Notes Heat-Transfer For Engineers

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Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer ! Frank P. Incropera

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A Heat Transfer Textbook Third Edition ! John H. Lienhard
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John H. Lienhard V (E-Book). O$$
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Computational Fluid
Dynamics for Engineers ! K. A. Hoffmann
S.T. Chiang,
Computational Methods for Fluid Dynamics ! J. H. Ferziger
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a
:
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60
TE + TW + TN + TS
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5 I
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5.1
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67
Ti
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Cu: =8933 kg/m3 cp=385 J/kgK k(300K)=401 W/mK k(400K)=393 W/mK

.
115
k(600K)=379 W/mK,
k(1200K)=339 W/mK.
k(800K)=366
W/mK,
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j $ ( : =7900 kg/m3, cp=477 J/kgK, k(300K)=14.9 W/mK, k(400K)=16.6

W/mK, k(600K)=19.8 W/mK, k(800K)=22.6 W/mK, k(1000K)=25.4 W/mK,
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c P
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( x)
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( x)
( y)
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1
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P :
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( z)
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( y)
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2
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2
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k y
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q
k
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=
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1
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+
+
=
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1
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0,86442
A
W
(1100 300 ) K
T
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m2 K
1
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0,86442
A
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W
800 K
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m K
m
0,86442
W
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() b P
123
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h
c (
P #
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W
925, 5 2
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m
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W
h
20 2
m K
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j
P #P !
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P
P
P $
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h
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m
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h
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8. "
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#
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:
x=L/2,
126
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h
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128
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Q = 2N h k 2
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3
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h
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b
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132
C=============================================================
PROGRAM LAPLACE2D
C=============================================================
C THIS PROGRAM SETS UP THE MATRIX EQUATION [A]{F}={Q} WHICH
C RESULTS FROM FINITE DIFFERENCE DISCRETIZATION OF THE
C LAPLACE EQUATION, USING UNIFORM GRID IN EACH DIRECTION AND
C CENTRAL DIFFERENCE APPROXIMATION OF THE SECOND DERIVATIVES.
C BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ARE OF DIRICHLET TYPE:
C T(0,X) = 0.0, T(X,0)=0.0, T(1,Y)=Y, T(X,1)=X.
C THE EXACT SOLUTION IS: T(X,Y) = X*Y.
C THE EQUATION CAN THEN BE SOLVED BY DIFFERENT ITERATIVE
C SOLVERS. CENTRAL DIFFERENCES LEAD TO EXACT SOLUTION ON ANY
C GRID, SO THE ITERATION CONVERGENCE ERROR CAN BE EASILY
C DETERMINED.
C
C
I.K. NIKOLOS
C==============================================================
PARAMETER (NX=51,NY=51,NXY=NX*NY)
REAL DX,DY,XL,YL,X,Y,T,AE,AW,AN,AS,AP,Q
COMMON /INDI/ NI,NJ,NIM,NJM,NIJ,NIJK,LI(NX),LTEST
COMMON /INDR/ RESMAX,ALFA
COMMON /COEF/ AE(NXY),AW(NXY),AN(NXY),AS(NXY),AP(NXY),Q(NXY)
COMMON /GRID/ X(NX),Y(NY)
DIMENSION T(NXY)
C
C.....INPUT DATA
C
OPEN (UNIT=6,FILE='RESULT.PLT')
REWIND 6
PRINT *, ' ENTER: NI, NJ, MAXIT, RESMAX : '
READ(*,*) NI,NJ,MAXIT,RESMAX
PRINT *,' ENTER DOMAIN SIZE: XL, YL: '
READ(*,*) XL,YL
C
C MAXIT is the limit on iterations in the solver (here we have
C a linear problem - fixed coefficient matrix - and are doing
C only inner iterations); RESMAX is the level of residual norm
C at which iterations are stopped. NI, NJ are the numbers
C of grid points in X, Y directions, respectively. Note: here
C FD method is used, so nodes are uniformly distributed between
C boundaries, i.e. the spacing in X-direction is XL/ (NI-1), etc.
C
NIM=NI-1
NJM=NJ-1
NIJ=NI*NJ
C
C.....DEFINE THE GRID (HERE UNIFORM)
C
DX=XL/REAL(NIM)
DY=YL/REAL(NJM)
X(1)=0.
Y(1)=0.
DO I=2,NI
X(I)=X(I-1)+DX
END DO
DO J=2,NJ
Y(J)=Y(J-1)+DY
END DO
133
C
C The grid is assumed here to be uniformly spaced in each direction
C and these are then the coefficients needed to set up the matrix:
C
DXR2=-1./DX**2
DYR2=-1./DY**2
APC=-2.*(DXR2+DYR2)
C
C.....INITIALIZE FIELD VALUES
C
DO IJ=1,NXY
T(IJ)=0.
END DO
C
C.....SET UP BOUNDARY VALUES WHERE NON-ZERO
C
I=NI
DO J=1,NJ
IJ=(J-1)*NI+I
T(IJ)=X(I)*Y(J)
END DO
C
J=NJ
DO I=1,NI
IJ=(J-1)*NI+I
T(IJ)=X(I)*Y(J)
END DO
C
C.....CALCULATE NON ZERO ELEMENTS OF MATRIX [A]
C.....ONLY THE DIAGONALS ARE STORED IN 1-D MATRICES
C
DO J=2,NJM
DO I=2,NIM
IJ=(J-1)*NI+I
AE(IJ)=DXR2
AW(IJ)=DXR2
AN(IJ)=DYR2
AS(IJ)=DYR2
AP(IJ)=APC
C
C
IF Q(IJ)><0.0 THEN THERMAL SOURCES INSIDE THE DOMAIN
C
Q(IJ)=0.
END DO
END DO
C
C.....IMPLEMENT BOUNDARY CONDITIONS (DIRICHLET)
C
C Product of the coefficient and a fixed boundary value is added to
C the source term, and the coefficient then set to zero (not
C necessarily required by the solver, but it is cleaner this way).
C
C.....SOUTH AND NORTH BOUNDARY
C
DO I=2,NIM
J=2
IJ=(J-1)*NI+I
Q(IJ)=Q(IJ)-AS(IJ)*T(IJ-NI)
AS(IJ)=0.
C
134
J=NJM
IJ=(J-1)*NI+I
Q(IJ)=Q(IJ)-AN(IJ)*T(IJ+NI)
AN(IJ)=0.
END DO
C
C.....WEST AND EAST BOUNDARY
C
DO J=2,NJM
I=2
IJ=(J-1)*NI+I
Q(IJ)=Q(IJ)-AW(IJ)*T(IJ-1)
AW(IJ)=0.
C
I=NIM
IJ=(J-1)*NI+I
Q(IJ)=Q(IJ)-AE(IJ)*T(IJ+1)
AE(IJ)=0.
END DO
C
CALL GSS(T, MAXIT)
C
C.....PRINT ERROR NORM AND SOLUTION FIELD
C
C In this case we know the exact solution and can calculate the error
C norm (and also check if the solver does the job properly).
C
ERR=0.
DO J=2,NJM
DO I=2,NIM
IJ=(J-1)*NI+I
ERR=ERR+(T(IJ)-X(I)*Y(J))**2
END DO
END DO
ERR=SQRT(ERR/REAL(NI*NJ))
C
C.....ERR is the actual mean error between the true and the calculated solution
C
WRITE(*,*)'ERROR =',ERR
C
CALL PRINT1(T)
C
STOP
END
C
C###############################################################
SUBROUTINE PRINT1(FI)
C###############################################################
COMMON /INDI/ NI,NJ,NIM,NJM,NIJ,NIJK,LI(NX),
*
LTEST
COMMON /COEF/ AE(NXY),AW(NXY),AN(NXY),AS(NXY),AP(NXY),Q(NXY)
COMMON /GRID/ X(NX),Y(NY)
DIMENSION FI(NXY)
C
C Export to TECPLOT Format
C
WRITE(6,*)'VARIABLES = "X", "Y", "T", "I", "J"'
WRITE(6,*)'ZONE I=',NI,', J=',NJ,', F=POINT'
DO J=1, NJ
135
DO I=1, NI
IJ=(J-1)*NI+I
WRITE(6,10)X(I), Y(J), FI(IJ),I, J
ENDDO
ENDDO
C
10
C
FORMAT(2F10.4, F15.6, 2I5)

RETURN
END
C
C##############################################################
SUBROUTINE GSS(FI, MAXIT)
C##############################################################
C This routine contains the Gauss-Seidel solver
C==============================================================
COMMON /INDI/ NI,NJ,NIM,NJM,NIJ,NIJK,LI(NX),
*
LTEST
COMMON /INDR/ RESMAX,ALFA
COMMON /COEF/ AE(NXY),AW(NXY),AN(NXY),AS(NXY),
*
AP(NXY),Q(NXY)
DIMENSION FI(NXY)
C
DO N=1,MAXIT
C
C.....CALCULATE "FALSE" RESIDUAL AND UPDATE VARIABLE
C
DO J=2,NJM
DO I=2,NIM
IJ=(J-1)*NI+I
RES=Q(IJ)-AP(IJ)*FI(IJ)-AE(IJ)*FI(IJ+1)*
AW(IJ)*FI(IJ-1)-AS(IJ)*FI(IJ-NI)-AN(IJ)*FI(IJ+NI)
FI(IJ)=FI(IJ)+RES/AP(IJ)
END DO
END DO
C
C.....CHECK CONVERGENCE
C
RESN=0.
DO J=2,NJM
DO I=2,NIM
IJ=(J-1)*NI+I
RES=Q(IJ)-AP(IJ)*FI(IJ)-AE(IJ)*FI(IJ+1)*
AW(IJ)*FI(IJ-1)-AS(IJ)*FI(IJ-NI)-AN(IJ)*FI(IJ+NI)
RESN=RESN+ABS(RES)
END DO
END DO
C
IF(N.EQ.1) RES0=RESN
RSM=RESN/RES0
WRITE(*,*) N,' SWEEP, RSM = ',RSM
IF(RSM.LT.RESMAX) RETURN
C
END DO
C
RETURN
END
136
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Notes Heat-Transfer For Engineers

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Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer ! Frank P. Incropera

("T = 30 C): 570

("T = 50 C): 4000

q rad = hrad A (Ts

& 8 & $ &.;/ " ,

T$1 T$ 2 (T$1 T1 ) + (T1 T2 ) + (T2

.;/ "$ (grid

A11 T1 + A12 T2 + A13 T3 + ... + A1N TN = C1

Fo Ti +p1+,1j + Ti p1+,1j + Ti ,p +j +11 + Ti ,p +j 11 = Ti ,p j

! Tan Tbn Tcn ! 1

! Tan Tbn Tcn ! 1

!"89. "! "V

( )+u ( )+v ( )+w ( )

! & !" ""

.#!0$ .&9" 0.# ,

& " V"

& " V"

(gradient) < %0 "V &/;%" $

"V & 9"

@7E: (potential field).

"V & 9"

! (h = 113.5 W/m2K). _$[ \

Cu: =8933 kg/m3 cp=385 J/kgK k(300K)=401 W/mK k(400K)=393 W/mK

j $ ( : =7900 kg/m3, cp=477 J/kgK, k(300K)=14.9 W/mK, k(400K)=16.6

sinh(y) = (exp(y)-exp(-y))/2, cosh(y) = (exp(y)+exp(-y))/2

FORMAT(2F10.4, F15.6, 2I5)

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