - - - - - -...- ....
utimtJIMI tIS being in th, column flanges. The colll1lUl bas, piau dlldil is shDum III ,....... ..
prnriDlul.1t11siped at Sh8et J1. Only two tJtIluw bolts on tJu axis of 1M Wlb . , ,.~ . . 1M
col.",.,. htu . , bien assumed to be dir,ction fix,d al 1M 1Hu.. ActluJU.1, of etlWU, II ~
amtIIIItl .., tlmctionfixity will be present~ ,specially in viIw of IJIe conal" III&tJUmmI.
/Hs;'"

of Srd FlooT Splice

a, a.k for tuuu. load

Referrins to Sheet 5,
the column load at
3rd floor

92'57 t

Each ftaRKe, neglecting the lOad taken

92,57
by web, tau, -2-

= 4629

:\Iomrnt

=.-:

4629:: 5

231 j
cmv t

: =V231300;.:6 - 5'35cm

1 890 X 25 ;from the usual flexure formula)

.\1

BASE

PlATE

htS

== jZ=!T

b, CMdcfo!, tlte """Mlt

The moment at the 3rd floor in column 3-4

138-92'5

455 an- t
(su Sheet 8)
The rivets along the ftanges shown in the sketch should be designed for a moment
capacity of this 4~':l em- t
.-\lsuming 16 rnm power driven field rivet:

Aaunling l-cm thick splice plate:

Shear value

Bearing value

== 227 X 945
= 2 140 kg

kg

l'7x2 125- kg
= 3612 kg

SIwJ, l'allM controls

Two rivets on each side with lever arm of 4.1 em have a capacity of 214 X 45 X 2193 em- t>45j em' t . OK.
No
rivets
required for packing.
__
_ _further
.. .-..--extra
.. - __
...
.-._ ...
........ ..,4a> ..... _ _
~_

S. lI.I oJ IS :

8OO.19~.

53

SECTION IV
MILL BUILDING COLUMN WITH CRANE GANTRY

II. 1NT1l0DUCTION
10.1 The stepped mill building column with crane cantry is an important
design probfein that combines a variety of important design quationa.
The column is of non-uniform cross-section, it is a cbeam-eolumn' with
both eccentric and lateral loads introduced along its length, and it involves
a multiplicity of effective length questions. For the aDlWerI to matten of
effective length, one is guided by Appendix G of IS : 800-1956. The
column to be designed herein will be similar to that shown in Fig. 14 in
Appendix G of IS : 800-1956.
10.2 There is a current practice of designing the column directly under
the crane girder independently of the column that supports the bull~.
There have been argument and dUCUllions over this question and it 11
pointed out that the assumption of separate action requires special provisions
to attain it. It is recommended that the entire unit should be designed for
intqral action. The column section in Design Example 10 is designed with
thiI approach in this Handbook.

11. ITBPPBD MILL IItJILDING COLUMN WITH CRANE GANT!lY

(_ . . . . . . .pIe 10)

11.1 It hu to be undentood that the example for the crane pntry column
hal been designed with the assumption that the top of the column is fixed
in poIition but Dot in direction. Therefore, this method or design.illustrated here may be followed only when these conditions are satisfied through
suitable and adequate bracinp at the level of the top of the column. Other
example. of columna where such conditions are not aatUfied will be dealt
with m lSI Handbook for Structural Engineen on Single-Storey Industrial
and Mill Type Buildings in Steel (under preparation). Reference should,
therdOre, be made to this Handbook for details and tuner discUllion of the
problem.
11.2 In com~n with a design based on completely separate action
of crane and bu~ column components, the consideration of the entire
column as a single umt with eccentric and lateralloada will result in heavier
de.ign above the crane gantry and ~bly somewhat ~~~r design below.
A certain amount of rigidi~ is desirable m a mill buildi
because of the
undesirable sway and vibration that may be induce:,~l the operation of the
travelling bridge crane. It is learnt that some buildings in use in
USA have had to undergo extensive revisions with coady additions of steel
because they were too flexible with regard to side away in the upper column
Iqpnentl above the crane runway girder.

S&CTION IV: MILL BUILDING COLUMN WITH CILAN& GANTIlY

0. Esarraple lo-S,~I'''' Mill BuiId'-l CoIuMB .ida er.... Gaary

CNu-.1iInuJl ,lIvatiota til OM ofIIw &OlumIu WIuJs 1M,.,. .,..,..., 1INl......". TIM
m;U hiUift, ,MIls at, tlSsumMllo hi 9 m ,Ie _ n.:. 1Mt:06mm siu is 110I a.m III
t iI iI
~ 10,,, SfJmI /W,limitulty ,stinuzU M 10 bnulitw . _ ....
momIIIts in ordn 10 G/JIWOtJ&Ia IM.fintJI tlui"a I1artnIIh
"-I
Ix
...0
II miu of"i4ls. 1M lmwallodd is s/Jflild tU 10
.,.. II'
amp
JlnMll oj tJy crtltll f'UIUD41 "atiUm of 80,-tlIUllIris is
of
lIPJrlioMd Mlf to '(Jeh column. This slIM, SMwS
Tria' Dell... .f Top
12
",. ,.,h initial 'gUlss' tJS to R~ ktldiltt 10 an
S. .meat
initUJl tJ./JIWoximlJtwn of binding mommI in 1M to/J
columll sigmenl AS for which 1M actutJIIOdd is 1M utld Wlighl oj'" rJNIf lrws SYIUm JHw supmmpos,d lotul, all Istimatldat 40 I.
,-----------~--------~----------------~---------

SUH-d Mill Buildi", CDlumn with C,aM Gantry

For effective lengths, su Fig. 14 of Appendix G of IS: 800-1956

Column se"""., A 10 B
To makespreliminary selection, estimate bending momentl:
Estimate RA =- 1/2x4 :=r 2 t
Trial M.~ = 2 X 45 :IS 9 m t
Effective length considering XI~ axil =- 1 5 L

=- 15x45
=- &75 m (I.)
- 1-0 L

Effective length considering Y1-V I axis

ZI:

Try ISHB 300, 63-0 kg

Z.l ;::; 8633 em',

'.1

!.-!
"1
/"1

'.1

675 X 100
::;: 53
127
~

85

Ell

XI

Vt-j

I
I

x,

(This is maximum slendern~ rario.)

T . If; -~ 40 x 10'
na . ' .
I'

.
J. ~

80.25

9 X 100>: 1()I

863.3

For .\lax 1/, == './"

F, = I OOS kg/eml

55

m (')

A =- 8025 eml
529 em

'.1

127 em,

45 x 100
529

4~

-85

lSI HANDBOOK FOR.

STR.t,;CTt~JlAL

ENGlSf.ERS: STEEL COLU)lNS A,.D STRLIS

TIw riJl tUm is ,Mck.d for its tMlIquy. It

is / . . . ,.., IhI .lItlion is slightly rmtIn-dui".,d .... Desl... Example .0 ..... 2
of
tIIUl siItu 1M 1IIMIWIIts df' only known ID a 'OUIh
2nd Tria' Desl... of
Mgr. tl/JProxinultion, 1M trial of the noa MaL'in'
12
Top
Seament
16HB IS SUUU"d.
__________________________
' - - - - - - - - - - - -....- - 4
For determining maximum allowable bending stress for bending of the column about

Xl-Xli 111/6 is to be considered as the Beam-Column section is likely to buckle laterally

about '1 1-y 1-

lIb

430

-25
=

498

1 003

1 040

+ 1m =
:a::

~Ioment

18

0495

+066

1133> 1 - Xo Good
(se, 9.5 of IS : 000-1956)

due to eccentricity has been neglected.

Improve trial section for .AB by adding trial eccentric moment.

Try ISHB 350, 72-4 kg.

56

SF,CTION IV: MILL Bl:ILDISG

COLt:~~

",ITH

CR.\~E G.-\~TRV

71w first Irisl s,lIcticm for 'hi lown Jltnt of the

U sltown ;11 cross-section and lhe RIOmnJt of ... D.",n Example '0 .... J
of
Wrtu. &/Iblautl alJout A-A axis On th basis
Tllal DeliII' of
of 1M IrUJl _'ion, it is fJossiblt 10 estimat tht eccentric
12
Bottom
S.,..,.nt
mtmIIJIt tINl this is dmtI initially as if tht top tJnd
hottom tJt .A tWJ C were pinned. This is still only a 1
..-6_ _.roIllJa tl/'JWoximation of 1M actual moments which aft later dttn-m;Md by the moment distributioll

(01....

JmK'tIvr, till SllMI 7.

r
.........

'IZc"'----..
IA
---'

, \15HI

no

_.

_-..~

~
.....

L -S 410

I
I
-- "eOOaft ~'2.1Ic"'--.4

SECTION MM
M .20-35",-\

AI

~4-5",

!r
-l

14

80+40= 120 t

= 650 kg/em'

~C
.12",

80,. t

~
-

2035x45

= 16Sx 100

120x 10
li50'

185 em' (ignoring

eccentricity)
Try 2-ISWB 450, 794 kg
A = 2xlOI015=202-3cml
Try the arrangement. as shown in the
sketch M-M.
Trial Utlw" u.u.
Calculate lAd
I A A = '2)( 1 1067
+ 101-15 (32-96)1 X 2
== 34134+220000
= 223 413 em t
1 = 2 X 35 057-4= 70 105 em
Applied eccentric
moment
= 80 x 3296-40 X 15
=2035cm-t
Preliminary approximation assuming 'C'
as pinned
2035
R~ = 16-5x 101 :::I 123 t
=

555 m- t (This distribution is approximate assuming that the

Section from ... to C is
unifonn.)

-- 2 035 X 12 ._ 14.80 m t
16.5 X 100
Check revised selection suggested in Sheet 1 for AB for resisting these approximate
moments also,
18HB 350, 724 kg
r~ = 995 kg/em'
... = 9221 em'
r~ = 1465 em
lIb
= 18
'. - 522 em
Z~ z:s 1 131 enl'
F. = 1 57.1 kg/em'
40x 10'
J\la 1/, r:.; 1;'. = 450
= 86
J. ~
= 434 kl/cm l
kl

lie

~~

06

-mr

s:22

57

III HANllBOOX PO. ITRUCfURAL ENQINURI: STEEL COLUMNS AND STaUTI

TIw iItiIitJl trial *sitn witJa ISHB 350, 724 lei

Dell... Example II
is./otlU 100 SlMIl ami in 1M S'Ctm4 trial ISWB 500, 1------------1

95:2 i, Jt~

KUd. . This is found ~ IN

SlI&!tItIry,. sl.ll 011 thI ~aslS of W!J ~ppr(J~
",.,.,., ,sllnuJlu, the s"hon propntr.es In thl main
Be au tUlmnined. 0" this jh~1I also, /qr
I/w Jrst IitM, IA6 tUtditional dirtct /0(" due to diad w,i,ht
,slituIItJ tUUl tultkd 10 the axial load.

(IT'

Trial Dell", of
Bottom Sment

..
of
12

1-----------........
of

II,...'

i
.-I...._a:IIJI......~...._ ~ - _...- \ I -

walls, gi,ts, siding tmtl colunut is

Total M. A = 90 +555t
1455 m t
1455 X loa
1 1316
I 287 kg/em'
434
1 287
995 + T575 = 0437 +0817
= 1254> I-No Good.
Try ISWB 500, 952 kg
A .= 12122 em'
Z. = 20916 em', '. = 496 em
450
MtIJt Ilr === 4796 = 91

~~~~--~-~---__~-~~~=9~~~m~~

lib

450

25

=2~77~

~18

F. = 1 575 kg/em I

AIIUIDinr revised section

M-M as in the sketch.

Applied eccentric moment is 80 X 4046 - 40 X 15 = 2 637 em t
Approximate moment to.AS -= 2637 x

f.

2.

331
958
4 t

IT
.. (

775
+ 1m

40 X IQI

121222
(900+ 714) X 10'
20916
= 0346+049

55

2"015

= 714 em t ($II Sbttt 3)

331 kg/em-

775 kg/em l

084< I ..... OK.

Use ISWB 500, 952 kg for section AB .

Cluck stress in Be (see Shu' J)
Due to 4 tonnes lateral load
Approx moment at C= (2 X 16-5-4x 13)
19 m t
Approx moment at B=(2x4'5-4x 1)
5mt
Approximate moment
at B due to vertieal1oad=2637-714
1923 m t
Total Mu moment at B
2423 m t
1
IAA =
2 X 1 7067 +2 X 10115 X 4{)-46
= 334600an'
= 2 X 35 0574
=- 70115 em'
Estimate additional dead weight:
at middle of se~ent BC-assume column spacing of
85 m girts+slding @ 25 kJr/ml=0025xSSx 105 =- 224 t
column AB @ 95-2 kg/m=O 0952 X 5
:= 0-476 t
column Be @ 200 kg/m (say) =0200 X 6
::a ~
Total :a: 40 t

J..

- ; i.-~ 1.- i s-" s';;';; i.- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 58

SECTION IV: MILL BtnLDINO COLUMN WITH CRANE GANTRY

1------------.. .
--------------------------1----------_.......-..
Qmliluting IN antIl.1sis on Shell 4, il is found thai
1M 1IUJUa sedUm now a/J/JIars ovtr-tksign6d muJ tJ
sm4lllr s,ction is trietl. The CtJlfUlations ar, a
re/JItilion of tJu pr,vUnu slwet and the smaller section
is found to bl salis/tutory.

Effective

-1

Trial Deslln of
Bottom Sment

f. ---

40+80+4
_
I
202.3
x l()l ~615 kg/cm

I'
J.

fU
2423x50'46
364 kg I
334 600
x l v~
em' Jr -=1863
. ern

---

1/, -- 0.8~;'~3200 =55

F. -- I 159 kg/em'}
F. = 1 500 kg/em'

16:~9

Dlln Exampl. .1

13~ =

5
ef
12

(see Fig. 14 in Appendix G of IS: 800-1956)

IS 00-1956
. li
.

rom

0529+0243=0772 <I-ovrr design

Try smaller sections 2-ISLB 450, 653 kg

Check width/thickness ratio of web (set 18.4.2 of IS: 800-1956)

d-2i, = 450-2 X 134= 4232 mm

----------r-------.. .-

- - - - 1086cm - - - - ~
A

-~

d/t. =

:. Effective width -:

86 mm
4232

s:6 =

49>45

~ 45 t..

I
I

8-&---- - - -

t.

+ ----

-----It-

387 cm

8 Width reduction = 423-387

= 36 mm

Area reduction

-- 36 X 086
-- 309 em'

area
- - - - - - - --- - --'=-=-:"'---1 Effective
of section

--" 8314-309
8005 em'
Total :== 2xRO05=160)cml

""3cm

.. -

I AA
I

:::=

2 X 853+2 x 8314 x 40'43'

2x27 536

=
=

r = 1820 em, Effective Ilr

273 500 em'

55072 em'
085 X I 200
18-20

=56
F.
F.

f. =
I'

J'

l''l~

:&

4
1

124x 10'

1601
2423x4893
273500

= 067+029

10'

=
=

1 156 kg/em'
1 500 kg/em'

775 kg/em'

435 kg/em'

= 096<1 ... OK.

Now make accurate check on moments Uling moment distribution method consic:lerial
U tepU'ate members,

.AB-BC

--------~-~~---------------~~------~---~~~-----~

FuJI . . . III calCUlatiOD

orteetion properti-.

59

~GlNE.ERS:

IS( HASOBOOK FOR STReCnR.-\L

..4 sMisf1lwy tksitn Juu,;", bem IIIT;wtl ., on the

htuis ef tJ/J/n'Dximatt moments, Ilteu moments art tttIUI

calcultultl mM't tJeactly. The Hardy Cross ..V,tMtJ
f!f moment tliJtrib"tion is wed. It is tltsired 1o

STEEL COLUM:'IlS .-\SO STRl'TS

1--------------1
1-----------------.
D_lln Examp'e 10

Ana'ys.1 of Forc

6
of
12

and Moments
delmnine the bending moments in lhe column for an
arbilrtW.1 momenl introduced at B,. also,for an arbitrary
lateral fore, introduced at B. By keeping these separate it will be possible /0 handle combinations
of loaJ mor readi{y. In tht initial analysislor moment introduced at B, an artificial imaginary
restraint is prot'ided to hold B against ialttal movement. On the basis of the resulting moments
caused by an equal and opposite restraining force and superposing it on the initial solution, the tfftct
of restrain: is removed and the desired solution is obtained. The analysis for lateralforce at B is
starud by assuming a displacement at B with no rotation. Rotation is IMn permitted and qfttr
distribution of moments, theforce consistent with thes moments is determined. Then, by proportion,
tIuJ mommts!ar unitforce at B may he evaluated. Finally, there are summarizedthe bending moments
dUl to a unit laera! force at B and due to a hundred units of moment at B. .Vow, reft";ng hack
to Shut 4, 1M actual moments caused by the eccentric moment and lateralforce art tz'alUdted and tIte
comhiNd maximum moment is given at the bottom of the next sheet.

-----------------------------------------------Analysis for eccentric load-Apply unbalanced

(-) moment of 100 m-

at B

cm~ 8

II.'" 52 290

,- 273 500 c",il.

\L.-A.TI'tCIA\

AnUAINT

J---45"'~ 12m - - -

AB}

StifFness of
(one end behinged)
ing

Be:c:

==-:.
.

t
Distribution factors at B:

::.::

52 290

--;rx - - :::::

87

450

87

For AB
::3

87+228

273 500

0276

= 228
ForBC
= 0724
1200
Assuming restraint at B, a total applied moment of -100 m- t is distributed as
M a A = -27,6 m t }
..... ~i)

Mile = -724 m t
and Mea = -36,2 m t

~=

Shear in AB=

62 t

45
72'4+362
Shear in BC=
12
= 9'1

~ t
~

Applied restraint -= 9'1-6,2 -

2-9 t

at B

... (ii)

C,

AI~__""'''
Aft4lysis Itw tlisplactment witla 110 rot4tiDn:
3 E16
3 X 52 290.6-

M." -

~ ==

M.o

,-.

450'

==

0775 E~
}

6x27! 700ED, = 1.140 EA

1 200'

60

..... (iii)

DCTIOH IV:

MILL aUlLDtNO COLUMN WITH CRAIU OANTIlY

1------------11 ,
-- - - - - - ...
...-....

1HMl .. VGlws .,,.,..,. (iii) in SllMI 6, "latilm-

Desl... Example .1

s,.
....... ru"aiIaiIII/or" til B tJNI thI fMrMlU
iIt JItWIitms BA, Be _ CB "'9 " worked out 4S

,u.

ill tAu ",.

- - - - - - - - -- -- -- - -- - -

of
12

Ana'ysll of Forces
and Momenta

_----~----_

I
Fised eDd. . .ts (FEM)
Dittributiou

00276

0724

-775
-10-1

+114
- 264

+ 114
-

Canoy onr

-876

FilIal momeaII
Shear

Ig.S,

876+ 1OG-8

t~

Shear --l~

- 157 t

+87.-6
~

87-6

19-5+15.7 - -2o~

IS2

+ 1008

+87-6

87"'

- 4=5
-

MameDt cUllribudoa
lor I wait or force at B

V U

+10008
1i=J+'in

-2' -+2'

- +287
Ci.)

th1I ..wt, the reladODlhip ~ the applied moment at B and ftfta.I distributed ......... due
dae applied moment without any artificial ratraJot at B for lateral movement may be worked out.

. . . OIl

to

AppliC'd moment - 100m t

B
a) Diltn1Ndoa with I'aU'aiDt at 1J (Sheet 6)
b) Por releulnl the rattalat or 29 t ~
Sheet 6) (rom the relation (iv)

<_

+276

+724

+72

+36-2
-8S

72

1 - - - - - - - - _ --.. - -I - - - - - - - -

Fioal dlatributioD for 100 units of

IDCIIIIeDt at B

+348

+652

+279

(v)

From thae ...... the &naIdiltributioo 01momenta in the problem under desiln here could be warkeclout.

AppIiecllOAdJ are:
.) lateral load 01 4 t at B (_ Sheet 4)
b) momeat 01 41t1cat B
c)

1D00000t due

to ecceDuicity - -264 m t (J" Sheet 4)

.0

Maximum

c:ombiDcd

10 (from iv)
=f 26 (from v)
+ J72 (from v)

-;:10

F 01' :i: 4 t lateral load at B

For :t4 IDe tat B
PCA -26-4
t (due to eccentricity)

=F 14
+ 92

+206

IDOIDeDt

=f 112

+ 71

+246

Shear -

246+ 17~

- ss,

61

11-48

12

III HMiDBOOK Foa STIlUCTtJaAL ENOlNUIlS: ITUL COLUMNI AND STRUTS

T1t6 situs eonJitwn in 1M U/JIJIr SI~ All and

'M ,.",
Be is cht~ketl and ftnlllll to h, jwt

Sl,.,.'

,GliJfllJry.

1M tUsip of the conntetion

1------------1
D_lln Example 10

of

Flna' Dlln of Column

t1aI vertical

to 'rans/"

12

lotul from AS to Be lind 10 simultaneowly tab care of

1MbnuJi,., mommt at tlu j_net"" POUtt is now inoesti- , . . - - - - - - - - - - -...- -..
,aud. As a starting point, thl vertical lOdd of 415 t is trans/erre.withDut comidnation of bending
mtn'1Imt with tM addition of the ISLB 300, 377 leg to act as a diaphragm and to provide a relUtion
10 1M column uetion directly undn the "'ant rtmWl!)' girder. Horizontal diaphragms are introduted
al/JOsilions marked(4) in thefigureandthemoment capacity of these is checked. Sine, tJaI diaphragms
41' mM, or less jlexible in tile vertical dir"tion, these rivets are assumed to carry on?>, tJ hori~01Itcl
comJNmml of load. The moment capadly of thes diaphragms is insufficient anti tulditional rivlts
. , aJiUJ altml linl B-B to provide extra momen! capacity as calculated in Sheet 9. TM "PlLs
plaM B-B are assumed to be ,ood for vertical component of stress on(,. Sinu 1M
mommt ann 01 the rivets in th horizontalplane and those in the vertical planes ar about equsl 'My
M' 4SSlllUtl til shar tqualfy Ptr rivet in tlalload.

til.",

--~--------------~-----------------------~-----~

Il.wlll ~ S"UI
Upper leI'DleDt AB-IS\\"B .300, 952 Itl
,.,
20-6 X loa
- 985 Ita/em'
Ja
2091-6
.331
985
958+ n75 - 0972< I OK.
Lower IelD'Cftt BC--2 ISLB 450, 653 q (1ft Sheet 5)
r.
246 x 103 X 48'9!
4K.3 k /

1~~ +

J. -

:~:

U. l-lSLB 450, 653

k,.

273 700

a em

0'961<1 OK.

~ " . . AB 10 BC-Fusl MUitln " /.

-t",," J.a MI.1.

Load OIl AB-40+0'96 (waU)+a.476 (1eIlwt)-415 t ('9)

RaetioD . . the two IILB 450, M' q lItCtiou (00 linea B-B and A.A) would be balC the total vertical
bel if the colUIIID All were I)'IIIIDetrical iii pIue with napect to the columa Be.
UHf OF ACTION
OF V!RTlCAl l~O

Thia beiDa not the cue

mat1cal spUce)

-l)()()"""--t-----......-

C-

the diqram-

.......- - - - '1Om",--

lleactioD at B-B

lIDe ,A-,A:
550
- 100 x41S-285 t

~:":~a

ReactiOD at .4-A

THiae momentl

_l

OIl

415-285-IS t

The sheat' at C-C for which the joint betweeD

~
ISLB 300. 577 k~ and ISWB 500,
952 kl isJ lubjected to is abo - 13 t
20 mm rivet on web of'
ISLB 450, 65,' kl
Val\ae 10 beariDI - 21 x 2360 x()o86
- 4'27"
Value in tinlle
_ ~ x 1'025
aMar
4-

or

END T,! 'LAT

r"

- '55 t
:. Value
at B-B:

-I'
VI

No.

DlAPHltAnM.

u....... riv.at B-B ~ 8aqe oIlSWB SOO, 952 q

. . . . f. t . . . . s,
-

..

-.

..,

_-_

62

__

or qle ahear CODtroll

_.!--I

nvetl

reqUIRU

28S
--s:g--

to web ollSLB 450, 65S q.

-

ell

..

5ECJ10N IV : MILL BUILDING COLUMN WITH CRANE GANTRY

Dulin Example .1

,
of
12

DI,n of Splice
At A-A tmd e-c
No. of rivets required

~
355

367

Use six 20-mm rivets at A-A and C-C, connecting flange of ISLB 300, 377 kg to web
of ISLB 450, 653 kg and the other flange of ISLB 300, 377 kg to the flange of ISWB
500, 952 kg respectively,
Transfer of Bending Moment
Although rivets considered in the last sheet at A-A and B-B provide some moment
resistance, check moment capacity at diaphragms 4-4 only.

Value in single shear

of 5-16 rom rivets 1J' X 1.7'
on each side
--4-

I.
I
I
I.
I

I.

I.

1025

232 t

~l

10 rivets carry
10 X 232

BOcm

232 t;

Lever arm
80 cm
Rivets good for horizontal stress only.
Moment capacity of diaphragms (4)
(through the ten rivets)

232 x80
=

Moment to
be resisted
Balance
Non B-B.

1856 em t

2 460 cmt
(III Sheet 7)
604 cm t

Maximum moment adds to Itr'eII in liDe

Increase the number of rivets of 20 mm

diameter connecting flange of ISWB
500, 952 kg and web of ISLB 450,
653 kg in the vertical plane to 11.
II - 8
3 rivets good for
vertical strell only
Lever arm same
as for diaphragm!
Moment

63

SOcm

3 x80x 355
854>604 em t
....OK.

lSI HANDBOOK .OR STRCCTURAL ENGISEERS: STEEL COLUMNS .-\NO STRUTS

n. ,..., 6t1ts fo, lJu layout shown 011 Shill 9 a"

De.l... Example
dtW hIA lIS lomprlUUI, struts tmtIlmsitln mmabns. 1 - - - - - - - - - - -...
of
TIw tIiInntel httween this tmtl 1M /Jr1Vious lacing
Dftlp of Lacln, In
tIuip UtIIft/M IltUkr centric ltNUl (DIS;,,. Exampl,7)
12
Bottom
S.
.ment
is tJtIJitiotud SMa,. i,IIJw,d by 1M l4lwal lOdd and
~ oJ wrti,;al load tluat is added 10 tl . - - - - - - - - - - -....- -..
2'5 Jlnmd of axial load.

.1

"

~~---~----~-----------~-------~---------~-._~--~

DIs;'" ofLating

Try 45 0 layout as shown in Sheet 9

Check local

...!-_; r

of ISLB 450, 653 kg

=.

32 em

'1-1

'1'1

I -

..!J....
'1-1

110 em

110_ 3.j<O7x56 (of main member) ..... OK.

32
35<50 ..... OK (s 21.6 of IS : 800-1956)

Sh,ll'
Load due to applied moment

35

(s,t Sheet 7)

25 percent of axial load = 0025 X 125 = 312 t (see 21.2.1 of IS : 800-1956j

Force ia1 the lacing = 662

Total

x Vf

=-= 9 36 t

662 t

TV' IS.&. 100 73, 6'0 mm with two rivets at each end.

= ]015 ems

rmin =

Eff~ct:\e length

Ilr --

F.

159 em
80x

113

V2 =

T59

113 ern (jee 21.23 OL

IS : 800-1956)

= 71 < 145 ..... OK (se,21.2.3

of IS : 800-1956)

1 090 kg/em' (Table I of IS : 800-1956,

Capacity of 2 angles = 2>< 1090~: 10-14 -- 22-1 t >936 ..... OK,

but over design

Try ISA 7045, 50

mm

A = 532 ern!
'min ~ 096 em

1/, _. 0:96=
113

118< 145 ..... O}{.

Capacity of 2 angle sections = 2 X 0,726;,5,52 = 805 t<964

t-~o

ISA 7045, 60 mm
A =

~,Uaerour

656 em', ..\ pprox capacity as before

'min = 096 em
20-mm rivets value = 4x355 = 14-2 t>936

s. Sheet 8.
64

Good.

= 0726 X 2 X 656
= 9'5 t OK.

t OK.

S~CTIUN

IV: MILL IU.;ILUINO COLl:~'~ WITH (.;RANE GANTRY

1S : 800- J956 calls JOT end tie plaits OJl cotipresDesign Example 10
II
slon members equal in length to the lateral breadth
ele of riiet groups attaching the tie to the main comof
ponents. 'Tilt layout shown at the centre of the sheet
Desisn of Tie Plate
11
indicates the minimum length of the tie plates and
may be made larger depending on how the lacing
spacing works out in thefinal details. Four 25-mm diameter anchor boit: are sho.un and Ihty engage
a channel that is riveted to the end tie plates. It is well to hate some f.Wt'.\J of riveting in a detail
of this khul so as to tie the end of the column into a single unit. 'The tit: IJlate is first checked for
its adequacy in transmitting the shear since it [unctions to take the plaa of a lacing bar ill the end
segment. 'flu riret group is found to be more than adequate. 'The anchorage bars are assumed
to be pretensioned 1o theirfull permissible stress oj I 260 kg/ c1Il'J which is df.\irahle to ensure adequate
rotational rigidity. In order to check the moment capacity, it is assumed that a rectangulnr stress
block is deieloped similar to ichat would be expected at ulumate load but here shoun at the allowable
uorking bearing pressure on a concrete pier of 55 kg/on'!.. 'J aking 1I10111(,.'l/) about the centre of the
bearing plate, it is found thai the moment caparitv is more than double tlie actual cpplied moment.
(It is obcious that the more contentional assumption of triangular block ofpiessure would also provide
satisfactory resistance.i The additional safety with respect to moment is desirable and shouldprot.ide
adequate end fixity in accordance with design assumptions, The details fOT checking the thickness
of bearing plate shown as 3 em are also gil-en. There is approximately a JO-Oll oterhang beyond
the web of the main wide flange column members and this plate will distribute the load ill ItJS than
the permissible I 890 kg/cm l stress/or bendingin the bearingplate.

1--------------1

1--------------1----1

'fie Plate

Shear i)cr tit' plate

STIFFENER

(j'61
-l-t

~lonlenl
~ 1'655:~

1324 ern-

HO

Try sixteen 2U-111111 rivets:

q en,
..\vcragr vertical spacing
Horizontal spacing

r;

-'2,-

Shear per group

Ill' rivets
CG Of THE
: RIVETED GROUP

toem

*6'62

ANCHOR BOLTS - -

Ih

.~

10 em

d~

,\.:: t)-

l19 j2

400

Ul
l ll!J 4'5'!
.~ @ 13:)%
_.
729
,~ @, 22:)2
2 Ul.i
.! (i1:: :I 1. ~) 1
:3 969

lOem

7 204
132,4
7 204 :.3j5

- OjH l<35j
tOOcm

No need to compute R". Rivets

UJ1d( ... ~, n'~~c:d

base plate.

* s., Sheet

shear, .... (H~.

10.

65

ill shear but needed to transfer load to

Deal... "amp'e 10
DIs;". 0/ B,a"", Piau
Assuming uniform load distribution:
T ~ 100 X 70 em bearing plate.
Bearing pressure on concrete :::s 55 kg/cm I

1....2

(Sill

rr

v'~(At
_~)
F.
4

I::

orIS :

800-1956)

,y3X55 (101 - 0 . ) = 3 em

=:

1 890

100cm

12

70cml

I l'==========::::!l:::=:dll
L

elM", A.ru:/wragt
Try 25-mm anchor bolts.
Net area = O'7'x

Desl,n of "'rln.
Plate and Anchora

12
of

~
4

125 t

= 343, em' (assuming net

area = O'7 gross area)
Assuming bearing on concrete base
as 5~ kgl cm I on rectangular stress block
of WIdth. say, a:

2xS'6t

~. 70~~XIJ

12:>
a

Applied moment
Moment capacity

37 cm
175 mt (su Sheet 7)
142.6 (JOO-37)

4 500 cmt> 1 750

..... OK.
With the conventional triangular distribution
2'< 86+ 125 ~

70 x.55 X a
2XTooo

a ;,.: 74 em

Moment capacity

1426 (25)

3565 cmt> 1 750 emt

..... OK.
~-~~~--~------~~---~~----~----------~~~---~--~~-

" It it conservative to assume B-O (s" sketch).

t AIIume anchor bol~ prctensioned to 1 260 Ita/em' :
2)( 1260)( ',43-86 t

66

SECTION V
CONCLUDING REMARKS CONCERNING
COLUMN DESIGN
12. EFFICIENCY OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS
12.1 The design examples presented in this chapter have shown that for
heavy loads and/or short lengths the centrally loaded column provides
an effective stress carrying member. Because of the lesser stress that is
permitted, the column is usually not quite as efficient as the tension member,
except in cases where large deductions must be made for net section of rivet
or bolt holes.

12.2 When small loads are to be carried over long distances, such as is the
case in secondary bracing, the column becomes an inefficient member
because of the very low stress that is permitted. When the permitted
column stress for the minimum practicable llr falls below 600 kg/cml , it is
probable that the use of cross bracing, designed to carry the load in tension
only, may be more economical than the use of a single diagonal that shall
carry the load either in tension or compression. Thus column action is
eliminated. There are many illustrations to be found in actual structures
of such use of cross bracing. One such example is shown in Fig. 2 where
light cross bracing is used for end wind load and crane braking, both in the
plane of the roof and plane of the walls.
Figure 2 also shows crane runway girders carried by welded brackets
atta~hed to tapered columns ~ an alternate to stepped columns used in the
previous Design Example 10. The use of such brackets may introduce
more of a fatigue problem and will also cause greater eccentric moment
than the use of the stepped columns,

67

HANDBOOK 'OR STRUCTURAL ItNOIHEEItJ: STF.EL. COLUMN! :'NO STRl""

68

SECTION V : CONCLUDING REMAkKS CONCERNING COLUMN

DESIOi~

TABLE I ALLOWABLE AVERAGE STRESSES FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

(Clause 2.2)

Fo

lfr
rr:

(I)
I

2
3
4

:J
6

7
8
9

10
11
12
13
1415
16
17
18
19

20
21

22
23
2425

26
27
28

kK/em
(2)
1233
I 233
1233
1 232
1232
1232
1232
1232
1232
1232
1230
1230
1230
1 228
1228
1228
1 '227
1 227
1225
1 225
I 224
1224
1 222
1221
1221
1219
1 217
1217

29

12J6

30
31

1214
1 213
1211
1210
1208
1206
1205
1203
1202
1200
1 198
I 195
1 1941 192
1 189

32
33
34
35
36
37

38
39
40
41
42
43

44

Jr.
,.,

l/r

.A
l

kg/em!

tons/in.'
(3)

(I)

783
783
783
782
782
782
782
782
7-82
782
;,81
781
781
7-80
780
7-80
779
7-79
778
778
7-77
l-77
776
775
775
774
773
773
772
771
7-70
7-69
7-68
767
7-66
765
764
7-63
762
761
759

45
46

47
48
49
50
51
52

53
54

55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67

68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
8485

758
757
755

69

(2)

I 187
11M
I 18:1
1180
1 178
I 175
I 172
1 169
I 165
1 162

1 159
1 156
1 153
I 150
1 145
1140
I 137
I 134
I 129
1 124
I 120
1 115
1 110
I lOb
1101
1096

I 090
1085
1079
1072
1 068
1061
1 055
1050
1044

1038
1032

I 025
1 017
1009

1003

86

996

87
88

989
981

ton~/in.'

(3)
754
752
751
749
748
746
744742
740
738
736
734
732
7-30
7-27
7-24

7-22
7-20
717
7147-11
7-08
705

"-02
699
6-96
692
689
685
6-81
678
674
670
667
6-63
659
655
651
646
641
637
6-32
628
623
(COfIIiItwd )

III IlAJlfDBOOX FOR ITaUaruRAL ItNOINUU: IftEL COLUMNS AND ITJltrl'l

TABLE I ALLOWABLE AVERAGE 8TRESIES POR AXIAL COMPRESSION-Cmttcl

1/,

1/,

F.

F.

kg/eml
(1)

89
90

91
92

93
9495
96
97
98
99

100
101
102

lOS
104

105
106

107

108

109
110
III

112
113
114
115
116
117
118
JI9

120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
ISO

191
132
133
134

(2)
973
965
958
950
942
934

926
917
909
899

891

884

874
865

855
847
838
830
821
813
803
795
786
776
769
759
751
742
734
726
717
709
701
693
585

676
668
660

652

644636
630
622

614
608
600

to(~;n

(1 )

6ui

135

613
608
603
598
593
5-88
582
577
571
566
561
555
549

136
137
138
139

543
538

149

532
527
521
516
510
505

151
152
153
154155
156
157

140

141
142
143
144145
146
147
148
150

499

4-93

158

159

488

482
477
471
466
461
455

160

161
162
163
164
165

450

166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179

445
440
435
429
424
419
414409

4()f
400
395
390

386
381

180

70

kg/em

(2)

592
586

578
572
565
559
553
546
540

534528
521
515
509
504-

tonl/in.-

(3)
',76
372
367
363
359
355
',51
347
343
339
535

331

327
323
320
317
312

499
491
485
479
472

304300

461

293

455
449

289
285

466

308
296

402

282
278
275
271
268
264
261
258
255

387

249
246

444-

438
433
427
422
416
411
406

397
392

381
376
972
367
362
357
953
348

345
340

~'52

242
239
236
233
230
227
224-

221

219
216

taCTION Y : CONCLUDING uMAau OONCEIlHINO COLtJKN DUIOflt

TA8L& D APPROXIMATE IlADD OF GYRATION

(Clausu 2.3 41Id 2.4)

.,

~l rxa()oU'

I--b.....J

,..

...-b--..

.J. ';=0.2.9 b

3[11

t--b --..

'1d r =0-.2 b
' 0-42 d

L ...1
r- b --.t

,,..1

r. -0-4141
ry=O-Ub

0.

I
Il 1:
-G! IT HI
~$rx

~d

'X=0-42d

41

:o.-odm

03941

1 ry =0'21 b

..JL..1 ry=0-21

fx-0 03 d
ry =O o22b

fe-b --t

d rx =0

r="o25d
~

r :0-40 d

1 ry. 0 -21 ~

r :0-4041

r =o-iselm

ffi1
.,

t--b~

1[1 r. -OoJOd
---.J- r

[ ]11

1:

0-24

'1

-0-2' b

liII
j _. J

71

f Oo,.d

f y =0-40

~lld

.......b---t

r. -o-Id
...1 r. -0-3 b
1 r: ++b)/lo

"-X

I-b

d x
rv

"'

o"
r.o d
rY -0-60b

~b~""l

-- ,..-1

... ...J

dJ

rx .0-42 d

'y

=0-a5

'. -0-a9 cI

r. -oas It
Y

APPENDIX A
(See Foreword)

INDIAN STANDARDS ON PRODUCTION, DESIGN AND USE

OF STEEL IN STRUCTURES
lSI Las so far issued the following Indian Standards in the field otproduction, design and utilization of steel and welding :
IS : 800-1956

CODE OF PRACTICE FOR

GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Us ..:

OF STRUCTURAL ST":"~L IN

IS : 801-1958

CODE OF PRACTICE FOR USE OF COLU FORMED LIGHT

GAUGE STEEL STRUCTURAL MEMBERS IN GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

IS : 804-1958
IS :

SI)ECIFI(;ATION FOR RECTANGULAR PRESSED STEEL 'rANKS

806-1~57 COllE OF PRACTICE FOR USE OF ST":EL TUBES IN GENERAl.

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
SPECIFICATION FOR ROLLED STEEl. BEAM, (~HANN":L ANn
ANGLE SECTIONS

lS : 808-1957

I S : 812-1957

GLOSSARY OF 'fERMS RELATING TO WELDING AND UU1TINO

OF METALS

JS : 813-1961

SCIIEME OF SYMBOLS Ji'OR WELDING

(Amended)

IS : 814-1957

SPECIFICATION FOR COVERED ELECTRODES POR METAL ARC

WELDING OF MILD STF..EL

IS : 815-1956

CLASSIFICATION AND CODINO ot COVERED ELECTRODES

FOR METAL ARC WELDING OF MILD STEEL AND Low ALLOY HIGH"rENSILE STEELS

IS : H16-1956 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR USE OF METAl.. ARc WELVINO FOR

GENERAL CONSTRUCTION IN MILD STEEL

IS : 817-1957

CODE OF PRACTICE FOR T~AINING AND TESTING OF METAL

ARC WELDERS

JS : 818-1957

CODE OF PRACTICE FOR SAFETY AND HEALTH REQ,UIREMENTS

IN ELECTRIC AND GAS WELDING AND CUTTING OPERATIONS

CODE OF PRACTICE FOR RF~ISTANCE SPOT WELDING FOR

LIGHT Assl.MBLIES IN MILD STEEL

IS : 819-1957

IS : 1173-1957
IS : 1179-1957

SPECIFICATION FOR ROLLED STEEL SECTIONS, TEE BARS

SPECIFICATION FOR EQ,UIPMENT FOR EVE AND FACE PROTEC-

TION DURING WELDING

72

APP&NDIX A

IS: 818-1968 CoDK OP PRAanCB FOR SAnTY AND nEALTH aaQ.ulUIGrrn

IN ELECTRIC AND GAl WELDING AND Ct.rIIlNG OPERATIONS (First
r~ision

CODB OF PRACTICE FOR RESISTANCE SPOT WaLDli~O POR

LIGHT ASSEMBLIBS IN MILD STEEL

IS: 819-1957

IS: 1173-1967 SP&CII!ICATION FOR HOT ROLLED AND SILT STEEL, TaB
BARS ( First revision )
IS: J179-1967 SPECIFICATION POR EQ,UIPMENT FOR EYE AND FACE PROTECTION DURING WELDING ( First "vision)
IS: 1181-1967 QUALIFYINO TESTS POR METAL ARC WELDERS (ENGAOED
IN WELDINO STRUCTURES OTHER THAN PIPES) (First revision)

IS: 1182-1967

RECOMW.NDED PRACTICE FOR RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION . OF FUSION WELDED BUTT JOINTS IN SnEL PLATES (First

"l'ision)
IS: 1252-1958 SPECIFICATION FOR ROLLED STEEL SECTIONS,
1261-1959
IS: 1278-1972

IS:

WE,LDINO (

IS: 1323-1966

BULB ANOLa

CODE OP PRACTICB FOR SEAM WELDING IN MILD STEBL

SPECIPICATION FOR FILLER RODI AND

WIRES FOR GAa~

Second rt"ilion )
CODE 0.. PRACTICE fOR OXy-ACETYLENE WELDING FOR

STRUCTURAL WORK IN MILD STEltL (

Revised)

IS: 1395-1971

SPECIFICATION FOR. MOLYBDENUM AND CHROMIUM-MOLYBDltNUM-VANADIUM Low ALLOY STEEL ELECTRODES FOR METAL ARC
WELDING (Second ,nision )

IS: 1442-1964 SPECIPICATION POR

COVERED ELECTRODES FOR THE METAL

ARC WELDING 0' HIGH TaNllLE STRUCTURAL STEEL ( Revised)

73

ApPENDIX B
(Se, Foreword)
COMPOSmON OF STRUCT1JRAL ENGINEElUNG SECTIONAL
COMMnTEE, SMDC 7
The lSI Structural Engineering Sectional Committee, SMDC 7, which
was responsible for processing this Handbook, consists of the following:
llIpr,smting
Railway Board (Ministry of Railways 1

Ch.ir11UJ1I
DnlaCfoR,

STANDARDS (CIviL)

Mmtbns

Public Works Department, ~adra..

SHill P. BALAKRISHNAN
SHRJ D. I. PAUL (~)
SHRJ B. N. BANNERJE
SHRJ RACHVDAS BAt:L

G. BENJAMIN
SHal R.
~fEHANDRU
SH" G. BoDHE
COL

s.

J.
SHill b. S.

(.4ItInuJII)

DUAl
FONSECA
~IR. W. FERNANDES (Allmaall)
JOINT DIRECfOR STASDAIlOS (8 & S)
DEpUTY DIRECTOR STANDARDS (8
~IR.

F. j.

SHill S. C. MPl,;1t
KHltI

C. P.

~IAawAul
~IEHT A
SHRI B. ='l. ~fOZl'Mf)AR

SHal

L. R.

P. S.

SHal

SHill

SHal ~1.
SHRI

P. L. DM

Y. K.

C.

(.4.lln"4~)

Mt.RTHY

P. N"OARSHF.TH
.
~1. SHAHANI

SHRI

T. S. \'DAGIRl \AIImuJIt)

D. S.
SHIU

THAKUR

A. R.

V,

\I.NlJOOPAUN

5H" S. S.

(~Iini~try

of Railway..)

Central Watt'r & Power Commission ("'at~r Wing),

~~W Delhi
~finistry of Transport & 'Communications (Roads
Wing)
,
Braithwaite, Burn at jessop Construction Co. Ltd.,
Calcutta ,
Committee on Plan Project, PJannir.g Commission,
New Delhi'
,
Bombay Municipal Corporation, Bombay

\:AINOANXAR (AltmttJil)

~fAJ R. P. E. V,uIFDAR
SHRI

Railway Board
(Allt,""u)

at S)

Hindustan COnstruction Co. Lrd., Bombay

~ew St.andard Engineering (;0. Ltd., Bombay
)nspecrion Wing, Directorate General of Supplies
& Disposals (Ministry of Works, Housing at
Supply)

SHRI SARl'P SINOH

SHRJ

K. R. Irani & Co., Bombay

Institution of Engin~n (India), Calcutta
Richardson & (:ruddas Ltd., Bombay

Central Public Works Department, New Delhi

~alional Buildings. Organization (~lini!lr)" of
works, Housing & Supply)

~f~JK

~L'
SURI SHRllt RlsnNA (Allmallll)
SHR.

Roof Co. (India) ua., l:alcutta

Public Works Department, Calcutta
Engin~r-in-Chief'. Branch, Army Headquarters
Brid~ &

MURTHY

(AllmuJlI)

SHaIB. Sr~HNA~ACHAa,

Depury Director (S &

Bombar Port Trust, Bombay

Centra Water &. Power Commission (Power Winl),
New Delhi
Director, lSI (Ex-ojJicio Mtmbn)

~)

Surtl4ry

H. S. KRISHNAMURTHY
Auistant Director (S It M), lSI
SHRJ

74

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