Sdoquezon Adm SHS12 Stem GP1 Q1M4 1 68

General Physics 1
Quarter 1 – Module 4:
Newton’s Laws of Motion
and Application
General Physics 1- Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 4: Newton’s Laws of Motion and Application
First Edition, 2020
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General Physics 1
Quarter 1 – Module 4:
Newton’s Laws of Motion and
Application
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the General Physics 1 for Grade 12 Alternative Delivery Mode

(ADM) Module on Newton’s Laws of Motion and Application!
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher
or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12
Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints
in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this
also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking
into consideration their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:
Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing
them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to
encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:
Welcome to the General Physics 1 Grade 12 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)

Module on Newton’s Law of Motion and Application.
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often
used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn,
create and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that
you as a learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies
in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time.
You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being
an active learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:
What I Need to This will give you an idea of the skills or

Know competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.
What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.
What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you

link the current lesson with the previous
one.
What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as
a story, a song, a poem, a problem opener,
an activity or a situation.
What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.
What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.
What I Have This includes questions or blank
Learned sentence/paragraph to be filled in to
process what you learned from the lesson.
What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will
help you transfer your new knowledge or
skill into real life situations or concerns.
Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be

given to you to enrich your knowledge or
skill of the lesson learned. This also tends
retention of learned concepts.
Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in

the module.
At the end of this module you will also find:
References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.
The following are some reminders in using this module:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part
of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through
with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you
are not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written to help you understand Newton’s
Laws and its application to our daily life. The scope of this module permits it to
be used in many different learning situations. The previous module
(Kinematics) taught us how to use the language and mathematics to describe
motion in one, two, or three dimensions’ bodies, which covers the variety of
ways by which motion can be described (words,graphs, diagrams, numbers,
etc.) Now we can ask the questions “Why do objects start to move?” and “What
causes a moving object to change speed or change direction?” What causes
bodies to move the way that they do? For example, how can a tugboat pull a
cruise ship that’s much heavier than the tug? Why is it harder to control a car
on wet ice than on dry concrete? The answers to these and similar questions
take us into the subject of dynamics, the relationship of motion to the forces
that cause it. In this module (Dynamics), the ways in which motion can be
explained will be discussed particularly Newton’s First Law, Force and Friction.
In a cause-and-effect scenario, dynamics is the cause and kinematics is the
effect.
The module is divided into three lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Newton’s First Law
• Lesson 2 – Force
• Lesson 3 – Friction
After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Define inertial frames of reference STEM_GP12N-Id-28
2. Differentiate contact and noncontact forces STEM_GP12N-Id-29
3. Draw free-body diagrams STEM_GP12N-Id-32
4. Apply Newton’s 1st law to obtain quantitative and qualitative conclusions
about the contact and noncontact forces acting on a body in equilibrium
STEM_GP12N-Ie-33
5. Differentiate the properties of static friction and kinetic friction
STEM_GP12N-Ie-34
6. Solve problems using Newton’s Laws of motion in contexts such as, but not
limited to, ropes and pulleys, the design of mobile sculptures, transport of
loads on conveyor belts, force needed to move stalled vehicles,
determination of safe driving speeds on banked curved roads
STEM_GP12N-Ie-38
What I Know
Are you ready for this first lesson in Newton’s Laws of Motion?
Let’s see how much you know about this pretest. Let’s get started!
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE: Read each statement carefully. Choose the BEST answer
after each question. Write the letter that corresponds to your answer to that
particular item in the given answer sheet. Do not leave any item unanswered.
1. Which best defines inertia?

a. Friction c. Newton's second law of motion
b. Change in velocity over time d. Resistance to changes in motion
2. What net force is required to keep a 200 kg object moving with a constant
velocity of 10ms?
a. 0N b. 10N c. 20N d. 2000N
3. You are traveling on an airplane at constant speed of 600mph. Your friend is

traveling in his car at a constant speed of 60mph. Who experiences a larger
acceleration?
a. You
b. Your friend
c. Neither you nor your friend
d. Cannot be determined; we must know the force due to friction
4. Which has more Inertia?

a. Ant b. Cat c. skateboard d. Truck
5. What kind(s) of objects have inertia?

a. all objects with mass c. only objects at rest
b. only objects in motion d. only objects whose motion is being
changed
6. Which type of force(s) will cause a change in an object's motion?

a. Gravity
b. zero net force
c. balanced forces
d. unbalanced forces
7. An object in motion will stay in what kind of motion as long as the net forces
acting on it are zero?
a. slowing motion in a straight line
b. constant motion in a straight line
c. accelerating motion in a straight line
d. constant motion in an unpredictable direction
5
8. 1675 kilogram car is moving to the right at a constant velocity of
25ms.What is the net force exerted on the car?
a. 0 N
b. 50N
c. 100N
d. 250N
9. A passenger in an elevator has a mass that exerts a force of 100N

downwards. He experiences a normal force upwards from the elevator's floor
of 120N. What direction is he accelerating in, if at all, and at what rate?
g=10ms2
a. 2m/s2 upwards
b. 2.5m/s2 upwards
c. 5m/s2 upwards
d. 10m/s2 downwards
10. All of the following statements are true. Which of them is NOT
explained by Newton's first law of motion?
a. Dropping a box causes it to accelerate downwards.
b. A book lying on a desk doesn't start moving without an external
force.
c. If I'm riding a skateboard, it doesn't spontaneously reverse
directions.
d. A baseball thrown in space will keep moving in the same direction
until it hits something.
11. After a cannonball is fired into frictionless space, the amount of force needed
to keep it going equals
a. 1/2 the force with which it was fired
b. twice the force with which it was fired
c. the same amount of force with which it was fired
d. zero, since no force is requires to keep it moving.
12. If the force of gravity suddenly stopped acting on the planets they would
a. spiral slowly toward the sun
b. fly straight away from the sun
c. continue in their orbits for a short time
d. move in straight lines tangent to their orbits
13. An object following a straight-line path at a constant speed

a. has zero acceleration c. has no forces acting on it
b. has a net force d. none of these
14. One object has twice as much mass as another object. The first object also
has twice as much...
a. gravitational acceleration b. inertia c. mass d.
Velocity
15. Which one needs a greater net force to move, a kilogram of feathers or a
kilogram of iron?
a. feathers b. iron c. same d. depends on their
friction
6
16. An object in motion stays in motion and an object at rest stays at rest until
____
a. a balanced force acts on it.
b. an unbalanced force acts on it.
c. objects in motion naturally come to rest.
d. a constant force is required to keep it in constant motion
17. Inertia can be measured by using

a. force b. mass c. mass x velocity d. velocity
18. It is a coordinate system from which observations and measurements are

made.
a. frame of reference c. Cartesian plane
b. inertial frame of reference d. law of inertia
19. The study of the way in which observations from moving frames of reference
affect your perceptions of the world is called_______
a. Dynamics b. Relativity c.Kinematics d.mechanics
20. In physics, frames of reference are classified by two main types: _____.
a. true and fictional c. fast and slow
b. inertial and non-inertial d. real and imagined
7
Lesson
1 First Law of Motion
What is the relationship between force and motion? Aristotle (384–322

B.C.)
believed that a force was required to keep an object moving along a horizontal
plane. To Aristotle, the natural state of an object was at rest, and a force was
believed necessary to keep an object in motion. Furthermore, Aristotle argued, the
greater the force on the object, the greater its speed. Some 2000 years later, Galileo
disagreed: he maintained that it is just as natural for an object to be in motion with
a constant velocity as it is for it to be at rest.
To put the concept of Galileo in our everyday life let us suppose you are
riding in a jeepney and suddenly it stops. What will happen to you? This
phenomenon is termed as inertia and we will explore this concept and how it
affects our daily life.
What’s In
Without understanding the past, we cannot understand what is happening today.
Recall the ideas of Aristotle, Galileo, Johannes Kepler and other philosopher that
leads to the discovery of First Law of Motion. Complete the table below by providing
their contributions.
Philosopher/Physicist Contributions
Aristotle
Galileo
Johannes Kepler
Newton
Leonardo da Vinci
Others
To be able to deliver this lesson well, the teacher must have

tried first the experiments using available materials at home.
8
What’s New
Perform the following hands-on activity in connection with First Law of Motion.
Objectives:
1. To state Newton's first law of motion
2. To describe several examples of the law in operation.
3. To define and understand inertia
Materials:
five peso coin, a sheet of paper, a small plastic cup, a playing card, a coin.
A. Penny on the Card Experiment:

The coin drop experiment. Predict what will happen when you
remove the card. (Figure 1-1)
Procedure:
1. Put a playing card on top of the plastic cup

2. Put a coin on top of the card Figure 1-Error! Use the
3. With a sharp flick, hit the card out from under the Home tab to apply 0 to the
coin! Or pull it really quickly toward you. text that you want to
4. The coin will drop into the cup. appear here.-1 A coin on
top of the card placed on
B. Penny on the paper sheet Experiment: top of plastic cup.
Is it magic or is it physics? How do you explain your

observation?
1. Place a 50 g mass or a five peso coin on top of a
sheet of paper on a table. (Figure 1.2) Predict what
will happen to the coin if the paper is pulled
quickly?
2. What did you observe? Figure 1-Error! Use the Home
3. How do you explain your observation? tab to apply 0 to the text that
you want to appear here.-2 Five
C. Ramp and roll Experiment: peso coin on top of sheet of
paper on a table.
Setup a ramp and roll a ball on it. (Figure 1.3)
1. What did you observe?
2. What happened to the ball when it reached the
bottom?
3. Raise the angle of inclination of the ramp. What
will happen to the ball if I roll it on this ramp?
4. Continue to raise the angle of inclination of the
ramp. Figure 1-Error! Use the Home tab to apply
5. Suppose you continue to raise the angle of 0 to the text that you want to appear
here.-3 a ball on a Setup a ramp
inclination of this ramp, what will happen to the
motion of the ball? Will it continue to move?
9
Guide Questions:
a. What are your observations among the experiments?
b. State the law of inertia.
c. Define inertia.
d. Cite more examples that illustrate the law of inertia.
e. Explain the concept of inertia and its relation to mass.
What is It
First Law of Motion
The key word in this law is continues: an object continues to do whatever it

happens to be doing unless a force is exerted upon it. If the object is at rest, it
continues in a state of rest. This is nicely demonstrated when a sheet of paper is
skillfully pulled from beneath a five peso coin which is similar to the tablecloth
when skillfully whipped from beneath dishes sitting on a tabletop, leaving the
dishes in
their initial state of rest. On the other hand, if an object is moving, it continues
to move without changing its speed or direction, as shown by the third experiment
where the ball is continuously rolling. It only stopped due to the presence of
outside force like friction or any opposing force. This is also evident in space probes
that continually move in outer space.
This property of objects to resist changes in motion is called

inertia.
To further understand Galileo’s idea, consider the

following observations involving motion of an object along
a horizontal plane. To push an object (Fig. 1-4) with a
rough surface along a tabletop at constant speed requires
a certain amount of force. To push an equally heavy object
with a very smooth surface across the table at the same
speed will require less force. If a layer of lubricant like oil
is placed between the surface of the object and the table,
then almost no force is required to keep the object moving.
Notice that in each successive step, less force is required.
As the next step, we imagine there is no friction at Figure 1-Error! Use the Home tab to apply
all, that the object does not rub against the table—or there 0 to the text that you want to appear
is a perfect lubricant between the object and the table— here.-4 F represents the forc applied by
and theorize that once started, the object would move the person FFr represents the force of
across the table at constant friction.
speed with no force applied. A steel ball bearing rolling on
a hard horizontal surface approaches this situation. So does a puck on an air table,
in which a thin layer of air reduces friction almost to zero.
10
It was Galileo’s genius to imagine such an idealized world—in
this case, one where there is no friction—and to see that it could lead
to a more accurate and richer understanding of the real world. This
idealization led him to his remarkable conclusion that if no force is
applied to a moving object, it will continue to move with constant
speed in a straight line. An object slows down only if a force is exerted
on it. Galileo thus interpreted friction as a force akin to ordinary
pushes and pulls.
To push an object across a table at constant speed requires a
force from your hand that can balance the force of friction. When the
object moves at constant speed, your pushing force is equal in Figure 1-Error! Use the Home
magnitude to the friction force; but these two forces are in opposite tab to apply 0 to the text that
directions, so the net force on the object (the vector sum of the two you want to appear here.-5
Galileo laid the foundation
forces) is zero. This is consistent with Galileo’s viewpoint, for the where Isaac Newton built his
object moves with constant velocity when no net force is exerted on it. great theory of motion.
Upon this foundation laid by Galileo, Isaac Newton built his great
theory of motion. Newton’s analysis of motion is summarized in his famous “three
laws of motion.” In his great work, the Principia (published in 1687), Newton readily
acknowledged his debt to Galileo. In fact, Newton’s first law of motion is close to
Galileo’s conclusions. It states that
Every object continues in its state of rest, or of uniform velocity in a
straight line, as long as no net force acts on it.
The tendency of an object to maintain its state of rest or of uniform velocity

in a straight line is called inertia. As a result, Newton’s first law is often called the
law of inertia.
How do the forces that act on a body affect its motion? To begin to answer
this question, let’s first consider what happens when the net force on a body is
zero.
You would almost certainly agree that if a body is at rest, and if no net force
acts on it (that is, no net push or pull), that body will remain at rest. But what if
there is zero net force acting on a body in motion?
Experiments like the ones we’ve just described show that when no net force
acts on a body, the body either remains at rest or moves with constant velocity in a
straight line. Once a body has been set in motion, no net force is needed to keep it
moving. We call this observation Newton’s first law of motion:
Newton’s first law of motion: A body acted on by no net force moves

with constant velocity (which may be zero) and zero acceleration.
Here’s another example. Suppose a hockey puck rests on a horizontal

surface with negligible friction, such as an air-hockey table or a slab of wet ice. If
the puck is initially at rest and a single horizontal force F1 acts on it (Fig. 1.6a),
the puck starts to move. If the puck is in motion to begin with, the force changes its
speed, its direction, or both, depending on the direction of the force. In this case
the net force is equal to F1, which is not zero. (There are also two vertical forces:
the earth’s gravitational attraction and the upward normal force exerted by the
11
surface. But as we mentioned earlier, these two forces
cancel.)
Now suppose we apply a second force, F2 (Fig.
1.6b), equal in magnitude to F1 but opposite in
direction. The two forces are negatives of each other,
F2= - F1, and their vector sum is zero:
∑F= F1 + F2= F1 + ( -F1) = 0
Again, we find that if the body is at rest at the

start, it remains at rest; if it is initially moving, it continues to move in the same
direction with constant speed.
Figure 1-6a, the net force is equal to
These results show that in Newton’s first law, zero net F1, which is not zero.
force is equivalent to no force at all. This is just the
1-6b second force applied, F2, equal
principle of superposition of forces that we saw in in magnitude to F1 but opposite in
Section 4.1. direction, F2= - F1
When a body is either at rest or moving with constant
velocity (in a straight line with constant speed), we say that the body is in
equilibrium. For a body to be in equilibrium, it must be acted on by no forces, or
by several forces such that their vector sum—that is, the net force—is zero:
Newton’s First law: ∑F=0 ... must be zero if body

Net force on a body ... is in equilibrium.
We’re assuming that the body can be represented adequately as a point

particle. When the body has finite size, we also have to consider where on the body
the forces are applied.
MISCONCEPTION: A force is required to keep an object moving

CORRECTION: Newton's first law of motion declares that a force is not needed to
keep an object in motion. Slide a book across a table and watch it slide to a rest
position. The book in motion on the table top does not come to a rest position
because of the absence of a force; rather it is the presence of a force - that force
being the force of friction - that brings the book to a rest position. In the absence
of a force of friction, the book would continue in motion with the same speed and
direction - forever (or at least to the end of the table top)! A force is not required to
keep a moving book in motion.
Source: The Big Misconception. The Physics Classroom website.

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/newtlaws/U2l3b.cfm
12
Inertial Reference Frames
Newton’s first law does not hold in every reference frame. For example, if
your
reference frame is an accelerating car, an object such as a cup resting on the
dashboard may begin to move toward you (it stayed at rest as long as the car’s
velocity remained constant). The cup accelerated toward you, but neither you nor
anything else exerted a force on it in that direction. Similarly, in the reference
frame
of the decelerating bus example, there was no force pushing the backpacks
forward. In accelerating reference frames, Newton’s first law does not hold. Physics
is easier in reference frames in which Newton’s first law does hold, and they
are called inertial reference frames (the law of inertia is valid in them). For most
purposes, we usually make the approximation that a reference frame fixed on the
Earth is an inertial frame. This is not precisely true, due to the Earth’s rotation,
but usually it is close enough.
Any reference frame that moves with constant velocity (say, a car or an
airplane) relative to an inertial frame is also an inertial reference frame. Reference
frames where the law of inertia does not hold, such as the accelerating reference
frames discussed above, are called noninertial reference frames. How can we be
sure a reference frame is inertial or not? By checking to see if Newton’s first law
holds. Thus Newton’s first law serves as the definition of inertial reference frames.
A frame of reference is a coordinate system from which observations and

measurements are made. Your usual frame of reference is the surface of the Earth
and structures fixed to it.
Have you experienced two frames of reference at once? Many large public
spaces have banks of escalators to transport people from one floor to another. If
two side-by-side escalators are moving in the same direction and at the same
speed, and you and a friend step onto these escalators at the same time, you will
seem to be standing still in relation to your friend.
From the frame of reference of your friend, you are not moving. From the
frame of reference of a person standing at the base of the escalator, you are both
moving.
Mass, Inertia and Weight

Newton’s second law, which will come in the next Section, makes use of the
concept of mass. To better understand the law of inertia, let us define mass.
Newton used the term mass as a synonym for “quantity of matter.” However, this
intuitive notion of the mass of an object is not very precise since the concept
“quantity of matter” is not very well defined. More precisely, we can say that mass
is a measure of the inertia of an object.
The more mass an object has, the greater the force needed to give it a
particular acceleration.
13
It is harder to start it moving from rest, or to stop it when it is moving, or to
change its velocity sideways out of a straight-line path. A truck has much more
inertia than a baseball moving at the same speed, and a much greater force is
needed to change the truck’s velocity at the same rate as the ball’s. The truck
therefore has much more mass.
The concept of mass is defined as a constant of proportionality in Newton’s
second law. To measure the mass of an object, we compare its mass with a
standard mass, such as the 1-kg standard kept at Sèvres. France. The mass of
this standard object is 1 kilogram (kg), the SI unit of mass.
A convenient standard unit for mass in atomic and nuclear physics is the
unified atomic mass unit (u), which is defined as one-twelfth of the mass of the
carbon-12 atom. The unified atomic mass unit is related to the kilogram by 1 u=
1.660 540 x 10 27 Kg.
The terms mass and weight are often confused with one another, but it is
important to distinguish between them.
Mass is a property of an object itself (a measure of an object’s inertia, or

its “quantity of matter”).
Weight, on the other hand, is a force, the pull of gravity acting on an

object.
To see the difference, suppose we take an object to the Moon. The object will
weigh only about one-sixth as much as it did on Earth, since the force of gravity is
weaker. But its mass will be the same. It will have the same amount of matter as
on Earth, and will have just as much inertia—in the absence of friction, it will be
just as hard to start it moving on the Moon as on Earth, or to stop it once it is
moving. The magnitude of the force of gravity on an object, mg, is commonly called
the object’s weight.
W=mag
Where: w=weight, unit Newton,
m=mass , unit Kg
ag= acceleration due to gravirt

Everyday application of Law of Inertia
There are many applications of Newton’s first law

of motion. Have you ever experienced being jerked
forward when the driver of the jeepney you were riding
suddenly stepped on the breaks? This is a common
scenario. You were riding a jeepney that is moving at a
constant speed in a straight line, the driver suddenly
steps on the breaks. What happens? You feel your body
lunging forward in the direction that the jeepney was Figure 1 -7. You feel your body lunging
moving. Why? Blame it on Newton’s first law, or rather, forward in the direction that the jeepney
was moving because your inertia is
blame it on your inertia. Your body is in a state of
dictating your body to continue moving or
motion that is moving in a constant speed in line with when the jeepney suddenly stopped your
inertia is resisting that sudden change in
motion.
14
the jeepney that you are riding. So, your inertia is dictating your body to continue
moving. However, the jeepney suddenly stopped. Your inertia is resisting that
sudden change in motion, so your body tends to continue moving forward in that
same speed even though the jeepney has already stopped. The force of the road on
the locked wheels provides the unbalanced force to change the jeepney's state of
motion, yet there is no unbalanced force to change your own state of motion. Thus,
you continue in motion, sliding along the seat in forward motion. That moving
forward is the jerk or lunge that you feel. That is inertia. It is the same explanation
when you are in a car that is at rest that suddenly accelerated forward. You feel
pressed against your car seat when the car lunges forward. This law is the same
reason why you should always wear your seatbelt. Yes! Seat belts are used to
provide safety for passengers whose motion is governed by Newton's laws. The seat
belt provides the unbalanced force that brings you from a state of motion to a state
of rest.
There are many more applications of Newton's first law of motion. Several
applications are listed below, sourced from the physics classroom website:
• Blood rushes from your head to your feet while quickly stopping when
riding on a descending elevator.
• The head of a hammer can be tightened onto the wooden handle by
banging the bottom of the handle against a hard surface.
• A brick is painlessly broken over the hand of a physics teacher by
slamming it with a hammer. (CAUTION: do not attempt this at home!)
• To dislodge ketchup from the bottom of a ketchup bottle, it is often
turned upside down and thrusted downward at high speeds and then
abruptly halted.
• Headrests are placed in cars to prevent whiplash injuries during rear-
end collisions.
• While riding a skateboard (or wagon or bicycle), you fly forward off
the board when hitting acurb or rock or other object that abruptly
halts the motion of the skateboard.
Problem Solving
Example 1
A 1675 kilogram car is moving to the right at a constant velocity of 25ms/.

What is the net force exerted on the car?
Given: m: 1675 kg v= 25m/s
Find: ∑F=?
Recall Newton's first law of motion: an object will remain in its state of
uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force. The car's motion is
described as having a constant velocity which is a uniform state so there are no
external forces.
15
Solution:
∑F=ma = 1675 Kg ( 0m/s2) = 0
∑F= 0
The car is moving with constant velocity so acceleration is zero, this means
the body is in equilibrium. For a body to be in equilibrium, it must be acted on by
no forces, or by several forces such that their vector sum—that is, the net force—is
zero
Example 2
A 1675 kilogram car is moving to the right at a constant velocity of 25m/s. (a) What is
the total force on the car?
Given: m: 1675 kg v=25m/s
Find: Fnet=?
Recall Newton's first law of motion: an object will remain in its state of
uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force. The car's motion is
described as having a constant velocity which is a uniform state (zero acceleration)
so there are no external forces.
Solution: F=ma = (1675 kg) (o m/s2)
∑F=0
Example 3
A 2400-kg truck is moving at a constant speed of 15m/s on a horizontal and straight

road that offers an overall frictional force of 1800N. Calculate (a) its acceleration, (b)
the engine force, (c) the distance it travels in 35s, (d) its acceleration if it changes its
speed to 25m/s in 8.0 seconds, and (e) the engine force in this case.
Given: m= 2700Kg v= 15m/s FFr=1800N t-35s
Find: ae=acceleration of the engine
b. Fe= engine force

c. D= distance travels in 35s
d. a2= acceleration if it changes its speed
e. Fe=engine force if it changes its speed
Solution:
16
a. (a) Since the truck's speed is initially constant; therefore, a1 = 0. Figure 1-7
Fe-FFr =0 Figure 1-7 When the net force is

zero, the car moves at cosntant
velocity (a=o)
b. ΣF = ma Fe - Ff = ma1
→
Fe - 1800N = (2400kg)(0)
Fe = 1800N + 0
= 1800N
c. Use Equation of motion for constant velocity,

x=vt
x = (15m/s)(35s)
= 530m
5.3x102 m is the distance travels in 35s.
d. Use kinematic equation in finding acceleration,

25𝑚 15𝑚
𝑣𝑓− 𝑣𝑖 𝑠
− 𝑠
𝑎2 = 𝑡 =
8.0𝑠
= 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝒎/𝒔𝟐
e. F=ma = 2700Kg (1.25m/s2) =3.4x103N
What’s More
Independent Activity 3.1 I deserve an explanation. Answer the

following questions briefly.
1. Newton’s first law. A school bus comes to a sudden stop, and all of the
backpacks on the floor start to slide forward. What force causes them to do that?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
17
2. When a space shuttle travels in a nearly circular orbit around Earth, is a force
required to maintain its high speed? If suddenly the force of gravity were cut off,
what type of path would the shuttle follow?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Independent Assessment 3.1. Think More!

Cite application of law of inertia in real life and provide explanations for each
1._____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________________
Independent Activity 3.2. Thinking Deeper!

Answer the following questions briefly.
1. Imagine a place in the cosmos far from all gravitational and frictional influences.
Suppose that you visit that place (just suppose) and throw a rock. The rock will
a. gradually stop.
b. continue in motion in the same direction at constant speed.
2. A 2-kg object is moving horizontally with a speed of 4 m/s. How much net force
is required to keep the object moving at this speed and in this direction?
3. Russel and Marian are arguing in the cafeteria. Russel says that if he flings the
candy with a greater speed it will have a greater inertia. Marian argues that inertia
does not depend upon speed, but rather upon mass. Who do you agree with?
Explain why.
Independent Assessment 3.2. Think More!

Answer the following questions briefly.
1. Supposing you were dating in space in a weightless environment, would it

require a force to set an object in motion?
2. Leonard spends most Sunday afternoons at rest on the sofa, watching pro
football games and consuming large quantities of food. What affect (if any) does this
practice have upon his inertia? Explain.
18
Independent Activity 3.3 Are you Moving or not Moving?
Do the following:
1. Ask someone who will walk at a constant speed while throwing the ball
straight up, then catch it. (or set-up a camera to record movement). Then
someone stationary (or your camera) will observe/record the ball’s
movement.
Questions:
a. How does the walking person see the ball move? Draw the path as
he/she sees it.
b. How does the stationary person on the ground see the ball move?
Again, draw the path of the object as he/she sees it.
2. Do the activity again this time, the stationary observer on the

ground will throw the ball straight up and catch it. Record your
observation to the stationary thrower while you are walking at
constant speed.
Questions:
a. How does the moving observer see the ball move? Sketch its path.
b. How does a person on the ground see the ball move? Sketch its path.
Independent Assessment 3.3 What’s your reference? Let us test

your understanding by answering the following questions relative to the given
situation.
1. Jose is standing on the back of a pickup truck (that is motionless), and he is

throwing apples forwards. He can throw an apple at exactly 15m/s every time.
a. If a there is a stationary observer on the sidewalk, how fast would she
say the apples are moving?
b. What if the truck starts to move forwards at 20m/s. Jose is still throwing
apples forwards, exactly the same speed at 15m/s. If Jose is really not
paying attention to what’s going on around (like the fact that he is
standing in the back of a moving truck), how fast would he say the apples
are moving?
c. How fast does the stationary observer say the apple is moving?
d. Now Jose turn around and start throwing the apples from the rear of the
truck, backwards! how fast would he say the apples are moving? A.
relative to him b. relative to the stationary observer.
19
What I Have Learned
➢ Inertia is the property of a body which resists changes in a body’s condition

of rest or of motion with constant velocity.
➢ A measure of the inertia of a body is its mass. A body with more mass has
greater inertia. The more inertia a body has, the more difficult it is to start it
moving. It will also be more difficult to stop the body if it is originally in
motion.
➢ The Law of inertia states that a body at rest will remain at rest and a body
in motion in a straight line will remain in motion unless acted upon by a net
force.
➢ Newton's first law of motion declares that a force is not needed to keep an
object in motion
➢ Some examples of application of Law of Inertia

▪ Blood rushes from your head to your feet while quickly stopping
when riding on a descending elevator.
▪ The head of a hammer can be tightened onto the wooden handle by
banging the bottom of the handle against a hard surface.
▪ To dislodge ketchup from the bottom of a ketchup bottle, it is often
turned upside down and thrusted downward at high speeds and then
abruptly halted.
▪ Headrests are placed in cars to prevent whiplash injuries during
rear-end collisions.
➢ A frame of reference is a coordinate system from which observations

and measurements are made.
➢ Physics is easier in reference frames in which Newton’s first law does hold,
and they are called inertial reference frames (the law of inertia is valid in
them).
➢ Reference frames where the law of inertia does not hold, such as the
accelerating reference frames are called noninertial reference frames.
➢ Mass is a property of an object itself (a measure of an object’s inertia, or its
“quantity of matter”).
➢ Weight, on the other hand, is a force, the pull of gravity acting on an object.
20
What I Can Do
Explain it!
Let us test your understanding of Law of inertia in real life situation.
1. A truck bumps a stationary jeepney from behind. Why does the jeepney’s
driver tend to move backward?
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Seatbelts are required in cars and jeepneys to protect the passengers and
drivers. Explain how can a seatbelt protect the passenger or driver of the
vehicle?
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Why is a jeepney of mass 2000 kg more difficult to stop than a tricycle of

mass 1000 kg when both are traveling at the same initial speed?
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Explain why force is not required to keep an object moving .

___________________________________________________________________________
5. Discuss the contribution of Galileo to Newton’s First Law of Motion .
How important am I? Give the importance of the following concepts in

your everyday experiences.
1. Law of Inertia
________________________________________________ _______________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
________________________
2. Inertial Frame of reference
________________________________________________ ______________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
______________________________
21
Assessment
1. An accelerating car _______________.

a. has an unbalanced for acting on it
b. no longer has a force acting on it
c. has balanced forces acting on it.
d. has a constant velocity.
2. A rock sitting on a table has_____________.

a. a velocity of 0 m/s
b. balanced forces acting on it
c. an acceleration of 0 m/s/s
d. all of the above
3. In order for a 1200 kg car to maintain a velocity of 4 m/s in a frictionless

world how much force must be applied
a. 0 N b. 4 N c. 300 N d. 4800 N
4. Newtons first law of motion is sometime called the law of

a. acceleration b. inertia c. interaction d. statics
5. Two books are laying on a table top. With out picking them up how could
you determine which has the greatest inertia
a. it is impossible to tell
b. neither one has inertia they are not moving
c. look at them the larger one will have more inertia
d. give each one a push, the one that moves the easiest has less mass thus
less inertia
6. While floating in outer space you throw a ball. The ball then
a. slows down at a constant acceleration
b. slows down and stops after being thrown
c. move fast at a constant acceleration
d. continues at a constant speed in a constant direction forever or until it
meets a force.
7. What kind(s) of objects have inertia?

a. all objects with mass c. only objects at rest
c. only objects in motion d. only objects whose motion is being
changed
22
8. Which object has more inertia?
a. A car rolling at 5 m/s
b. A bowling ball rolling at 1m/s
c. A pingpong ball rolling a 2 m/s
d. A tractor trailor rig moving at 2 m/s
9. It is a coordinate system from which observations and measurements are

made.
a. Cartesian plane c. frame of reference
b. inertial frame of reference d. law of inertia
10. The study of the way in which observations from moving frames of reference
affect your perceptions of the world is called__________.
a. Dynamics. b. Kinematics. c. Mechanics . d. Relativity.
Essay. Answer each question briefly write your answer on your answer sheet.
1. A girl who was standing on the aisle of a bus was holding a book. The book
fell when the bus suddenly moved forward. Where will the book land on the
floor with respect to the girl’s position? Explain.
2. Give 2 examples of situation showing the application of Law of Inertia.
3. Why will the coin drop into the glass when a force accelerates the card?
4. Why does a sudden downward yank break the bottom string while a slow
pull breaks the top string?
5. Why do the downward motion and sudden stop of the hammer tighten the
hammerhead?
.
6. Why does a child in a wagon seem to fall backward when

you give the wagon a sharp pull forward?
Additional Activities
Reason it! A. Read the questions carefully. Based on what you have learned,
answer the following questions in relation to Law of Inertia
1. If an object is moving, is it possible for the net force acting

on it to be zero? Explain.
23
2. A box rests on the (frictionless) bed of a truck. The
truck driver starts the truck and accelerates
forward. The box immediately starts to slide toward
the rear of the truck bed. Discuss the motion of the
box, in terms of Newton’s laws, as seen (a) by Mary
standing on the ground beside the truck, and (b) by
Chris who is riding on the truck (Fig. 4–35).
Experiment time: Good experiments are reproducible. Plan and create your own
experiment showing how Law of inertia works. Use available materials in your
home.
I. Objectives
II. materials
III. Procedure
IV. Data and Results
V. Conclusion and Analysis
Internet
Connect!
To see inertia in action, check out the actual Inertia demos on the YouTube link:
Video 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=--DILG7Znk&feature=player_embedded
Video 2: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T1ux9D7-O38
24
What I Know
Before we continue our journey in understanding the physical world, let us

first answer the pre-test.
1. It is a push or pull acting upon an object as a result of its interaction with

another object.
a. density b. force c. mass d. speed
2. Those types of forces that result when the two interacting objects are perceived
to be physically contacting each other.
a. Noncontact forces c. Action-at-a-distance forces
b. Contact Forces d. Normal Force
3. What type of forces hold atoms and their particles together?

a. Friction b. Gravity c.Nuclear d. Tension
4. What type of force is caused by a large body like the planet Earth?
a. Friction b. Gravity c.Nuclear d. Tension
5. Friction is a force that acts in an ___________ direction of movement.

a. Similar b. opposite c. Parallel d. west
6. Those types of forces that result even when the two interacting objects are not
in physical contact with each other, yet are able to exert a push or pull despite
their physical separation.
a. Noncontact forces c. reaction-at-a-distance forces
b. Contact Forces d. Normal Force
7. The following are examples where the action-at-a-distance forces are present
EXCEPT?
a. Earth and Moon c. Nucleus and electron
b. Book on the table d. Magnetic imaging devices
8. Two magnets that exert a magnetic pull on each other even when separated by a
distance of a few centimeters is an example of _______.
a. Normal Force c. Noncontact forces
b. Applied forces d. reaction-at-a-distance forces
9. Force is a quantity that is measured using the standard metric unit known as
the______.
a. Dyne b. Kgm/s c.N/m d. Newton
10. Which of the following is not a contact force?

a. Applied Force c. Tension Force
b. Normal Force d. Gravitational Force
25
11. It is the force that is transmitted through a string, rope, cable or wire when it is
pulled tight by forces acting from opposite ends.
a. Applied Force c. Tension Force
b. Normal Force d. Gravitational Force
12. A force exerted by a compressed or stretched spring upon any object that is
attached to it.
a. Applied Force c. friction force
b. elastic force d. Normal Force
13. Which of the following situation is not an example of contact forces?

a. Lifting a barbell c. skateboarding
b. Fetching water d. a balloon ‘rubbed’ with a cloth attracted to
ceiling
14. In the centimetre gram second system of unit (CGS unit) force is expressed in
_______.
a. Dyne b. Kgm/s c.N/m d. Newton
15. Circle the letter that identifies the force acting upward on an object suspended
from a spring scale.
a. equilibrium b. gravity c. tension d. weight
26
Lesson
2 Forces
In kinematics, you were able to use math to predict the motion of an object,
where it has been in the past, where it will go in the future, how long it took to get
there and even how fast it was moving. Meaning we are analyzing the how objects
were moving. But the question is why it was moving? In other words, what causes
certain body to speed? The answer is simple because of Force. It is the only thing
why object with certain mass tends to accelerate.
We cannot deny the fact that forces are in play all around us. From the
moment you were born until you were creeping or crawling. You are experiencing
and doing some kind of force, be it in playing basketball or simply using your
phone. From those things hanging, sitting, balancing, moving and spinning are all
using or experiencing some kind of force. Forces come in different forms and they
all result in some thing.
In this lesson we will explore all kinds of force. Yes, you heard it right there
are types of force in physics. In this lesson, we shall look at Forces in detail and
how forces change the shape of objects, get things moving, cause moving objects
speed up, slow down or stop and change the way things move. Weight, pressure
and turning moments are all the result of forces too. Ready? May the force be with
you!

To be able to deliver this lesson well, the teacher must have tried
the hands on activity first.
Download Force and Motion: Basic Simulation
27
What’s In
Let us start the lesson with this short story.
"After an intense fight of playing mobile game, Joey run to the kitchen then
opened the fridge and brought out his favorite can of soda. He opened the soda
and drunk it down straight. He was dismayed when it was emptied too soon and
so he crumpled the can with his left hand and threw the crushed can into the bin.
While walking back to the living room, Joey suddenly slipped out due to a
banana peel. Luckily, because of his quick reaction he was able to immediately
grasps to a hanging rope."
Joey applied force in many of his actions. Can you name some of them? His
actions involved the use of force to lift, open, turn, move and even change the
shape of something. Force is also evident when he slipped out and hold to a
hanging rope.
Force is inevitable, together with its various types are practical in almost
every single activity in our lives.
When going to supermarket you are pushing the shopping cart or going
around pulling the baby stroller, carrying your bag when going to school, lifting
weights at the gym, skateboarding, skydiving, walking, eating and many other
things involve the use of some force.
Can you think of the many ways in which you have applied a force to get
results?
What’s New
Perform any of the following hands-on activity- Actual or virtual experiment in

connection with Contact and non-contact forces
Activity 1. Contact and non-contact forces
For Virtual: Access this link, https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/forces-and-

motion-basics and download “forces and Motion: Basic” Simulation.
1. Open the simulation. Select Motion.

2. Explore the features of simulation for 5 minutes.
3. Turn all the values. (Values, masses and speed)
28
Objective: To be able to understand the concept of contact force using virtual
simulation/actual experiment.
Materials:
Virtual: Laptop, internet connection, timer Actual: chair, paper, bag
Procedure: (Note: There are two available activities, choose Only one appropriate
for you.)
A. For Virtual experiment: Simulation
1. Push the box with 50N.

2. Replace the box with a man then Push it with 50N.
3. Do the same for Garbage bin.
4. Record your observation on your notebook.
5. Data and Result:
Object Force Observation to the
(Newton) objects
If you don’t have laptop and access in the internet do the following.
B. For Actual experiment:
1. Push a chair.
2. Pull a paper out of your bag.
3. Lift your bag.
Guide Questions:
1. Why the objects move?
____________________________________________________________________
2. In which of the following cases were you able to have a direct contact
with each of the three objects?
____________________________________________________________________
3. Which object move the fastest? Slowest? Why?
____________________________________________________________________
4. Were you able to exert a contact force? Why do you say so?
____________________________________________________________________
5. Describe the relationship of force and movement of objects
____________________________________________________________________
*Note: You don’t need to perform both activities choose only one based on your
preference.
29
What is It
All the cases in our previous activity, either actual or virtual both
demonstrated how contact forces occur. For you to able to push a chair your hand
should be placed in contact with the chair. When getting the paper from your bag,
your hand must be touching the paper. In lifting your bag, you must hold the bag.
This is also the same even in the simulation of applying force to a box, man and
garbage can.
In this lesson, we shall look at forces in detail and how forces change the
shape of objects, get things moving, because moving objects speed up, slow down
or stop and change the way things move. Weight, pressure and turning moments
are all the result of forces too.
The Force can be measured using a spring balance. The SI unit of force is
Newton(N).
Common symbols: F→, F
SI unit: Newton
In SI base units: kg·m/s2
Other units: dyne, poundal, pound-
force, kip, kilopond
Derivations from other uantities: F=ma
Dimension: LMT-2
Push and pull come from the objects interacting with one another. Terms
like stretch and squeeze can also be used to denote force.
Force
The push or pull on an object with mass that causes it to change its velocity.
Force is an external agent capable of changing the state of rest or motion of

a body. Force is a vector quantity. It has a magnitude (the size or strength of the
force) and a direction. The direction towards which the force is applied is known as
the direction of the force, and the application of force is the point where force is
applied. Since force is a vector, it can be balanced or unbalanced depending on the
interaction of forces present in the system:
1. Balanced Force: When two forces are in opposite direction and possess
equal magnitude then these forces called are a balanced force. Equal and
opposite forces together acting on an object when it’s not in a motion is said
to be in equilibrium.
2. Unbalanced Force: The unbalanced force can be defined as ” when two
forces acting on a body are of unequal size.
What are the Effects of Force?

In physics, motion is defined as the change in position with respect to time. In
simpler words, motion refers to the movement of a body.
30
Forces can:
• Force can cause an object which is at rest to move.

o Turn things. A natural force like wind can turn the blades of a wind
turbine to generate electricity.
• Force can stop a moving body or slow it down.
• It can accelerate the speed of a moving body.
• It can also change the direction of a moving object along with its shape and
size.
o Change the direction of an object. You can pull the leash of your dog
to make it change direction.
o Change the shape of something. Next time your mum makes dough
for bread, watch her change the shape of the dough with the rolling
pin.
• If an object is in its motion state than its current state will be either static or
motion. Its position will only be changed if it is pushed or pulled.
Principle of superposition.
If two or more individual forces simultaneously act on an object, the result is
as if a single force, equal to the vector sum of the individual forces, acts in place of
the individual forces. (That forces combine this way is called the principle of
superposition.) The vector sum of the individual forces on an object is called the
net force on the object. That is,
Fnet=F1+F2+… or ∑F= F1+F2+…
where F1, F2… are the individual forces. For example, an object being pulled
in two directions by ropes. The effect is as if a single force equal to the net force
acts on the object. The SI unit of force is the newton (N). One newton is equal to the
weight of a modest-sized apple.
The Fundamental Interactions of Nature
Forces are interactions between particles. Traditionally, physicists explain

all interactions observed in nature in terms of four basic interactions that occur
between elementary particles
1. The gravitational interaction—the long-range interaction between particles
due to their mass. It is believed by some that the gravitational interaction
involves the exchange of hypothetical particles called gravitons.
2. The electromagnetic interaction—the long-range interaction between

electrically charged particles involving the exchange of photons.
3. The weak interaction—the extremely short-range interaction between

subnuclear particles involving the exchange or production of W and Z
bosons. The electromagnetic and weak interactions are now viewed as a
single unified interaction called the electroweak interaction.
4. The strong interaction—the long-range interaction between hadrons, which

themselves consist of quarks, that binds protons and neutrons together to
form the atomic nuclei. It involves the exchange of mesons between hadrons,
or gluons between quarks
31
Demystifying Contact and Non-contact Forces
If you leave your ball on your table and go to sleep, will it be
where you left when you wake up? Of course it will. A ball cannot
move unless you make it move. In the situation when the force is
exerted on objects which are closer to each other the force applied
is called as Contact force. This force can either be continuous as a
continuous force or can be momentary in the form of an impu lse.
Contact force is governed by Newton’s Laws. This is the situation in
many places, a book will not flip its pages unless you flip it
yourself. A football will not fly into the goal unless you kick it. This
brings us to the concept of force. Sir Isaac Newton gave us the
concept of force. He said that an object would be in its position Figure 2-1 Godfrey
Keller’s 1689 portrait of
either in static state or moving state until and unless any external Isaac Newton at age 46
force is applied on it. Force is a stimulus provided to an object in
order to make it do something. Here the force can be both against the motion and
for it. The amount of force required is related to the mass of the object, greater the
mass, greater the force required to move it.
Other common examples of contact forces
1. hitting a ball with a bat,

2. your hand pulling on a fishing line,
3. your hands pushing on a shopping cart, and
4. the force of friction between your sneakers and the floor.
5. Pushing a car up the hill,
6. writing your name with a pen or
7. picking up a textbook from the table ( also examples of continuous force).
8. hammering a nail, kicking a ball ( examples of impulse or momentary
force).
Each case there is direct physical contact between the object applying the force
and the object to which the force is applied. No doubt, contact force is responsible
for most of the interactions we experience in the daily life.
Types of contact force:
1. Frictional Force (FFr): Friction is a force exerted by a

surface against the motion of a body across its surface.
Example: Friction is the reason why your car comes

to a standstill if you don’t press the accelerator. The Friction Force
frictional force is opposing the rotation of the wheels of your
car. Therefore if you leave the accelerator, the friction slowly Figure 2-2 Friction is a
removes all the force from the car and when it has removed type of contact force
the last bit of force, the car comes to a standstill. Another only.
example, if a book slides across the surface of a desk, then
the desk exerts a friction force in the opposite direction of
its motion causing it to stop sliding after a finite distance.
Push
Applied Force
Figure 2-3. Applied force
32
may be contact force
as well as non –
contact force.
2. Applied Force (FA): Force which is applied to an object by another object.
Example: A person pushing a barrel is an example of applied force.
When the person pushes the barrel then there is an applied force acting
upon the barrel. The applied force is the force exerted on the barrel by the
person and it responsible for the motion of the barrel.
3. Normal Force (FN): The normal force is also called Support

force. The normal force is the support force exerted upon an
object that is in contact with another fixed or stable object. Normal
Example, if a book is resting upon a surface, then Force
the surface is exerting an upward force upon the book in
order to support the weight of the book. The solid ground
provides the normal force for all of us live. The normal force
is proportional to the weight of the body. Larger the body
larger the normal force. If a very high weight is kept on a Figure 2-4 Normal force is
table and it cannot provide a normal force that large, then it the force that either object
exerts on the other and is
breaks.
perpendicular to their
common surface of
contact.
4. Spring Force(FS): This force works opposite to the

displacement of molecules. The elastic force occurs as a
deformed object (think spring) tries to return to its original
shape.
Elastic Force
Example: Like in a spring or elastic rubber band etc.
Figure 2-5 The force
always acts in a direction
that will return it to its
original shape.
5. Air Resistance Force(FAir): The force exerted by a gas Air

acting upon a body on the opposite direction is called air Resistance
resistance force. The very large surface area of a parachute, Force
for example, has greater air resistance than a skydiver’s
body
Example: Forces experienced by a skydiver or a
downhill skier etc. Figure 2-6 Force exerted by
gas upon a body on the
opposite direction.
6. Tension Force (FT):
( FT) acting on a string or cable or chain (or, indeed, on any
structural member) is the applied force tending to stretch it.
The scalar magnitude of the tensile force is the tension (F T).
When an object is in tension, the forces acting on it point Tension
outward away from its center, and the forces it exerts point Force
inward toward its center. Remember that ropes, cables, and
chains can only function in tension. The tension force is
always a pull not a push.
Example, a ball hanging with the help of a string.
Figure 2-Error! Use the
Home tab to apply 0 to the
text that you want to
appear here.7. The tension
force is same throughout
the cable.
33
Non-Contact Force
When you jump, you will always return back to the surface. Why? Is there
anything that is holding your feet when you try to jump? When you throw a ball
high up in the air, it reaches the highest point and then it always returns back to
its thrower on the ground. These occurrences can be explained by the non-contact
force. A non-contact force is a force applied to an object by another body that is
not in direct contact with it. Non-contact forces come into play when objects do not
have physical contact between them or when a force is applied without any
interaction. These are very few non-contact forces.
Types of non-contact force:
1. Electromagnetic Force: These are the magnetic and electric

interactions between atoms and molecules which helps in binding
and defining the structure of solids.
For example, in a magnet, poles attract each other Figure 2-8. Attraction
between two magnets.
2. Gravitational Force: The gravitational force is defined as the
force acting between objects due to presence of matter. Every
object is attracted to every other object by gravity. The force of
gravity between two objects depends on the mass of the objects. It
also depends on how far apart the objects are.
For example, Earth’s gravity acting upon objects and is Figure 2-9. The force
given as: Fgrav=m×g pulling the planet is the pull
of gravity between the
planet and the moon.
3. Nuclear Force: The force responsible for the bonding of

nucleus is known as nuclear force. The two classes of
interactions Strong and weak interaction. Nuclei contain
electrically neutral and positively charged particles. The strong
interaction is also responsible for the creation of unstable
particles in high-energy particle collisions. The weak
Figure 2-10Error! Use the
interaction is responsible for the decay of many unstable Home tab to apply 0 to the
particles produced in high-energy collisions of fundamental text that you want to appear
particles. It also plays a significant role in the evolution of stars here.. Strong Force is
For example, forces resulting in radioactive decay. responsible for holding the
nucleus of an atom while weak
force is responsible for beta
Other Non-Contact Force examples from our daily life.
decay.
1. An apple falling down from a tree.

2. Iron pins attracted in the presence of a magnet bar without any physical
contact.
3. Falling of raindrops on earth.
4. The charging of the hair and attraction of paper bits towards it.
5. Two magnets are placed close to each other.
6. Free fall of a ball towards earth is by the virtue of gravity.
7. Leaves falling from a tree.
8. Electric motors use the electromagnetic force between a magnet and a
current carrying coil to produce movement.
9. large electromagnet can be use to lift a car or move it
10. There are various examples from electrostatics showing the attraction of
small materials towards an object.
34
11. When electric current is passed through iron converting it into an
electromagnet, it attracts iron and particles towards it, thus, displaying non
contact force properties.
Difference between Contact and Non-Contact Forces

Contact forces Non-contact force
Contact force occurs due to the Occurs due to either attraction or
contact between two different repulsion between two objects such
objects. that there is no contact between
these objects.
There is no field linked with the There is always a field linked with
contact force. non-contact force.
Example : Example:
Friction, Normal Force, Applied Gravitational force (gravity)
Force (Grip), Tension Force, Electric force
Spring/Elastic Force, Mechanical Magnetic force
force, Friction (Air resistance (electromagnetic force or Lorentz
force, slip,drag), buoyant force force)
35
What’s More
Independent Activity 2.1 What force are you?

Identify the forces present in every picture.
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7. 8.
Vecton, Education Chart of Physics for Different Types of Force Diagram. Vector illustration,
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/education-chart-physics-different-types-force-661087543
Independent Assessment 2.1 Fill me out.

Complete the table below by identifying the illustrated forces acting on the object.
Provide an example of interaction of object with environment.
Forces acting on the object Interaction of object with environment

Ex. Slip (Friction) moving past a solid part of the environment
-sliding box
36
Independent Activity 2.2 Group Force.
Categorize the type of force as Contact or non-contact force by checking the
appropriate column.
Forces acting on the object Contact Non-Contact

Friction
Tension
Magnetic force
Buoyant force
applied force
Gravitational Force
Air Resistance
Spring force
Electrical Force
Elastic Force
Independent Assessment 2.2

Direction: Write “F” if a contact force has been exerted in the situation and “nF” if
a non-contact force has been exerted.
_____1. your hand pulling on a fishing line
_____2. your skin hair being attracted to the tv screen when you switch it on
or off.
_____3. writing your name with a pen
_____4. tissue being attracted to a plastic sheet
_____5. kicking a ball
_____6. an apple falling down from a tree
_____7. sitting on a chair
_____8. free fall of a ball towards earth is by the virtue of gravity
_____9. large electromagnet can use to lift a car or move it
_____10. falling of raindrops on earth.
_____11. pulling a cart.
_____12. balloon attracted to the ceiling after rubbing to hair
_____13. electric motors use the electromagnetic force
_____14. moon’s attraction to earth causing tides
_____15. electric current is passed through iron converting it into an
electromagnet, it attracts iron
Independent Activity 2.3 Force for Life.
List down application of Contact and Non-contact forces in our everyday life.
Contact Non-Contact
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
37
Independent Activity 2.3 Concept Mapping
Use the terms/statements below to complete the concept map.
Applied Friction Non-Contact
balanced and unbalanced force Gravity Spring
Can be a push or pull magnetic Force on the rope
force occurs due to either Means a perpendicular force Types of force’
attraction or repulsion
force that keeps things at rest with the unit of Newton Vector quantity
Force is an
interaction of two
1. objects
11
7.
2.
Weakest force
force exerted by a surface

against the motion
Tension FORCE 13. Strong

3.
Can only affect

certain body by Contact 12. 14.
touching 8.
Electric
4. Normal
5. Weak
9.
6.
A person pushing
a barrel 15.
Normal Force is
90-degree angle 10.
38
What I Have Learned
1. Force is a physical cause that can change the state of motion of any object
or the dimensions.
2. Contact forces are the forces exerted on objects by other objects, and forces
that are due to one object being physically touched by a second object
3. Classification of contact force:
a. Applied Force The force which is applied by our muscles is called
applied force is also called muscular force.
b. Normal Force It is referred to the force which acts when two surfaces are
in contact. This force is perpendicular to the surface and acts in the
direction out of the surface.
c. Frictional Force acts when the objects on a surface is trying to moves
relative to surface.
d. Spring Force: This force works opposite to the displacement of
molecules.
e. Air Resistance Force-The force exerted by a gas acting upon a body on
the opposite direction is called air resistance force.
f. Tension Force- This type of force is experienced by a rope or a string
which holds an object. The tension force is always a pull not a push. The
tension force is same throughout the cable.
4. Non-contact forces are the forces which occurs from a distance. Forces act
on an object without direct physical contact with a second object. These
forces, referred to as action-at-a-distance forces also known as non-contact
forces.
5. Classification of non-contact forces:
a. Electromagnetic Force-These are the magnetic and electric interactions
between atoms and molecules which helps in binding and defining the
structure of solids.
b. Gravitational Force-The gravitational force is defined as the force
acting between objects due to presence of matter.
c. Nuclear Force-The force responsible for the bonding of nucleus is
known as nuclear force.
39
What I Can Do
A. It showtime!
Look around your room/any part of your house or backyard. Draw a scene
from your surrounding or if you have smartphone you can take a picture, print it
and paste it on your notebook.
Answer the following:

1. Encircle the part on the picture where force is present.
2. Identify the specific type of forces present on the picture.
3. Classify the type of forces as to contact or non-contact force.
B. Complete me!
Write your answer on your answer sheet.
Force Contact Force opposite non-contact forces nuclear

Tension Elastic Dyne Newton gravity
1. ____________ is a push or pull acting upon an object as a result of its

interaction with another object.
2. Those types of forces that result when the two interacting objects are
perceived to be physically contacting each other is called__________.
3. A type of forces hold atoms and their particles together is called__________.
4. A type of force is caused by a large body like the planet Earth is
called__________.
6. Those types of forces that result even when the two interacting objects are
not in physical contact with each other, yet are able to exert a push or pull
despite their physical separation is called__________.
7. Force is a quantity that is measured using the standard metric unit known
as the______.
8. The force that is transmitted through a string, rope, cable or wire when it is
pulled tight by forces acting from opposite ends is called__________.
9. A force exerted by a compressed or stretched spring upon any object that is
attached to it is called__________.
10. In the centimeter gram second system of unit (CGS unit) force is expressed
in _______.
40
Assessment
1. What is false about force?

a. Force can be balanced or not
b. Newton is the only unit of force.
c. Force is measured with spring scale
d. Force is an interaction of two objects
2. Which is the weakest force in nature?

a. gravity b. nuclear c. weak d. strong
3. Which force causes a charged balloon to attract another balloon?

a. Applied b. Electric force c. Frictional force d. Nuclear force
4. Which of the following is NOT a contact force?

a. Friction b. Magnetic force c. support force d.
Tension
5. When you slide a box across the floor what force must your push be stronger
than?
a. Air resistance b. Friction force c. Gravity d. Normal Force
6. Which force always pulls downward on objects?

a. Air resistance b. Friction force c. Gravity d. Support force
7. What forces are acting on a dropped book that falls to the floor?
a. Gravity only c. Friction only
b. Air resistance d. Gravity and air resistance
8. A change to an objects motion is caused by________.

a. acceleration b. Balanced forces c. Unbalanced forces d.
Velocity
9. The force exerted by a gas acting upon a body on the opposite

direction is called _______.
a. air resistance b. gravity c. Friction only d. tension
10. What can a force do?

a. change the direction of the motion
b. start a motion
c. stop a motion
d. all of the above
41
11. It is a force that is applied by objects in contact with each other.
a. Contact force b. Force c. Non-Contact d. resistance
12. The force that is always a pull not a push.

a. Air resistance b. Friction only c. Gravity d. Tension
13. Which is not an example of contact forces?

a. Pulling a cart.
b. writing your name with a pen
c. your hand pulling on a fishing line
d. Tissue being attracted to a plastic sheet
14. The following are example of action-at-a distance force EXCEPT?

a. Falling of raindrops on earth.
b. Shooting a ball to the basket
c. Leaves falling from a tree.
d. Two magnets are placed close to each other.
15. Which of the following is/are not related to non-contact forces?

a. elastic rubber band c. skydiving
b. a ball hanging d. radioactive decay
42
Directions: Complete the crossword by filling in word/s that fits each clue.
Across Down
5. can cause an object which is at rest to 1. force exerted by a gas acting upon a body
move. 2. force exerted by a surface against the
6. refers to the movement of a body motion of a body across its surface.
8. SI unit of Force 3. extremely short-range interaction
9. Force which is applied to an object 4. long-range interaction between electrically
10. a force that is always a pull not a push. charged particles involving the exchange of
11. occurs due to the contact between two photons.
different objects. 7. Force is a quantity
13. elastic rubber band 12. is also called Support force
14. as the force acting between objects due
to presence of matter
15. two forces are in opposite direction and
possess equal magnitude
Internet
Connect!
43
What I Know
Are you ready for this third lesson? As a preliminary, answer this pretest as part of
the preliminary assessment.
1. Friction is a force that acts in the ______ direction of the intended motion of
an object.
a. Northern b. Opposite c. Parallel d. Same
2. Friction changes the energy of an object from kinetic energy to _____ energy.
a. Electric b. Heat c. Stored Solar d. Wind
3. In what way can friction be reduced?

a. Using a wheel c. Using oil
b. Using a ball d. All of the above
4. A type of friction that occurs when air pushes against a moving object
causing it to decelerate.
a. air resistance c. surface area
b. gravity d. velocity
5. The measurement of the amount of friction a surface will generate is called

the '______ of friction'.
a. Calibration c. Description
b. Coefficient d. Smoothness
6. A bowling ball on a bowling lane is an example of what type of friction?

a. Dry friction c. Rolling friction
b. Fluid friction d. Static Friction
7. A child sliding down the slide at a park is an example of what type of friction?
8. A block sitting still on the side of a ramp is an example of what type of

friction?
9. Air resistance on a flying airplane is an example of what type of friction?

10. In what way does friction help us in our everyday life?

a. Brakes on a car b. Standing up
b. Climbing a hill d. All of the above
44
11. The coefficients of static and kinetic frictions for plastic on wood are 0.50 and
0.40, respectively. How much horizontal force would you need to apply to a
3.0 N plastic calculator to start it moving from rest?
a. 0.15 N b.1.2 N c. 1.5 N d. 2.7 N
12. Which of the following is/are the advantages of friction?

(I) It helps us to walk comfortably on the surface.
(II) Friction allows us to grip and catch different objects.
(III It helps to minimize the speed or to stop the moving objects.
(IV) It helps us to write on paper or blackboard.
a. I and II only b. III and IV c. I, II and III d. I,II,III
and IV
13. Which of the following is False about Friction?

a. It allows the free movement of objects.
b. Friction causes wear and tear in objects.
c. It causes damage to the parts of machines.
d. It reduces the speed of moving objects, so more force is required
14. The coefficient of static and kinetic frictions between a 3.0-kg box and a desk
are 0.40 and 0.30, respectively. What is the net force on the box when a 15 N
horizontal force is applied to the box?
a. 12N b. 8.8N c. 6.2 N d. zero
15. A block of mass 5 kg lies on a horizontal table. The block is at rest. The only
forces acting on the block are the force due to gravity and the normal force
from the table. What is the magnitude of the friction force?
a. Zero b. 1.96N c.9.8N d. 49N
For 16 -18. Name the missing force
16. 17. 18.
a. applied force b. frictional force c. normal force d. tension

force
19. What would the net force be on the box in the

problems shown below (tell both force and direction):
a. 20N west 20N east c. 20 west d. 20 east
20. What would the net force be on the box in the problems
shown below (tell both force and direction):
a. 2 N South b. 2N North c. 6N South d. 6N north
45
Lesson
3 Friction
What exerts the force to move a car? What makes a car move forward? A
common answer is that the engine makes the car move forward. But it is not so
simple. The engine makes the wheels go around. But if the tires are on slippery ice
or wet mud, they just spin. On stable ground, the tires push backward against the
ground because of friction. By Newton’s third law, the ground pushes on the tires in
the opposite direction, accelerating the car forward. This describe the effect of
friction. Yes ,Friction! That is also the same idea why you slipped on the hallway
after raining or when you are ice-skating. In this section we will explore more the
effects of friction to our daily life activities. You will be dealing on how free body
diagram is used in the calculation of static and kinetic friction.
What’s In
Are you ready for the new lesson? If you are reay let’s start first by reviewing your
prior knowledge about friction.
1. Fill in the blanks:

(a) Friction opposes the ______ between the surfaces in contact with each
other.
(b) Friction depends on the ______ of surfaces.
(c) Friction produces ______.
(d) Sprinkling of powder on the carrom board ______ friction.
(e) Sliding friction is ______ than the static friction.
2. Four children were asked to arrange forces due to rolling, static and sliding
frictions in a decreasing order. Their arrangements are given below. Choose the
correct arrangement:
(a) rolling, sliding, static (b) sliding, static, rolling
(c) rolling, static, sliding (d) static, sliding, rolling
3. Maria runs her toy car on a dry marble floor, wet marble floor, newspaper
and towel spread on the floor. The force of friction acting on the car on different
surfaces in increasing order will be
a. newspaper, towel, dry marble floor, wet marble floor.
b. towel, newspaper, dry marble floor, wet marble floor.
c. wet marble floor, dry marble floor, towel, newspaper.
d. wet marble floor, dry marble floor, newspaper, towel.
46
4. Suppose your writing desk is tilted a little, a book kept on it starts sliding
down. Show the direction of frictional force acting on it.
5. You spill a bucket of soapy water on a marble floor accidently. Would it

make it easier or more difficult for you on the floor? Why?

To be able to deliver this lesson well, the teacher must have tried
the following:
Friction experiment
What’s New
Are you a fan of Football? Let us find out the role of friction to the
momentum of the game. While watching the game, you will notice how forces affect
the motion and speed of a football, and different forces can help or hamper motion
in the game at different times. Some forces are in direct contact with objects, while
other forces are not. The following experiment will lead you to answer some of the
reason why friction matters in sports.
To demonstrate the concept of Friction, do the following hands-on activity
Activity
Friction Experiment
Objective:
Conduct an experiment with motion, frictional force, and learn how such
frictional forces may affect the game of football.
Materials:
• Three textbooks of different weight and dimensions
• String (8 feet in length)
• Three different testing surfaces like a table, carpet or tile floor
• Scale
47
• Tape Measure/yard stick
• Stop-watches (if available)
• Frictional Force Worksheet
Procedure:
1. Collect three of textbooks that are different size and weight (you can use
books of various sizes that you have at home as well).
2. Record the weight of each of the books before experimenting.
2. Find three different surfaces to slide (or push) the textbooks on (examples:
table, carpet, tile floor, etc.).
3. Being sure not to damage the textbook, slide the textbook along various
surfaces, keeping a keen eye on the frictional force that each surface has on
the movement of the textbooks.
4. Record the time and distance that each book traveled on the three different
surfaces on your provided worksheet.
Pause & think deeper

Question 1: What factors do you think affect the size of the frictional force?
Explore combinations such as a sliding on different sides of the textbook, on
different surfaces areas, or stacking books on top of each other, or combinations
thereof.
Come up with some predictions on how fast and far you think the textbooks will
travel.
5. Tie strands of string around each textbook, and this time, pull each book
and record the time it takes to pull the same distance you pushed the book
on the three surfaces. Write down your observations and record the times of
this experiment.
Data and Results
Surface Distance Speed Hypothesis (Faster or

slower)
Table
Carpet
Tile Floor
For exploration:
Surface Distance Speed Hypothesis (Faster or

slower)
Table
Carpet
Tile Floor
Guide Questions:
1. What are some examples of friction?
2. Explain what happened when you rubbed your hands together at a fast
pace?
48
3. Which of the four surfaces (table, carpet, tile floor) provided the most
friction? Which provided the least?
4. What effect would friction have on a rolling football?
5. How does rain affect the football player’s performance on the field in
regards to friction?
Adapted from:
What is It
By participating in this experiment, you can easily conclude that textbooks do

not normally move by themselves, they have to be moved by a force. As a
conclusion to this activity, reflect upon the following questions concerning the
magnitude of frictional force applied on the textbooks during testing:
1. When you pulled the textbook towards you, you could feel a force opposing
you. What force do you think is pushing against the book as you pulled it?
2. What happens if you double the weight by stacking one book on top of the
other? How does the surface type affect the frictional force? Typically, the
smoother the surface is the less friction. However, sometimes tile floor,
which is very smooth, will produce a large frictional force, especially if it is
very clean.
Until now we have ignored friction, but it must be taken into

account in most practical situations. Friction exists between two
solid surfaces because even the smoothest looking surface is
quite rough on a microscopic scale. It is thought that the atoms
on a bump of one surface may come so close to the atoms of the
other surface that attractive electric forces between the atoms
could “bond” as a tiny weld between the two surfaces. Sliding an
object across a surface is often jerky, perhaps due to the making
and breaking of these bonds. Even when a round object rolls
across a surface, there is still some friction, called rolling
friction, although it is generally much less than when an object
slides across a surface. We focus now on sliding friction, which
is usually called kinetic friction (kinetic is from the Greek for
“moving”).
When an object slides along a rough surface, the force of
kinetic friction acts opposite to the direction of the object’s velocity. The magnitude
of the force of kinetic friction depends on the nature of the two sliding surfaces. For
given surfaces, experiment shows that the friction force is approximately
proportional to the normal force between the two surfaces, which is the force that
either object exerts on the other and is perpendicular to their common surface of
contact (see Fig. 4–27). The force of friction between hard surfaces in many cases
depends very little on the total surface area of contact; that is, the friction force on
this book is roughly the same whether it is being slid across a table on its wide face
or on its spine, assuming the surfaces have the same smoothness.
49
We consider a simple model of friction in which we make this assumption that
the friction force is independent of area. Then we write the proportionality between
the magnitudes of the friction force and the normal force as an equation by
inserting a constant of proportionality, µk [kinetic friction]
Magnitude of Kinetic Friction
Magnitude of static friction, fk is
fk=µk FN
Where:
µk = coefficient of kinetic friction
FN= normal force
TABLE 42 Coefficients of Friction†

Static Friction, Kinetic
Surfaces
µs Friction, µk
Wood on wood 0.4 0.2
Ice on ice 0.1 0.03
Metal on metal (lubricated) 0.15 0.07
Steel on steel (unlubricated) 0.7 0.6
Rubber on dry concrete 1 0.8
Rubber on wet concrete 0.7 0.05
Rubber on other solid surfaces 1–4 1
Teflon® on Teflon in air 0.04 0.04
Teflon on steel in air 0.04 0.04
Lubricated ball bearings <0.01 <0.01
Synovial joints (in human limbs) 0.01 0.01
† Values are approximate and intended only as a guide.
Take note, this relation is not a fundamental law; it is an experimental

relation between the magnitude of the friction force which acts parallel to the two
surfaces, and the magnitude of the normal force which acts perpendicular to the
surfaces. It is not a vector equation since the two forces have different directions,
perpendicular to one another. The term is called the coefficient of kinetic
friction, µk and its value depends on the nature of the two surfaces. Measured
values for a variety of surfaces are given in Table 4–2. These are only approximate,
however, since depends on whether the surfaces are wet or dry, on how much they
have been sanded or rubbed, if any burrs remain, and other such factors. But
(which has no units) is roughly independent of the sliding speed, as well as the area
in contact.
What we have been discussing up to now is kinetic friction, when one object
slides over another. There is also static friction, which refers to a force parallel to
the two surfaces that can arise even when they are not sliding. Suppose an object
such as a desk is resting on a horizontal floor. If no horizontal force is exerted on
50
the desk, there also is no friction force. But now suppose you try to push the desk,
and it doesn’t move. You are exerting a horizontal force, but the desk isn’t moving,
so there must be another force on the desk keeping it from moving (the net force is
zero on an object at rest). This is the force of static friction exerted by the floor on
the desk. If you push with a greater force without moving the desk, the force of
static friction also has increased. If you push hard enough, the desk will eventually
start to move, and kinetic friction takes over. At this point, you have exceeded the
maximum force of static friction, which is given by
(FFr)max = µsFN ,
where µs is the coefficient of static friction, (Table 4–2). Because the force of
static friction can vary from zero to this maximum value, we write
Magnitude of static friction, fs is
fs=µs FN,
where: µs = coefficient of kinetic friction
FN= normal force

You may have noticed that it is often easier to keep a heavy object sliding
than it is to start it sliding in the first place. This is consistent with generally being
greater than µk (see Table 4–2).
Problem solving Strategy

When solving problems involving Newton’s laws and force, it is very
important to draw a diagram showing all the forces acting on each object involved.
Such a diagram is called a free-body diagram, or force diagram: choose one
object, and draw an arrow to represent each force acting on it. Include every force
acting on that object. Do not show forces that the chosen object exerts on other
objects.
To help you identify each and every force that is exerted on your chosen
object, ask yourself what other objects could exert a force on it. If your problem
involves more than one object, a separate free-body diagram is needed for each
object. For now, the likely forces that could be acting are gravity and contact forces
(one object pushing or pulling another, normal force, friction).
Let us apply the method described above to construct free-body diagrams for
the various situations described below. (Cover the answer and try to make your
free body diagram)
1. A netbook is at rest on a tabletop. 2. An egg is free-falling from a nest

Diagram the forces acting on the book. in a tree. Neglect air resistance.
FN
Fg
Fg
51
3. A gymnast holding onto a bar, is 4. A rightward force is applied to a
suspended motionless in mid-air. The bar book in order to move it across a
is supported by two ropes that attach to desk with a rightward acceleration.
the ceiling. Diagram the forces acting on Consider frictional forces. Neglect
the combination of gymnast and bar. air resistance.
FN FT FN
FFr FA
Fg Fg
Calculating the Force of Friction

The maximum amount of friction force that a surface can apply upon an
object can be easily calculated with the use of the given formula:
Ffrict = µ • Fnorm Eq. 2.3
Normal force can be calculated using the second law, which will be discuss in the
next lesson. For now you must remember that normal force can be obtain as the
product of mass and acceleration due to gravity, Fn=ma.
To help you calculate the frictional force, here we have provided methodical steps to
follow while calculating the force of friction.
• Find the Normal Force
• Find the right co-efficient
Calculating Frictional Force
Problem Solving!
Example
1
A force of 44.0 N accelerates a 5.0-kg block at 6.5 m/s2 along a
horizontal surface. a).How large is the frictional force? b). What is
the coefficient of friction?
Given: F=50N m=5Kg a=6.3m/s2

Find: FFr, µ
For easier analysis, sketch the forces present on the object.
a. From the second law of motion Fnet=ma, therefore
Fnet - FFr=ma → FFr=Fnet-ma
FFr=44N – 5.0Kg)(6.3m/s2)
52
FFr = 12.5N ≈13N
𝐹𝐹𝑟
b. Using eq. 2.3, FFr = µ • FN → µ= , where FN=ma= (5kg)(9.8
𝐹𝑁
m/s2)=49N, therefore the coefficient of friction is,
12.5
µ= =0.2551
49𝑁
µ= 0.2551 ≈2.6 x10-1
*The coefficient of friction is dimensionless and it does not have

any unit.
Example 2 1
An object rests on a horizontal floor. The coefficient static friction is 0.4 and
acceleration of gravity is 9.8 m/s2. Determine (a) The maximum force of the static
friction (b) The minimum force of F
Given: (m) = 1 kg
(μs) = 0.4
ag= 9.8 m/s2
Weight (w) = m g = (1 kg)(9.8 m/s2 ) = 9.8 kg m/s2 = 9.8N
Normal force (FN) = w = 10 Newton
Find:
(a) The maximum force of the static friction (b) The minimum force of F
Solution :
(a) The maximum force of the static friction
Fs = μs FN
Fs = (0.4)(9.8 N) = 3.9 N
(b) The minimum force of F

If the force F is exerted on the object but the object isn’t moved, so
there must be the force of static friction exerted by the floor on the object. If
the object will start to move, the force of the static friction is exceeded, there
must be the force of the kinetic friction. Object start moves if F is greater
than the maximum force of the static friction.
So the minimum force of F = maximum force of the static friction
= 3.92 Newton.
F=Fs=3.9N
Example 3
1 kg box is pulled along a horizontal surface by a force F, so the box is moving at a
constant velocity. If the coefficient kinetic friction is 0.1, determine the magnitude of
the force F! (g = 9.8 m/s 2)
Given: F
μk = 0.1
m = 1 kg
53
ag = 9.8 m/s2
Weight (w) = m g = (1 kg)(9.8 m/s2) = 9.8 kg m/s2 = 9.8 Newton
Normal force (FN) = w = 9.8 Newton
Find: F
Solution :
From the Newton’s first law which states that if no net force,Fnet acts on an
object, every object continues in it’s state of rest, or constant velocity in a straight
line. So if the object moves at a constant velocity, there must no net force (ΣF = 0).
Force F is exerted on the object in the right direction so that the force of the kinetic
friction is exerted on the object to the left direction.
∑F = 0
F – Fk = 0
F = Fk
The force of the kinetic friction :

Fk = μk FN = (0.1)(9.8 N) = 0.98 N
object moves with constant velocity,
F = Fk = 0.98 N
Example 4
Our 10.0-kg mystery box rests on a horizontal floor. The coefficient of static friction is
µs=0.40 and the coefficient of kinetic friction is µk=0.30. Determine the a). magnitude
of Static and b). Kinetic Friction c. can a 40N applied force will start the box moving?
Why?
Given: µs=0.40 µk=0.30

Find: Fs and Fk
Solution:
a. The force of static friction will oppose any applied force up to a maximum
of Fs =µs FN
=(0.40)(98.0)= 39N
b. magnitude of kinetic friction is,

Fk = µk FN
= (0.30)(98.0 N) = 29 N
c. Yes! A force of 40 N will start the box moving since if it exceeds the
maximum force of static friction, µ s FN = (0.40)(98 N) = 39 N
Example 4
A 25.0-kg box is released on a 27° incline and accelerates down the incline at 0.30 m
/s2. Find the friction force impeding its motion. What is the coefficient of kinetic
friction?
54
Given: m= 25.0kg θ= 270 a=0.30m/s2
Required: µk=?
Solution:
Start with a free-body diagram. Write Newton’s second law for

each direction.
∑𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 − 𝐹𝑓𝑟 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥
∑𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹𝑁 − 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝜃 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0
Force of friction. Notice that the sum in the y direction is 0, since there is no
motion (and hence no acceleration) in the y direction. Solve for the force of friction.
mg sin θ - FFr = max → FFr=mg sin θ -max
=(25.0kg)[(9.80m/s2 )(sin 270)- 0.30m/s2]
= 103.7N or 1.0 x102N

Now solve for the coefficient of kinetic friction. Note that the expression for the
normal force comes from the y direction force equation above.
𝐹 103.7𝑁
FFr= µk FN = µk mg cos θ → µk= 𝑚𝑔 𝐹𝑟 = 𝑚2
cos θ 25.0𝐾𝑔 (9.8 ) ( cos 270 )
𝑠
=0.48
ADVANTAGES OF FRICTION
Friction plays a vital role in our daily life. Without friction we cannot do a lot
of things.
1. It is very difficult to walk on a slippery road due to low friction.
2. It is friction which holds the nail in the wood or wall.
3. A horse cannot pull a cart unless friction furnishes him a secure Foothold.
4. Friction also makes writing possible on paper.
5. The ridges on the skin of our fingers and palms allow us to grasp and hold
objects due to friction.
DISADVANTAGES OF FRICTION
1. The main disadvantage of friction is that it produces heat in various parts

of machines. In this way some useful energy is wasted as heat energy.
2. Due to friction we must exert more power in machines.
3. It opposes the motion.
4. Due to friction, noise is also produced in machines.
5. Due to friction, engines of automobiles consume more fuel which a money
loss.
METHODS OF REDUCING FRICTION

There are several methods to reduce friction in which some are discussed
here.
• USE OF LUBRICANTS: The parts of machines which are moving over
one another must be properly lubricated by using oils and lubricants of
suitable viscosity.
55
• USE OF GREASE: Proper greasing between the sliding parts of
machine reduces the friction.
• USE OF BALL BEARING: In machines where possible, sliding friction
can be replaced by rolling friction by using ball bearings.
• DESIGN MODIFICATION: Friction can be reduced by changing the
design of fast-moving objects. The front of vehicles and airplanes made
oblong to minimize friction.
What’s More
Independent Activity 2.1 Friction for life. Answer the following

questions briefly.
1. Explain why sportsmen use shoes with spikes.

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. Josua has to push a lighter box and Sheena has to push a similar
heavier box on the same floor. Who will have to apply a larger force and
why?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
3. Explain why sliding friction is less than static friction.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Independent Assessment 2.1 Show and Explain! Answer the

following questions briefly.
1 Give examples to show that friction is both a friend and a foe.

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
56
2. Explain why objects moving in fluids must have special shapes.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Independent Activity 2.2 Solve it!

A. Read the questions carefully. Based on what you have learned, solve the following
word problems in relation to stoichiometry.
1. A force of 36.0N accelerates a 6.0kg block at 7.0m/s2 along a horizontal
surface. How large is the friction force? What is the coefficient of kinetic
friction?
2. A 5 kg box on a horizontal table is pushed by a horizontal force of 15 N as

shown on the right. If the coefficient of friction is 0.4, will the box move?
Independent Assessment 2.2 Solve it!

A. Read the questions carefully. Based on what you have learned, solve the following
word problems in relation to Friction.
1. If the coefficient of kinetic friction between a 22-kg crate and the floor is
0.30, what horizontal force is required to move the crate at a steady speed
across the floor? What horizontal force is required if coefficient of kinetic
friction is zero?
57
2. A block of mass 5 kg lies on a horizontal table. The block is at rest. The only
forces acting on the block are the force due to gravity and the normal force
from the table. What is the magnitude of the friction force?
3. A force of 35.0 N is required to start a 6.0-kg box moving across a horizontal

concrete floor, (a) What is the coefficient of static friction between the box
and the floor? (b) If the 35.0-N force continues, the box accelerates at 0.60 m
/s2.
What is the coefficient of kinetic friction?
Independent Activity 2.3 Show it!

Construct free-body diagrams for the given situations.
1. A skydiver is descending with a constant

velocity. Consider air resistance.
2. A force is applied to the right to drag a sled

across loosely packed snow with a rightward
acceleration. Neglect air resistance
3. A rightward force is applied to a book in order

to move it across a desk with a rightward
acceleration. Consider frictional forces.
Neglect air resistance.
4. A football is moving upwards towards its peak

after having been booted by the punter.
Neglect air resistance
5. A car is coasting to the right and slowing

down. Neglect air resistance
Independent Assessment 2.3 Solve it!
58
In each of the following situations, represent the object with a dot. Draw and label
all the forces using standard force symbols.
1. An object suspended from the

ceiling
2. Friction on incline prevents

sliding
3. Object slides at constant speed along a

frictionless surface
4. The object is falling at

constant (terminal) velocity.
5. The object is pulled upward at

constant speed.
What I Have Learned
FRICTION
➢ It is harder to move objects with larger inertia, but there are ways to make
moving objects with larger amounts of inertia easier.
➢ One way is to reduce the amount of friction between the object and its
contact surface.
➢ It is parallel to the contact surface between systems and always in a
direction that opposes motion or attempted motion of the systems relative to
each other.
➢ Maximum amount of friction force that a surface can apply upon an object
can be easily calculated with the use of the given formula:
➢ Ffrict = µ • Fnorm
➢ Friction (Dry Friction) is a force that resists the relative motion of two
objects in physical contact, caused by the irregularities of the surfaces
coming into contact and colliding with each other.
➢ Friction:
o increases as the force between two surfaces increases.
o depends on the nature of the materials coming into contact with each
other.
o depends on the force pressing the objects together.
➢ There are three types of Dry friction to consider:
59
o Static friction is the force that opposes the start of relative motion
between two objects in contact with each other. When objects are
stationary, static friction can act between them.
▪ Magnitude of static friction
• fs is fs≤µsN,
• Where µs is the coefficient of static friction and N is the
magnitude of the normal force.
• Static friction is always greater than kinetic friction.
o This is due to inertia – An object at rest tends to
stay at rest while an object in motion tends to
continue moving.
o Kinetic friction is the force that opposes the relative motion between
two objects in contact with each other when the objects are actually in
motion.
▪ Magnitude of Kinetic friction can be measured using this
equation
• fk=µkN,
• µk is the coefficient of kinetic friction, its value depends
on the nature of the two surfaces
o Rolling Friction - Even when a round object rolls across a surface,
there is still some friction, generally much less than when an object
slides across a surface.
➢ Fluid Friction is the force that obstructs the flow of fluid. It is a situation
where the fluid provides resistance between the two surfaces. If both the
surfaces offer high resistance then it is known as high viscous and,
generally we call them as greasy. Examples of Fluid Friction
▪To avoid creaking sounds from doors, we lubricate the door
hinges which leads to the smooth functioning of door hinges.
▪ When you drop the ball in full bucket of water, water splashes
out of the bucket and is all because of buoyancy of fluid.
➢ free-body diagram, or force diagram is diagram showing all the forces
acting on each object involved
What I Can Do
Can you now apply what you have learned?
1. What ways can you think of to reduce friction? Name at least three.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
60
2. Can you think of examples from your life that use these ways of reducing
friction? But do you want to completely eliminate friction?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Name at least three activities where friction is necessary.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Name at least three tools or objects that require friction to function.
_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
5. A dancer is standing on one leg on a drawbridge that is about to open.

Before the drawbridge starts to open, it is perfectly level with the ground.
The dancer is standing still on one leg. What is the x component (horizontal
component) of the friction force?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
6. Suppose you exert a 50-N horizontal force on a heavy desk resting
motionless on your classroom floor. The fact that it remains at rest indicates
that 50 N isn’t great enough to make it slide. How does the force of friction
between the desk and floor compare with your push?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
7. You push harder—say, 55 N—and the desk still doesn’t slide. How much
friction acts on it?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
8. You push still harder and the desk moves. Once it is in motion, you push with
60 N, which is just sufficient to keep it sliding at constant velocity. How
much friction acts on the desk?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
9. What net force does a sliding desk experience when you exert a force of 65 N
and friction between the desk and the floor is 60 N?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
10. You push on a piece of furniture and it slides at constant speed across
the living room floor. In other words, it is in equilibrium. Two horizontal
forces act on it. One is your push and the other is the force of friction that
acts in the opposite direction. Which force is greater?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
61
Assessment
Let’s find out how much have you learned.
1. Wheels on a skateboard most likely experiences-

a. Fluid Friction b. Rolling Friction c. Sliding Friction d. Static Friction
2. Which material should be used on a bicycle ramp to increase friction?

a. rough paper b. shiny metal c. smooth wood d. wet plastic
3. If an object is stationary (not moving) the forces acting upon it are _____________
a. balanced b. not equal c. weak c. unbalanced
4. If Blue and Red boys are pulling with the same amount of force. What will
happen?
a. The boy in blue will win. c. They will not move at all.
b. The boy in red will win. d. Both will fall down.
5. With unbalanced forces, the object will move in the direction of the _______
force.
a. equal b. larger c. same d. smaller
6. If forces are pushing or pulling in opposite directions, do you add or subtract to

find the net force?
a. Add b. add then subtract c. Neither d.
subtract
7. If forces are pushing or pulling in the same direction, do you add or subtract to
find the net force?
a. Add b. add then subtract c. Neither d.
subtract

a. opposite b. parallel c. similar d. west
9. Sally experiences _____ when sitting.
a. Fluid Friction c. Sliding Friction

b. Rolling Friction d. Static Friction
10. Swimming fish experience-

a. Fluid Friction c. Sliding Friction
b. Rolling Friction d. Static Friction
62
11. Which of the following is true?
a. The rougher the surface, the faster an object will travel over the surface.
b. Forces that have a net force of zero (the object is still) is a balanced force.
c. The amount of friction depends on the weight of the objects pressing
together
d. With unbalanced forces, the object will move in the direction of the
smaller force.
12. The coefficient of static friction between two surfaces is 0.25. What force
must be used to move a 156kg crate on a horizontal surface?
a. 230 N b. 344 N c. 383N d. 6151N
13. A force of 300 N is used to keep a 70 kg crate sliding across the warehouse
floor. What is the coefficient of sliding friction for the crate and the floor?
a. 2.5 b. 0.43 c. 0. 30 d. 0. 25
14. What is the net force on a crate if two movers apply 95.0 N and 50.5 N force
respectively, and a frictional force of 45.5 N acts in the opposite direction of
the motion?
a. 100N b. 49.5 c. 90N d. 44.5N
15. What is the acceleration of a crate if two movers apply 95.0 N and 50.5 N
force respectively, and a frictional force of 45.5 N acts in the opposite
direction of the motion? The mass of the crate is 175 kg.
a. 4.6 m/s2 b. 0.571m/s2c. 9.6 m/s2 d. 5.10 m/s2
16. Which of the following statements is true about friction?

a. Static friction is less than kinetic friction.
b. Friction acts in the opposite direction of the normal force.
c. Friction exists only when an object is in motion.
d. Friction always opposes the motion or attempted motion.
17. When you slide a box across the floor what force must your push be stronger
than?
a. Support force b. Friction force c.
Gravity d. Air resistance
18. What is the missing force?
a. applied force b. frictional force c. normal force d. tension

force
19. What would the net force be on the box in the

problems shown below (tell both force and direction):
a. 32N west b. 32N east c. 32 west d. 32 east
63
20. What would the magnitude net force be on the box in the problems shown to the right:
a. 0 b. 2N c. 6N d. 6N
How much did you perform? Did you get a passing score?
Answer the following for more practice.

1. Do you think that two pieces of wood rubbing together would have more
or less friction than wood rubbing against smooth metal? Why?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______
2. Why do you think that oil is spread on metal parts that rub against each
other (like in a car engine)?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______
3. Is friction good or bad for walking?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______4
4. Friction with the air slows down a race car. How is a race car shaped to
reduce air friction?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______
More problems to solve?
Answer the following problems. Show all your work , partial points is possible.
Consider the number of significant figure and always box your final answer.
1. If the coefficient of kinetic friction between a 25-kg crate and the floor is 0.40,
what horizontal force is required to move the crate at a steady speed across the
floor? What horizontal force is required if µk is zero?
2. (I) A force of 35.0 N is required to start a 7.0-kg box moving across a horizontal
concrete floor, (a) What is the coefficient of static friction between the box and the
floor? (b) If the 35.0-N force continues, the box accelerates at 0.70 m /s2. What is
the coefficient of kinetic friction?
64
Internet
Connect!
1. Watch Tutorial and experiments to demonstrate Friction
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h2IxVg_oVCM
2. Try to do any of the demonstrated experiments by yourself.
\
65

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General Physics 1

Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Printed in the Philippines by SDO QUEZON

Department of Education – Region IV - CALABARZON - SDO QUEZON

Welcome to the General Physics 1 for Grade 12 Alternative Delivery Mode

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

Notes to the Teacher

Welcome to the General Physics 1 Grade 12 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to This will give you an idea of the skills or

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

The following are some reminders in using this module:

The module is divided into three lessons, namely:

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Which best defines inertia?

3. You are traveling on an airplane at constant speed of 600mph. Your friend is

4. Which has more Inertia?

5. What kind(s) of objects have inertia?

6. Which type of force(s) will cause a change in an object's motion?

9. A passenger in an elevator has a mass that exerts a force of 100N

13. An object following a straight-line path at a constant speed

17. Inertia can be measured by using

18. It is a coordinate system from which observations and measurements are

1 First Law of Motion

What is the relationship between force and motion? Aristotle (384–322

Without understanding the past, we cannot understand what is happening today.

Notes to the Teacher

To be able to deliver this lesson well, the teacher must have

A. Penny on the Card Experiment:

1. Put a playing card on top of the plastic cup

Is it magic or is it physics? How do you explain your

First Law of Motion

The key word in this law is continues: an object continues to do whatever it

This property of objects to resist changes in motion is called

To further understand Galileo’s idea, consider the

The tendency of an object to maintain its state of rest or of uniform velocity

Newton’s first law of motion: A body acted on by no net force moves

Here’s another example. Suppose a hockey puck rests on a horizontal

∑F= F1 + F2= F1 + ( -F1) = 0

Again, we find that if the body is at rest at the

Newton’s First law: ∑F=0 ... must be zero if body

We’re assuming that the body can be represented adequately as a point

MISCONCEPTION: A force is required to keep an object moving

Source: The Big Misconception. The Physics Classroom website.

A frame of reference is a coordinate system from which observations and

Mass, Inertia and Weight

Mass is a property of an object itself (a measure of an object’s inertia, or

Weight, on the other hand, is a force, the pull of gravity acting on an

ag= acceleration due to gravirt

There are many applications of Newton’s first law

A 1675 kilogram car is moving to the right at a constant velocity of 25ms/.

Given: m: 1675 kg v= 25m/s

∑F=ma = 1675 Kg ( 0m/s2) = 0