Nguyn

Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

TNH N IU CA HM S
TM TT L THUYT
1. nh ngha :
Gi s K l mt khong , mt on hoc mt na khong . Hm s f xc nh trn K c gi l

( ) ( )
f ( x ) > f (x )

ng bin trn K nu vi mi x 1, x 2 K , x 1 < x 2 f x 1 < f x 2

Nghch bin trn K nu vi mi x 1, x 2 K , x 1 < x 2

2. iu kin cn hm s n iu :
Gi s hm s f c o hm trn khong I

( )
I th f ' ( x ) 0 vi mi x I

Nu hm s f ng bin trn khong I th f ' x 0 vi mi x I

Nu hm s f nghch bin trn khong

3. iu kin hm s n iu :
nh l 1 : nh l v gi tr trung bnh ca php vi phn (nh l Lagrange):
Nu hm s f lin tc trn a;b v c o hm trn khong a;b th tn ti t nht mt im c a;b

( )

()

()

( )(

sao cho f b f a = f ' c b a

( )

nh l 2 :
Gi s I l mt khong hoc na khong hoc mt on , f l hm s lin tc trn I v c o hm ti
mi im trong ca I ( tc l im thuc I nhng khng phi u mt ca I ) .Khi :

( )
Nu f ' ( x ) < 0 vi mi x I th hm s f
Nu f ' ( x ) = 0 vi mi x I th hm s f

Nu f ' x > 0 vi mi x I th hm s f ng bin trn khong I

nghch bin trn khong I

khng i trn khong I

Ch :

( )

( )

( )

( )

Nu hm s f lin tc trn a;b v c o hm f ' x > 0 trn khong a;b th hm s f ng bin

trn a;b
Nu hm s f lin tc trn a;b v c o hm f ' x < 0 trn khong a;b th hm s f nghch
bin trn a;b

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12
CC BI TON C BN

V d 1:
Xt chiu bin thin ca cc hm s :
1
a ) f x = x 3 3x 2 + 8x 2
3
x 2 2x
b) f x =
x 1
c) f x = x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 2

( )

( )
( )

( )

d) f x =

1 3 1 2
x x 2x + 2
3
2

Gii :
1 3
x 3x 2 + 8x 2
3
Hm s cho xc nh trn .

( )

a) f x =

( )

Ta c f ' x = x 2 6x + 8

( )

f ' x = 0 x = 2, x = 4

Chiu bin thin ca hm s c nu trong bng sau :

x

2
4
+
f' x
+
0 0
+

( )
f (x )

) (

( )

Vy hm s ng bin trn mi khong ;2 v 4; + , nghch bin trn khong 2; 4

x 2 2x
b) f x =
x 1
Hm s cho xc nh trn tp hp \ 1 .

( )

{}

( )

Ta c f ' x =

(x 1) + 1 > 0, x 1
=
( x 1)
( x 1)

x 2 2x + 2

Chiu bin thin ca hm s c nu trong bng sau :

x

1
+
f' x
+
+

( )

( )

f x

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

) (

Vy hm s ng bin trn mi khong ;1 v 1; +

( )

c) f x = x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 2

Hm s cho xc nh trn .

( )

Ta c f ' x = 3x 2 = 6x + 3 = 3 x + 1

( )

( )

f ' x = 0 x = 1 v f ' x > 0 vi mi x 1

V hm s ng bin trn mi na khong ; 1 v 1; + nn hm s ng bin trn .

Hoc ta c th dng bng bin thin ca hm s :
x

1
+
f' x
+
0
+

( )
f (x )

+
1

V hm s ng bin trn mi na khong ; 1 v 1; + nn hm s ng bin trn .

1
1
d ) f x = x 3 x 2 2x + 2 Tng t bi a )
3
2

( )

V d 2:
Xt chiu bin thin ca cc hm s :
a ) f x = 2x 3 + 3x 2 + 1

( )
f (x ) = x

b)

2x 2 5

4
2
c) f x = x 3 + 6x 2 9x
3
3

d)

( )
f (x ) =

2x x 2

Gii :

( )

a ) f x = 2x 3 + 3x 2 + 1

Hm s cho xc nh trn .
Ta c f ' x = 6x 2 + 6x

( )

( )
(
)( ) ( )
(
) ( )
f ' ( x ) < 0, x ( 1; 0 ) f ( x ) nghch bin trn khong ( 1; 0 ) .
Ngoi ra : Hc sinh c th gii f ' ( x ) = 0 , tm ra hai nghim x = 1, x = 0 , k bng bin thin ri kt
f ' x > 0, x ; 1 , 0; + f x ng bin trn mi khong ; 1 v 0; + .

lun.
7

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

( )

b ) f x = x 4 2x 2 5

Hm s cho xc nh trn .
Ta c f ' x = 4x 3 4x

( )

( )
( )( ) ( )
( ) ( )
f ' ( x ) < 0, x ( ; 1) , ( 0;1) f ( x ) nghch bin trn mi khong ( ; 1) v ( 0;1) .
Ngoi ra : Hc sinh c th gii f ' ( x ) = 0 , tm ra hai nghim x = 1, x = 0, x = 1 , k bng bin thin ri
f ' x > 0, x 1; 0 , 1; + f x ng bin trn mi khong 1; 0 v 1; + .

kt lun.
4
2
c) f x = x 3 + 6x 2 9x
3
3
Hm s cho xc nh trn .

( )

( )

Ta c f ' x = 4x 2 + 12x 9 = 2x 3

3
3
v f ' x < 0 vi mi x
2
2

3
V hm s nghch bin trn mi na khong ; v
2

( )

f' x =0x =

( )

; + nn hm s nghch bin trn .

2

( )

d ) f x = 2x x 2
Hm s cho xc nh trn 0;2 .
1x
Ta c f ' x =
, x 0;2
2x x 2

( )

( )

( )
( ) ( )
f ' ( x ) < 0, x (1;2 ) f ( x ) nghch

( 0;1)
bin trn khong (1;2 )

f ' x > 0, x 0;1 f x ng bin trn khong

Hoc c th trnh by :

( )
( ) ( )
f ' ( x ) < 0, x (1;2 ) f ( x ) nghch

f ' x > 0, x 0;1 f x ng bin trn on 0;1

bin trn on 1;2

V d 3:

( )

Chng minh rng hm s f x = 4 x 2 nghch bin trn on 0;2

Gii :

( )

D thy hm s cho lin tc trn on 0;2 v c o hm f ' x =

( )

x 0;2 . Do hm s nghch bin trn on 0;2 .

x
4 x2

< 0 vi mi

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

V d 4:

( )
2 . Chng minh rng hm s f ( x ) = cos 2x 2x + 3 nghch bin trn .

1. Chng minh rng hm s f x = x 3 + x cos x 4 ng bin trn .

Gii :
1.
Hm s cho xc nh trn .

( )

Ta c f ' x = 3x 2 + 1 + sin x

( )

V 3x 2 0, x

1 + sin x 0, x nn f ' x 0, x . Do hm s ng bin trn .

2 . Hm s cho xc nh trn .

( )

( )

Ta c f ' x = 2 sin 2x + 1 0, x v f ' x = 0 sin 2x = 1 x =

+ k , k

Hm s nghch bin trn mi on + k ; + k + 1 , k . Do hm s nghch bin trn

4
4

V d 5:

( )

Tm khong n iu ca hm s f x = sin x trn khong 0;2

Gii :

( )

Hm s cho xc nh trn khong 0;2 v c o hm f ' x = cos x , x 0;2 .

3
2
2
Chiu bin thin ca hm s c nu trong bng sau :

3
x
0
2
2
2
f' x
+
0 0
+

( )

f ' x = 0, x 0;2 x =

( )
f (x )

1
0

,x =

3
Hm s ng bin trn mi khong 0; v
;2 , nghch bin trn khong ;
2 2

2 2

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

V d 6:

Chng minh rng : sin x + tan x > 2x , x 0; .
2
Gii :

Xt hm s f x = sin x + tan x 2x lin tc trn na khong 0; .Ta c :
2

1
1
2
2
cos
2
0,

>
+

>

f ' x = cos x +
x
x
0; f x l hm s ng bin trn
cos2 x
cos2 x
2

( )

( )

( )

0; v f x > f 0 , x 0; hay sin x + tan x > 2x , x 0; .
2
2
2

( )

()

NG DNG O HM TRONG CC BI TON I S

V d 1:

Gii phng trnh : 81sin x + cos x =

10

10

81
*
256

()

Gii :
t t = sin x ; 0 t 1 .
2

81
, t 0;1
256
5
5
Xt hm s f (t ) = 81t + (1 t ) lin tc trn on 0;1 , ta c:

()

Khi phng trnh * 81t + (1 t ) =

5

f '(t ) = 5[81t 4 (1 t )4 ],t 0;1

81t 4 = (1 t )4
1

f '(t ) = 0
t =
4
t 0;1

1
4

81
256
1
1
1

sin 2 x = cos 2x = x = + k (k Z ) .
Vy phng trnh c nghim t =
4
4
2
6
Lp bng bin thin v t bng bin thin ta c: f (t ) f ( ) =

10

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

V d 2:
Gii phng trnh :

1. 3x (2 + 9x 2 + 3) + (4x + 2)( 1 + x + x 2 + 1) = 0
2. e tan

+ cosx=2 ,x - ; .
2 2

3. 2003x + 2005x = 4006x + 2

4. 3x = 1 + x + log 3(1 + 2x )
Gii :

1. 3x (2 + 9x 2 + 3) + (4x + 2)( 1 + x + x 2 + 1) = 0 (1)

Phng trnh (1) 3x (2 +

(3x )2 + 3) = (2x + 1)(2 + (2x + 1)2 + 3) (2)

t u = 3x , v = 2x + 1, u, v > 0
Phng trnh (1) u(2 +
Xt hm s f (t ) = 2t +
Ta c f '(t ) = 2 +

u 2 + 3) = v(2 + v 2 + 3)

(3)

t 4 + 3t 2 , t > 0

2t 3 + 3t
t + 3t
4

()

> 0, t > 0 f t ng bin trn khong 0; + .

Khi phng trnh (3) f (u ) = f (v ) u = v 3x = 2x + 1 x =

Vy x =
Ch :

1
5

1
l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh.
5

( )

Nu hm s y = f x lun n iu nghim ngoc ( hoc lun ng bin hoc lun nghch bin ) th

( )

( )

()

s nghim ca phng trnh : f x = k s khng nhiu hn mt v f x = f y

x =y.

2. e tan

+ cosx =2 ,x - ;
2 2

Xt hm s : f (x ) = e

tan2 x

+ cosx lin tc trn khong x - ; . Ta c
2 2

11

khi v ch khi

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

f '(x ) = 2 tan x .

1
2

e tan

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12
2

cos x

tan2 x

tan2x

2e
cos3x

sin x = sin x

cos3x

2 > cos x > 0

V 2e
Nn du ca f '(x ) chnh l du ca sin x . T y ta c f (x ) f (0) = 2
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht x = 0 .
3

3. 2003x + 2005x = 4006x + 2

x
x
Xt hm s : f (x ) = 2003 + 2005 4006x 2
x

Ta c: f '(x ) = 2003 ln 2003 + 2005 ln 2005 4006

f ''(x ) = 2003x ln2 2003 + 2005x ln2 2005 > 0 x f "(x ) = 0 v nghim

( )
( )
v f ( 0 ) = f (1) = 0 nn phng trnh cho c hai nghim x = 0, x = 1

f ' x = 0 c nhiu nht l mt nghim . Do phng trnh f x = 0 c nhiu nht l hai nghim

Ch :

( )

Nu hm s y = f x lun n iu nghim ngoc ( hoc lun ng bin hoc lun nghch bin )

( )

v hm s y = g x lun n iu nghim ngoc ( hoc lun ng bin hoc lun nghch bin ) trn

( )

( )

D , th s nghim trn D ca phng trnh f x = g x

khng nhiu hn mt.

( )

Nu hm s y = f x ) c o hm n cp n v phng trnh f

phng trnh f

(k )

(x ) = 0 c m nghim, khi

(k 1)

(x ) = 0 c nhiu nht l m + 1 nghim

4. 3x = 1 + x + log 3(1 + 2x )
x >

1
2

Phng trnh cho

()
1
> 0, t > 0 f (t ) l hm ng bin
Xt hm s: f (t ) = t + log 3 t, t > 0 ta c f ' (t ) = 1 +
t ln 3
khong ( 0; + ) nn phng trnh
(*) f (3x ) = f (1 + 2x ) 3x = 2x + 1 3x 2x 1 = 0 (* *)
3x + x = 1 + 2x + log3 (1 + 2x ) 3x + log3 3x = 1 + 2x + log3 (1 + 2x ) *

Xt hm s: f (x ) = 3 2x 1 f '(x ) = 3 ln 3 2 f "(x ) = 3 ln 3 > 0

12

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

()

f (x ) = 0 c nhiu nht l hai nghim, v f (0) = f 1 = 0 nn phng trnh cho c hai

nghim x = 0, x = 1 .
V d 3:

Gii phng trnh : log 3

1
x 2 3x + 2 + 2 +
5

3 x x 2 1

()

=2 *

Gii :
iu kin x 2 3x + 2 0 x 1 x 2
t u = x 2 3x + 2, u 0
1u 2

1
Phng trnh * log 3 u + 2 +
5

()

1 2
= 2 log 3 u + 2 + .5u = 2, u 0 * *
5

( )

1 2
Xt hm s : f u = log 3 u + 2 + .5u lin tc trn na khong 0; + , ta c :
5

( )

f ' (u ) =

1
1 2
+ 5u .ln 5.2u > 0, u 0 f u ng bin trn na khong 0; + v
(u + 2)ln 3 5

( )

()

( )

f 1 = 2 u = 1 l nghim phng trnh * * .

Khi

3 5
x =
2 tho iu kin.
x 2 3x + 2 = 1 x 2 3x + 1 = 0

3+ 5
x =
2

V d 4:
Gii h phng trnh :
1.

2x

4 (1)

2y

4 (2)

x 3 + 2x = y ( 1 )
2. 3
y + 2y = x ( 2 )

x 3 3x = y 3 3y (1)
3.
6
6
(2)
x + y = 1

13

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

Gii :

1.

2x

4 (1)

2y

4 (2)

3
x 4
iu kin: 2
.
3
x 4
2
Cch 1:
Tr (1) v (2) ta c:
2x + 3 4 x =

2y + 3 4 y

(3)

2t + 3 4 t , t ; 4 , ta c:
2

1
1
f / (x ) =
+
> 0, t ; 4 (3) f (x ) = f (y ) x = y .
2

2t + 3 2 4 t
Thay x = y vo (1) ,ta c:

Xt hm s f (t ) =

2x + 3 +

4 x = 4 x + 7 + 2 (2x + 3)(4 x ) = 16

x = 3
9 x 0

2 2x + 5x + 12 = 9 x 2

9x 38x + 33 = 0
x = 11

11
x = 3 x = 9
Vy h phng trnh c 2 nghim phn bit
,
.
y = 3
11

y =

9
Cch 2:
2

Tr (1) v (2) ta c:

) (

2x + 3 2y + 3 +

2
(x y )
+
2x + 3 + 2y + 3
Thay x = y vo (1) ,ta c:
2x + 3 +

4 y 4 x = 0

1
4 y +

(2x + 3) (2y + 3)

2x + 3 + 2y + 3
= 0 x = y .

4 x

4 x = 4 x + 7 + 2 (2x + 3)(4 x ) = 16

x = 3
9 x 0

2 2x + 5x + 12 = 9 x 2

9x 38x + 33 = 0
x = 11

9
2

14

(4 y ) (4 x )
4 y +

4x

=0

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

11
x = 3 x =
9 .
,
Vy h phng trnh c 2 nghim phn bit
y = 3
11

y =

9
x 3 + 2x = y ( 1 )

2. 3
y + 2y = x ( 2 )

Cch 1 :
Xt hm s f (t ) = t 3 + 2t f / (t ) = 3t 2 + 2 > 0, t .
f (x ) = y (1)
H phng trnh tr thnh
.
f (y ) = x (2)

+ Nu x > y f (x ) > f (y ) y > x (do (1) v (2) dn n mu thun).

+ Nu x < y f (x ) < f (y ) y < x (mu thun).
Suy ra x = y , th vo h ta c x 3 + x = 0 x ( x 2 + 1 ) = 0 x = 0 v x 2 + 1 > 0.
x = 0
.
Vy h c nghim duy nht
y = 0

Cch 2:

Tr (1) v (2) ta c:

x 3 y 3 + 3x 3y = 0 (x y )(x 2 + y 2 + xy + 3) = 0
2

y
3y 2
(x y ) x + +
+ 3 = 0 x = y

2
4

Th x = y vo (1) v (2) ta c: x 3 + x = 0 x ( x 2 + 1 ) = 0 x = 0
x = 0
Vy h phng trnh c nghim duy nht
.
y = 0

x 3 3x = y 3 3y (1)
3.
6
6
(2)
x + y = 1
T (1) v (2) suy ra 1 x , y 1
(1) f (x ) = f (y ) (*)
Xt hm s f (t ) = t 3t lin tc trn on [ 1;1] , ta c
3

()

f '(t ) = 3(t 2 1) 0 t [ 1;1] f t nghch bin trn on [ 1;1]

Do : (*) x = y thay vo (2) ta c nghim ca h l: x = y =
V d 5:
15

1
6

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

Gii h phng trnh :

x 1 = y 1
(1)
1.
x
y
2
2x xy 1 = 0 (2)

x 1 = y 1 (1)
2.
x
y

3
2y = x + 1 (2)
Gii :

x 1 = y 1
(1)
1.
x
y
2
2x xy 1 = 0 (2)
iu kin: x 0, y 0 . Ta c:
y = x

1
(1) (x y ) 1 + = 0

y = 1 .
xy

x
y = x phng trnh (2) x 2 1 = 0 x = 1 .

1
y = phng trnh (2) v nghim.
x
x = 1 x = 1
.
Vy h phng trnh c 2 nghim phn bit
;
y = 1 y = 1

Bnh lun:

x 1 = y 1
(1)
Cch gii sau y sai:
.
x
y
2
2x xy 1 = 0 (2)
iu kin: x 0, y 0 .
1
1
Xt hm s f (t ) = t , t \ {0} f / (t ) = 1 + > 0, t \ {0} .
t
t2
Suy ra (1) f (x ) = f (y ) x = y !
Sai do hm s f (t ) n iu trn 2 khong ri nhau (c th f ( 1 ) = f ( 1 ) = 0 ).

2.

x
2y

1
x

y
x3

1
(1)
y
1
(2)

Cch 1:
iu kin: x 0, y 0.
16

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm
(1) x y +

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

x y
1
1
= 0 (x y ) 1 + = 0 x = y y = .

xy
xy
x

x = y phng trnh (2) x = 1 x =

y =

1 5
.
2

1
phng trnh (2) x 4 + x + 2 = 0.
x

Xt hm s f (x ) = x 4 + x + 2 f / (x ) = 4x 3 + 1 = 0 x =
1
3
f
=
2

> 0,

3 4
43 4
v nghim.

1
3

lim = lim = + f (x ) > 0, x x 4 + x + 2 = 0

x +

Cch 2:
iu kin: x 0, y 0.
(1) x y +

x y
1
1
= 0 (x y ) 1 + = 0 x = y y = .

xy
xy
x

x = y phng trnh (2) x = 1 x =

y =

1 5
.
2

1
phng trnh (2) x 4 + x + 2 = 0.
x

Vi x < 1 x + 2 > 0 x 4 + x + 2 > 0 .

Vi x 1 x 4 x x x 4 + x + 2 > 0 .

Suy ra phng trnh (2) v nghim.

1 + 5
1 5
x =
x = 1 x =
2
2
.

Vy h phng trnh c 3 nghim phn bit

y = 1

1
5
1
5

y =
y =

V d 6:
Gii h phng trnh:
x + x 2 2x + 2 = 3y 1 + 1

1.
2
x 1
y + y 2y + 2 = 3 + 1

(x , y R)

(1 + 42x y )512x +y = 1 + 22x y +1 (1)

2.
3
2
y + 4x + 1 + ln(y + 2x ) = 0 (2)

17

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

Gii :
x + x 2 2x + 2 = 3y 1 + 1

1.
2
x 1
y + y 2y + 2 = 3 + 1
t u = x 1, v = y 1

(x , y R)

2
v
u + u + 1 = 3
(I ) vit li
(II )
v + v 2 + 1 = 3u

( )

Xt hm s : f x = x + x 2 + 1 lin tc x , ta c

()

f x =1+

x2 + 1 + x

x +1

( )

>

x +1

x +x
2

x +1

( )

0, x f x ng bin x .

()

Nu u > u f u > f v 3v > 3u v > u v l

Tng t nu v > u cng dn n v l

( )

Do h II

u + u 2 + 1 = 3u
1 = 3u ( u 2 + 1 u ) (1)

u = v
u = v

( )

t: g u = 3u ( u 2 + 1 u ) lin tc u R , ta c

> 0, u R
g '(u ) = 3u ln 3( u 2 + 1 u ) + 3u
1 = 3u u 2 + 1 u ln 3
2

u +1
u +1

( )
()
Nn ( II ) u = v = 0 . Vy (I ) x = y = 1

()

Do g u ng bin u R v g 0 = 1 u = 0 l nghim duy nht ca 1 .

(1 + 42x y )512x +y = 1 + 22x y +1 (1)

2.
3
2
y + 4x + 1 + ln(y + 2x ) = 0 (2)

1
5

4
5

t t = 2x y . Khi phng trnh (1) tr thnh: 5[( ) + ( ) ] = 1 + 2.2

()

1
5

4
5

()

(* )

Xt f t = 5[( ) + ( ) ] , g t = 1 + 2.2

t
l hm ng bin
( ) 15 t 45 t
()
v f (1) = g (1) = 5 t = 1 l mt nghim ca ( * ) . Do ( * ) c nghim duy nht t = 1 .
t = 1 2x y = 1 2x = y + 1 khi : (2) y 3 + 2y + 3 + ln(y 2 + y + 1) = 0 ( * * )

D thy : f t = 5[( ) + ( ) ] l hm nghch bin v g t = 1 + 2.2

18

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

Xt hm s f (y ) = y + 2y + 3 + ln(y + y + 1) , ta c:
2

f '(y ) = 3y + 2 +

2y + 1

= 3y +

2y 2 + 4y + 3
2

y +y +1
y +y +1
v f (1) = 0 nn * * c nghim duy nht y = 1

> 0 f (y ) l hm ng bin

( )

x = 0
Vy nghim ca h l:
.
y
=

V d 7:

x
y
e = 2007

y 2 1 1 c ng 2 nghim tha mn iu kin

Chng minh rng h phng trnh
x
e y = 2007

x2 1
x > 1, y > 1

()

Gii :

()

()

t: f t = e t , g t =

()

lin tc trn khong 1, + , ta c

t2 1

()

f ' t = e t > 0, t > 1 f t ng bin trn khong 1, +

1

g / (t ) =

(t 1)
2

3
2

()

)
(

< 0, t > 1 g t nghch bin trn khong 1, + .

x
y
e = 2007

y 1 1 f x + g y = 2007 f x + g y = f y + g x
H phng trnh

x
e y = 2007
f y + g x = 2007

x2 1

()

( )

()

()

( )
()

()
( )

( )

( )

Nu x > y f x > f y g y < g x y > x v l.

Tng t y > x cng v l .
x
y
x
x
e = 2007
2
2007 = 0
y 1 1 e +
Khi
2
2
x 1
x
y
e = 2007
x = y
x2 1

()

( )

Xt hm s: h x = e x +

x
x2 1

()

2007 lin tc trn khong 1; + , ta c

19

()

()

( )

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

( )

h ' x = ex

(x

3
2

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

= ex x 2 1

3
2

( )

, h '' x = e x +

3 2
x 1
2

5
2

.2x = e x +

3x

(x

( )
( )
Vy h ( x ) lin tc v c th l ng cong lm trn (1; + ) .
Do chng minh ( 2 ) c 2 nghim ln hn 1 ta ch cn chng minh tn ti x

5
2

>0

v lim+ h x = +, lim h x = +
x +

x 1

()

Chn x 0 = 2 : h 2 = e 2 +

( )

2007 < 0 h x = 0 c ng hai nghim x > 1

()

Vy h phng trnh 1 c ng 2 nghim tha mn iu kin x > 1, y > 1 .

V d 8:
Gii h phng trnh sau:

2x
y =
1 x2

2y

1. z =
1 y2

2z

x = 1 z 2
y 3 9x 2 + 27x 27 = 0

2. z 3 9y 2 + 27y 27 = 0
x 3 9z 2 + 27z 27 = 0

Gii :

2x
y =
1 x2

2y

1. z =
1 y2

2z

x
=

1 z2
Gi s x > y > z

()

Xt hm s : f t =

()

f t =

2t
,xc nh trn D = \ 1 .Ta c
1 t2

{ }

2(t 2 + 1)
> 0, x D f t lun ng bin trn D .
(1 t 2 )2

()

20

( )

> 1 m h x 0 < 0 .

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

( )

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

()

()

Do : x > y > z f x > f y > f z y > z > x . Mu thun, do iu gi s sai .

Tng t x < y < z khng tho .
Vy x = y = z

) (

H cho c nghim : x ; y; z = 0; 0; 0

y 3 9x 2 + 27x 27 = 0

2. z 3 9y 2 + 27y 27 = 0
x 3 9z 2 + 27z 27 = 0

y 3 9x 2 + 27x 27 = 0
y 3 = 9x 2 + 27x 27
3
3
2
2
z 9y + 27y 27 = 0 z = 9y + 27y 27
x 3 9z 2 + 27z 27 = 0
x 3 = 9z 2 + 27z 27

Xt hm s c trng : f (t ) = 9t 2 27t + 27 f '(t ) = 18t 27

3
f
'(
t
)
>
0,

t
>

2
f '(t ) = 0 18t 27 = 0 t =
2
f ' t < 0, t < 3

()

3
Hm s ng bin trn khong ; + v nghch bin trn khong ;
2
2

Hm s t gi tr nh nht ti t =

3 27
3
f =
2
4
2

3
3
x
>

3
27
27
27
3
3

4 2
V f (t )
9x 2 27x + 27
y3
y
>
3
4
4
4
4 2
z 3 > 3
3

4 2

f (x ) = y

Vy x , y, z thuc min ng bin, suy ra h phng trnh f (y ) = z l h hon v vng quanh.

f (z ) = x

Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s

x y f (x ) f (y ) y 3 z 3 y z
f (y ) f (z ) z 3 x 3 z x
x y z x x =y =z

Thay vo h ta c: x 3 9x 2 + 27x 27 = 0 x = 3 .
Suy ra: x = y = z = 3
V d 9:

Gii h phng trnh :

x 3 + 3x 3 + ln(x 2 x + 1) = y

3
2
1. y + 3y 3 + ln(y y + 1) = z

21

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

Gii :

x 3 + 3x 3 + ln(x 2 x + 1) = y

1. y 3 + 3y 3 + ln(y 2 y + 1) = z
3
2
z + 3z 3 + ln(z z + 1) = x
f (x ) = y

H phng trnh c dng : f (y ) = z .

f (z ) = x

Ta gi s x ; y; z l nghim ca h. Xt hm s f (t ) = t + 3t 3 + ln(t t + 1), t R .

2

Ta c: f '(t ) = 3t + 3 +

2t 1
2

()

> 0, t f t l hm ng bin t R .

2 t t +1
Gi s: x = max x ; y; z th y = f (x ) f (y ) = z z = f (y ) f (z ) = x

Vy x = y = z . V phng trnh x + 2x 3 + ln(x x + 1) = 0

( )

( )

Xt hm s g x = x + 2x 3 + ln(x x + 1), x R , hm s g x ng bin trn R v

()

( )

g 1 = 0 , do phng trnh g x = 0 c nghim duy nht x = 1 .

Do h cho c nghim l x = y = z = 1 .

x 2 2x + 6 log (6 y ) = x
3

2
2. y 2y + 6 log3 (6 z ) = y
2
z 2z + 6 log3 (6 x ) = z

22

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

x
log3 (6 y ) =

x 2 2x + 6
f (y ) = g(x )

y
H cho log3 (6 z ) =
f (z ) = g(y )

f (x ) = g(z )
y 2 2y + 6

z
log3 (6 x ) =

z 2 2z + 6
t
Xt hm s f (t ) = log3 (6 t ) ; g (t ) =
, t (;6)
2
t 2t + 6
1
< 0, t (;6) f t nghch bin trn khong (;6) v
Ta c f '(t ) =
6 t ln 3

()

6 t

g '(t ) =

(t

2t + 6

> 0,

()

t (;6) g t ng bin trn khong (;6) .

Ta gi s x ; y; z l nghim ca h th x = y = z thay vo h ta c:

log3 (6 x ) =

x
2

x =3

x 2x + 6

Vy nghim ca h cho l x = y = z = 3 .
Ch :H HON V VNG QUANH:

f (x1) = g(x 2 )

f (x 2 ) = g(x 3 )
(I)
nh ngha: L h c dng:
.................

f (x n ) = g(x1)

nh l 1: Nu f , g l cc hm cng tng hoc cng gim trn A v (x1, x 2,..., x n ) l nghim ca h

trn A th x1 = x 2 = ... = x n
nh l 2:Nu f , g khc tnh n iu trn A v (x1, x 2,..., x n ) l nghim ca h trn A th

x1 = x 3 = ... = x n 1
x1 = x 2 = ... = x n nu n l v
nu n chn
x 2 = x 4 = ... = x n
V d 10:
Gii h phng trnh :

sin x sin y = 3x 3y (1)

1. x + y =
(2)

23

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

Gii :

sin x sin y = 3x 3y (1)

1. x + y =
(2)
5

(3)
x , y > 0

( )( )

T 2 , 3 x , y (0;

)
5
1 sin x 3x = sin y 3y * .

()

()

()

Xt hm s f t = sin t 3t, t (0;

nghch bin trn khong t (0;

()

) nn

( * ) f ( x ) = f (y ) x = y

()

Vi x = y thay vo 2 ta tm c x = y =

( )

()

) ta c f ' t = cos t 3 < 0, t (0; ) f t l hm

5
5

10

; l nghim ca h.
10
10

Vy x ; y =

log 2 (1 + 3 cos x ) = log 3 (sin y ) + 2

2.
log 2 (1 + 3 sin y ) = log 3 (cos x ) + 2
cos x > 0
iu kin :
sin y > 0

24

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

()
()
()

log (1 + 3u ) = log (v ) + 2 1
2
3
tr v theo v ta c
t u = cos x ; v = sin y , ta c h:
v
u
+
=
+
log
(1
3
)
log
(
)
2
2
2
3
log 3 (1 + 3u ) + log 3 u = log 3 (1 + 3v ) + log 3 v f (u ) = f (v ) *

()

Xt hm s f (t ) = log 3 (1 + 3t ) + log 3 t , d thy f (t ) l hm ng bin nn * u = v .

()

Thay vo 1 ta c : log 3 (1 + 3u ) log 3 u = 2

1 + 3u
1
=9u =
u
6

y = + k 2

1

sin y =
6 y = + k 2 , trong sin = cos = 1 .
Vy h cho

6
1
cos x =

x = + m 2

V d 11:
Tm m phng trnh:

()

x 2 + 1 x = m 1 c nghim.

Gii :

( )

Xt hm s f x = 4 x 2 + 1 x lin tc trn na khong 0; + , ta c

x
1
f' x =
2 4 2
x +1

( )

V
4

(x

+1

<

x
4

<0
x

x6

x
x

3
2

1
x

(x

+1

( )

( )

< 0 nn f ' x < 0, x > 0 f x nghch

bin trn na khong 0; + v lim f (x ) = 0 , nn 0 < f (x ) 1, x 0; + .

x+

()

Vy, phng trnh 1 c nghim 0; + 0 < m 1 .

V d 12:
nh gi tr ca m phng trnh sau c nghim:

( 4m 3 )

x + 3 + 3m 4

()

1 x + m 1 = 0, 1

Gii :

25

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

iu kin: 3 x 1 .
Phng trnh (1) m =

Nhn thy rng:

x +3

3 x + 3 + 4 1x +1
4 x + 3 + 3 1x +1

) +(
2

1x

x + 3 1x
+
=4
2 2

=1

Nn tn ti gc 0; , t = tan ; t 0;1 sao cho:

2
2
x + 3 = 2 sin = 2
m=

1 t2
2t
v

x
=

=
1
2
cos
2
1 + t2
1 + t2

3 x + 3 + 4 1x +1
4 x + 3 + 3 1x +1

Xt hm s: f (t ) =
f '(t ) =

7t 2 + 12t + 9
=f t , 2
5t 2 + 16t + 7

()()

7t 2 + 12t + 9
lin tc trn on t 0;1 . Ta c
5t 2 + 16t + 7

52t 2 8t 60

( 5t

m =

+ 16t + 7

()

< 0, t 0;1 f t nghch bin trn on [ 0;1] v f (0) =

()

()

9
7
; f (1) =
7
9

Suy ra phng trnh 1 c nghim khi phng trnh 2 c nghim trn on t 0;1 khi v ch khi:
7
9
m
9
7

CC BI TON BT PHNG TRNH

V d 1:
Gii cc bt phng trnh sau :

5x 1 + x + 3 4
5
2. 3 3 2x +
2x 6
2x 1

1.

Gii:

5x 1 + x + 3 4
1
iu kin : x
5
1.

26

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

5x 1 + x + 3 lin tc trn na khong ; + , ta c

5

5
1
1
f '(x ) =
+
> 0 ,x > f x l hm s ng bin trn na khong
5
2 5x 1 2 x 1
1

+
;
v f (1) = 4 , khi bt phng trnh cho f (x ) f (1) x 1.

Vy bt phng trnh cho c nghim l x 1 .

5
2. 3 3 2x +
2x 6
2x 1

Xt hm s f (x ) =

( )

V d 2:
Gii cc bt phng trnh sau :

2. 3 3 2x +

5
2x 1

2x 6

Gii:
iu kin:

1
3
<x
2
2

Bt phng trnh cho 3 3 2x +

Xt hm s f (x ) = 3 3 2x +

5
2x 1

5
2x 1

2x + 6 f (x ) g(x ) (*)
1 3
2 2

lin tc trn na khong ; , ta c

1 3
< 0, x ; f (x )
3 2x ( 2x 1)3
2 2
1 3
l hm nghch bin trn na on ;
2 2
Hm s g (x ) = 2x + 6 l hm ng bin trn v f (1) = g (1) = 8
Nu x > 1 f (x ) < f (1) = 8 = g(1) < g(x ) (*) ng
Nu x < 1 f (x ) > f (1) = 8 = g(1) > g(x ) (*) v nghim.
f '(x ) =

Vy nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l: 1 x

27

3
.
2

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

V d 3:
Gii cc bt phng trnh sau :

3. (x + 2)(2x 1) 3 x + 6 4 (x + 6)(2x 1) + 3 x + 2

Gii:
iu kin: x

1
.
2

Bt phng trnh cho ( x + 2 +

(*)

x + 6)( 2x 1 3) 4

Nu 2x 1 3 0 x 5 (*) lun ng.

Nu x > 5
Xt hm s f (x ) = ( x + 2 + x + 6)( 2x 1 3) lin tc trn khong 5; + , ta c:

f '(x ) = (

x +2 + x +6

( )

> 0, x > 5 f x ng
2 x +2 2 x +6
2x 1
bin trn khong 5; + v f (7) = 4 , do * f (x ) f (7) x 7 .

)( 2x 1 3) +

()

Vy nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l:

1
x 7.
2

V d 3:
Gii cc bt phng trnh sau :

4.

2x 3 + 3x 2 + 6x + 16 < 2 3 + 4 x

Gii :

2x 3 + 3x 2 + 6x + 16 0

2 x 4. .
iu kin:
4
0

Bt phng trnh cho

Xt hm s f (x ) =

f '(x ) =

2x 3 + 3x 2 + 6x + 16 4 x < 2 3 f (x ) < 2 3

2x 3 + 3x 2 + 6x + 16 4 x lin tc trn on 2; 4 , ta c:

3(x 2 + x + 1)
3

2x + 3x + 6x + 16

(*)

1
2 4x

khong 2; 4 v f (1) = 2 3 , do

( )

> 0, x 2; 4 f x ng bin trn na

(*) f (x ) < f (1) x < 1 .

28

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

Vy nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l: 2 x < 1 .

CC BI TON LIN QUAN THAM S

V d 1:
Vi gi tr no ca a hm s sau ng bin trn .

( )

1 3
x + ax 2 + 4x + 3
3

( )

1 2
a 1 x 3 + a + 1 x 2 + 3x + 5
3

1. f x =
2. f x =

Gii:
1.
Hm s cho xc nh trn .
Ta c f ' x = x 2 + 2ax + 4

( )

Cch 1 :

( )

Hm s f x ng bin trn khi v ch khi

( )

f ' x 0, x x 2 + 2ax + 4 0, x 0 a 2 4 0 a 2 hay 2 a 2

Cch 2 :
= a2 4
Nu a 2 4 < 0 hay 2 < a < 2 th f ' x > 0 vi mi x . Hm s f x ng bin trn

( )

( )

( ) ( ) f ' (x ) = 0 x = 2, f ' (x ) > 0, x 2 . Hm s f (x ) ng bin

trn mi na khong ( ; 2 v 2; + ) nn hm s f ( x ) ng bin trn
Nu a = 2 . Hm s f ( x ) ng bin trn
Nu a < 2 hoc a > 2 th f ' ( x ) = 0 c hai nghim phn bit x , x . Gi s x < x . Khi hm s
nghch bin trn khong ( x ; x ) ,ng bin trn mi khong ( ;x ) v ( x ; + ) . Do a < 2 hoc
Nu a = 2 th f ' x = x + 2

a > 2 khng tho mn yu cu bi ton .

( )

Vy hm s f x ng bin trn khi v ch khi 2 a 2

Ch : li gii cch 1 thiu t nhin, khng trong sng .
2.
Hm s cho xc nh trn .

( ) (

( )

Ta c : f ' x = a 2 1 x 2 + 2 a + 1 x + 3 = g x

29

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

( )

( )

()

Hm s f x ng bin trn khi v ch khi f ' x 0, x 1

Xt a 2 1 = 0 a = 1

( )
+ a = 1 f ' ( x ) = 3 > 0

3
a = 1 khng tho yu cu bi ton.
4
x a = 1 tho mn yu cu bi ton.

( )

+ a = 1 f ' x = 4x + 3 , f ' x 0 x

Xt a 2 1 0 a 1
2
a 1 > 0
a < 1 a > 1
a < 1 a > 1
1

a < 1 a 2
2

2
2
1
2

a
a
2
2
0

+
+

a
a
'
1
3
1
0

=
+

a
a
g

()

Kt hp cc trng hp , vi a 1 a 2 th th ca hm s ng bin trn .

V d 2:

( )

1. Vi gi tr no ca m hm s f x

( m 1) x
=

+ 2x + 1

ng bin mi khong xc nh .
x +1
mx + 4
2. Vi gi tr no ca m hm s f x =
nghch bin khong ;1 .
x +m

( )

Gii :
1.
Hm s cho xc nh trn D = \ 1 .

{ }

( )

( m 1) x
=

+2 m 1 x +1

( )
( x + 1)
g x

( ) ( )
( )
( x + 1)
Du ca f ' ( x ) l du ca g ( x ) .
Hm s f ( x ) ng bin trn mi khong ( ; 1) v ( 1; + ) khi v ch khi g ( x ) 0, x 1 (1)
Xt m 1 = 0 m = 1 g ( x ) = 1 > 0, x 1 m = 1 (a ) tho mn yu cu bi ton .
Ta c f ' x

g x = m 1 x 2 + 2 m 1 x + 1, x 1

Xt m 1 0 m 1
m 1 > 0
m > 1
m > 1
1

1<m 2 b
2
1
2
m

1
2
0
m
m

'
1
1
0
m
m

()

()

) (

)(

()

T a v b suy ra 1 m 2 th tho mn yu cu bi ton .

2.
Hm s cho xc nh trn D = \ m .

{ }

30

()

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

( )

Ta c f ' x =

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

m2 4

(x + m )

( )

f ' x < 0, x ;1
Hm s nghch bin trn khong ;1 khi v ch khi
m ;1
2
m 4 < 0
2 < m < 2
2 < m < 2

2 < m 1
m 1
m 1
m ;1
Vy : vi 2 < m 1 th tho yu cu bi ton .

V d 3:
Tm iu kin ca tham s m sao cho hm s :

1. y = 2x 3 2x 2 mx 1 ng bin trn khong 1; + ?.

2. y = mx 3 x 2 + 3x + m 2 ng bin trn khong 3; 0 ?.

Gii :
1.
Hm s cho xc nh trn .
Ta c : y ' = 6x 2 4x + m

Hm s cho ng bin trn khong 1; + khi v ch khi y ' 0, x 1; +

( )

g x = 6x 2 4x m, x > 1 .

( )

Xt hm s g x = 6x 2 4x lin tc trn khong 1; + , ta c

( )

( )

g ' x = 12x 4 > 0, x > 1 g x ng bin trn khong 1; + v

( )

( )

lim g x = lim+ 6x 2 4x = 2, lim g x = +

x 1+

x
g' x

( )
g (x )

x 1

x +

+
+

2
Da vo bng bin thin suy ra 2 m m 2
2.
Hm s cho xc nh trn .
Ta c : y ' = 3mx 2 2x + 3

Hm s cho ng bin trn khong 3; 0 khi v ch khi y ' 0, x 3; 0

Hay 3mx 2 2x + 3 0, x 3; 0 m

2x + 3
, x 3; 0
3x 2

31

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

( )

Xt hm s g x =

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

2x + 3
lin tc trn khong 3; 0 , ta c
3x 2

6x 2 + 18x
< 0, x 3; 0 g x nghch bin trn khong 3; 0 v
9x 4
4
lim+ g x = , lim g x =
x 3
9 x 0
x
3
0
g' x

( )

g' x =

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

g x

4
9

Da vo bng bin thin suy ra m

4
9

V d 4 :
Tm iu kin ca tham s m sao cho hm s :

1. y = x 3 + 3x 2 + m + 1 x + 4m nghch bin trn khong 1;1 ?.

2. y =

1
mx 3 + 2 m 1 x 2 + m 1 x + m ng bin trn khong 2; + ?.
3

Gii :
1.
Hm s cho xc nh trn .

( )

Ta c : f ' x = 3x 2 + 6x + m + 1
Cch 1 :

( )

Hm s cho nghch bin trn khong 1;1 khi v ch khi f ' x 0, x 1;1 hay

( ) (1) . Xt hm s
g ( x ) = ( 3x + 6x + 1) , x ( 1;1) g ' ( x ) = 6x 6 < 0, x ( 1;1) g ( x ) nghch bin trn
khong ( 1;1) v lim g ( x ) = 2, lim g ( x ) = 10
m 3x 2 + 6x + 1 , x 1;1 m min g x
x ( 1;1)
2

x 1+

x
g' x

( )
g (x )

x 1

2
10

32

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

Vy m 10 tho yu cu bi ton .
Cch 2 :

( )

f '' x = 6x + 6

( )

Nghim ca phng trnh f '' x = 0 l x = 1 < 1 . Do , hm s cho nghch bin trn khong

( 1;1) khi v ch khi f ' (1) = 3.1

+ 6.1 + m + 1 0 m 10 .

2.
Hm s cho xc nh trn .
Ta c : y ' = mx 2 + 4 m 1 x + m 1

Hm s ng bin trn khong 2; + khi v ch khi

y ' 0, x 2; + mx 2 + 4 m 1 x + m 1 0, x 2; +

4x + 1
, x 2; +
x 2 + 4x + 1
2x 2x + 1
4x + 1
Xt hm s g x = 2
< 0, x 2; + g x
, x 2; + g ' x =
2
x + 4x + 1
x 2 + 4x + 1

x 2 + 4x + 1 m 4x + 1, x 2; + m

( )

( )

nghch bin trn khong 2; + v lim+ g x =

x
g' x

( )

x 2

( )

g x

( )

( )

9
, lim g x = 0
13 x +

( )

9
13
0

Vy m

9
tho yu cu bi ton .
13

V d 5:
Tm iu kin ca tham s m sao cho hm s :

)(

1. y = x 3 mx 2 2m 2 7m + 7 x + 2 m 1 2m 3 ng bin trn khong 2; + ?.

2. y =

mx 2 + m + 1 x 1
2x m

ng bin trn khong 1; + ?.

Gii:
1.
Hm s cho xc nh trn .

33

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

( )

Ta c : y ' = 3x 2 2mx 2m 2 7m + 7 = g x

)
g ' ( x ) = 6x 2m

Hm s cho ng bin trn khong 2; + khi v ch khi y ' 0, x 2; +

( )

Xt hm s g x = 3x 2 2mx 2m 2 7m + 7 trn khong x 2; + v

Cch 1:
Hm s g x ng bin trn khong 2; + khi v ch khi

( )

()

g 2 0 3.22 2m.2 2m 2 7m + 7 0 2m 2 + 3m + 5 0 1 m

5
.
2

Vi cch gii ny hc sinh nn dng cho bi trc nghim, gc bi ton t lun thiu i tnh chun xc
v trong sng ca bi ton .
Cch 2 :

( )

g' x = 0 x =
Nu

m
3

( )

m
2 m 6 , khi g x 0, x 2; +
3

5
min g x 0 2m 2 + 3m + 5 0 1 m
x ( 2;+ )
2
m
Nu
> 2 m > 6 , kh nng ny khng th xy ra (v sao ?).
3
2.
m
Hm s cho xc nh trn D = \ .
2

( )

x 1
1
y ' = 2 > 0, x 0 . Hm s ng bin trn cc khong
2x
2x
; 0 v 0; + , do cng ng bin trn khong 1; +

Nu m = 0 , ta c y =

( )
Vy m = 0 (a ) tho mn yu cu bi ton .
Nu m 0 , ta c
2mx 2 2m 2x m 2 m + 2

( )

g x

( )
(2x m )
Hm s ng bin trn khong (1; + ) khi v ch khi
y' =

(2x m )

, g x = 2mx 2 2m 2x m 2 m + 2

2m > 0

m>0

m
m 2
0<m 1 b
1; +
2

2
2
g 1 = 3m + m + 2 0
m 1
3

()

()

34

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

()

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

()

T a v b suy ra 0 m 1 th tho mn yu cu bi ton .

V d 6:
Tm tt c cc tham s m hm s y = x 3 + 3x 2 + mx + m nghch bin trn on c di bng
1 ?.
Gii :
Hm s cho xc nh trn .
Ta c : y ' = 3x 2 + 6x + m c 'y ' = 9 3m
Nu m 3 'g 0 y ' 0, x , khi hm s lun ng bin trn , do m 3

khng tho yu cu bi ton .

Nu m < 3 'g > 0 , khi y ' = 0 c hai nghim phn bit x 1, x 2 x 1 < x 2 v hm s nghch

bin trong on x 1; x 2 vi di l = x 2 x 1
m
3
Hm s nghch bin trn on c di bng 1 l = 1
2
2
4
9
x 2 x 1 = 1 x 1 + x 2 4x 1x 2 = 1 4 m = 1 m =
3
4

Theo Vi-t, ta c : x 1 + x 2 = 2, x 1x 2 =

Cu hi nh : Tm tt c cc tham s m hm s y = x 3 + 3x 2 + mx + m nghch bin trn on c

di bng 1 .C hay khng yu cu bi ton tho : l = x 2 x 1 1?.

NG DNG N IU TRONG BT NG THC

V d 1:

1. Cho x y z 0 .Chng minh rng :

x z y x y z
+ + + +
z y x y z x

2. Cho x , y, z > 0 Chng minh rng:

x 4 + y 4 + z 4 + xyz (x + y + z ) xy(x 2 + y 2 ) + yz (y 2 + z 2 ) + zx (z 2 + x 2 ) .

3. Chng minh rng : x > ln (1 + x ) , x > 0

Gii :

1 Cho x y z 0 .Chng minh rng :

x z y x y z
+ + + +
z y x y z x

x y z 0

35

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

x z y x y z
+ + + + .
z y x y z x
1 1
y
z
1
1
Ta c: f '(x ) = ( ) ( ) = (y z )( ) 0, x 0 f x l hm s ng bin
z y
yz x 2
x2 x2
x 0 f (x ) f (y ) = 0 pcm.

Xt hm s : f (x ) =

( )

2. Cho x , y, z > 0 Chng minh rng:

x 4 + y 4 + z 4 + xyz (x + y + z ) xy(x 2 + y 2 ) + yz (y 2 + z 2 ) + zx (z 2 + x 2 ) .
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s: x y z > 0 .

Xt hm s f (x ) = x 4 + y 4 + z 4 + xyz (x + y + z ) xy(x 2 + y 2 ) yz (y 2 + z 2 ) zx (z 2 + x 2 )
Ta c : f '(x ) = 4x 3 3x 2 (y + z ) + xyz + yz (x + y + z ) (y 3 + z 3 ) f "(x ) = 12x 2 6x (y + z ) + 2yz
f "(x ) > 0 (do x y z ) f '(x ) f '(y ) = z 2y z 3 = z 2 (y z ) 0 nn f (x ) l hm s ng

bin. f (x ) f (y ) = z 4 2z 3y + y 2z 2 = z 2 (z y )2 0 pcm.

3. Chng minh rng : x > ln (1 + x ) , x > 0

( )

Hm s f x = x ln 1 + x xc nh v lin tc trn na khong 0; + v c o hm

1
f ' x =1
> 0 vi mi x > 0 . Do hm s f x ng bin trn na khong 0; + , hn
x +1
na f x > f 0 = 0 vi mi x > 0

( )

( )

( )

()

Hay x > ln 1 + x , x > 0

V d 2:

1. Cho a, b, c > 0 . Chng minh rng:

a
b
c
3
+
+
.
a +b b +c c +a 2

2. Cho 0 < a b c . Chng minh rng:

2a
2b
2c
(c a )2
+
+
3+
.
b +c c +a a +b
a(c + a )

Gii :
1. Cho a, b, c > 0 . Chng minh rng:
t x =

a
b
c
3
+
+

a +b b +c c +a 2

b
c
a
1
1
1
3
, y = , z = xyz = 1 v bt ng thc cho
+
+
.
a
b
c
1+x 1+y 1+z 2

Gi s z 1 xy 1 nn c:

1
1
2
2 z
+

=
1 + x 1 + y 1 + xy 1 + z

36

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

1
1
1
2 z
1
2t
1
+
+

+
=
+
= f (t ) vi t = z 1
1 + x 1 + y 1 + z 1 + z 1 + z 1 + t 1 + t2
2
2t
2(1 t )
3
Ta c: f '(t ) =

0 f (t ) f (1) =
, t 1 pcm.
2
2 2
2 2
2
(1 + t )
(1 + t )
(1 + t )

2. Cho 0 < a b c . Chng minh rng:

t

2a
2b
2c
(c a )2
+
+
3+
b +c c +a a +b
a(c + a )

b
c
= , = x ,1 x . Khi bt ng thc cn chng minh tr thnh
a
a

2
2
2x
x2 + x + 4
x +1
2x (x + 1)
)
+
+

x 2 + x + 1 (2
+ 2 +
+x 1+x 1+
x +1
+x
1+
x +1
2x (x + 1)
Xt hm s f (x ) = x 2 + x + 1 (2
+ 2 +
), 1 x
+x
1+
2(2x + 1)
1
2x +1
2
2
= ( 1)[

] 0, 1 x
Ta c: f '(x ) = 2x + 1
2
+1
+1 (x + )2
(x + )

Nh vy hm f (x ) l ng bin do f (x ) f ( ) = 2 3 + 3
Nhng f '( ) = 2 3 +

= + +

3 3 3 . .

3 =0

f (x ) f ( ) f (1) = 0 pcm.

BI TP T LUYN

( )

1. Chng minh rng hm s f x = 1 x 2 nghch bin trn on 0;1 .

4
2. Chng minh rng hm s f x = x 3 2x 2 + x 3 ng bin trn .
3
3. Xt chiu bin thin ca cc hm s:
10
7
a ) f x = 2x 5 + 5x 4 + x 3
3
3
3
2
b ) f x = x 2x + x + 1

( )

( )
( )

4
x
9
d) f x = x
x
1
e ) f x = x 3 2x 2 + 4x 5
3
x 2 8x + 9
f) f x =
x 5

( )

c) f x = x +

( )

( )

g)

( )
f (x ) =

x 2 2x + 3
37

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

( ) x 1+ 1 2x
i ) f ( x ) = 3x + 1
j ) f ( x ) = 4x x
k ) f (x ) = x + x
l ) f (x ) = x x
h) f x =

2x
x 9
4. Xt chiu bin thin ca cc hm s sau :
1
1
a) y =
x x 2
x +1
b) y =
3 x
3x
c) y = 2
x +1
d ) y = x 2 + 2x + 3

( )

m) f x =

1 4
x + x3 x + 5
2
3
3
f ) y = x 4 2x 3 + x 2 6x + 11
4
2
4 5
3
g) y = x + x + 8
5
7
h ) y = 9x 7 7x 6 + x 5 + 12
5
5. Chng minh rng :
x 2
a ) Hm s y =
ng bin trn mi khong xc nh ca n .
x +2
x 2 2x + 3
b ) Hm s y =
nghch bin trn mi khong xc nh ca n .
x +1
6. Chng minh rng :
3x
a ) Hm s y =
nghch bin trn mi khong xc nh ca n .
1 + 2x
2x 2 + 3x
b ) Hm s y =
ng bin trn mi khong xc nh ca n .
2x + 1
e) y =

c) Hm s y = x + x 2 + 8 nghch bin trn .

d ) Hm s y = x + cos2 x ng bin trn .
7. Chng minh rng :
a ) Hm s y = 2x x 2 nghch bin trn on 1;2

38

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

b ) Hm s y = x 2 9 ng bin trn na khong 3; +

4
c) Hm s y = x + nghch bin trn mi na khong 2; 0 v 0;2
x
x
d ) Hm s y = 2
ng bin trn khong 1;1 , nghch bin trn mi khong ; 1 v
x +1
1; + .

) (

8. Cho hm s y = 2x 2 x 2
a ) Chng minh hm s ng bin trn na khong 2; +

b ) Chng minh rng phng trnh 2x 2 x 2 = 11 c nghim duy nht .

Hng dn :
x 5x 8
a) y ' =
> 0, x 2; + . Do hm s ng bin trn na khong 2; +
x 2

b ) Hm s xc nh v lin tc trn na khong 2; + , do cng lin tc trn on 2; 3 ,

()

()

( )

y 2 < 11 < y 3 nn theo nh l gi tr trung gian ca hm s lin tc, tn ti s thc c 2; 3 sao

()

( )
khong 2; + ) nn c ( 2; 3 ) l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh .

cho y c = 11 . S thc c 2; 3 l 1 nghim ca phng trnh cho v v hm s ng bin trn na

9. Cho hm s y = sin2 x + cos x .

a ) Chng minh rng hm s ng bin trn on 0; v nghch bit trn on ; .
3
3

b ) Chng minh rng vi mi m 1;1 , phng trnh sin2 x + cos x = m c nghim duy nht thuc

on 0; .
Hng dn :

a ) Chng minh rng hm s ng bin trn on 0; v nghch bit trn on ; .
3
3
Hm s lin tc trn on 0; v y ' = sin x 2 cos x 1 , x 0;

( )

( )

( )

( )

V x 0; sin x > 0 nn trong khong 0; : f ' x = 0 cos x =

y ' > 0, x 0; nn hm s ng bin trn on
3

0;
3

y ' < 0, x ; nn hm s nghch bin trn on ;
3
3

39

x =
2
3

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

b ) Chng minh rng vi mi m 1;1 , phng trnh sin2 x + cos x = m c nghim duy nht thuc

on 0; .


5
x 0; ta c y 0 y y 1 y nn phng trnh cho khng c nghim m 1;1
4
3
3


5
x ; ta c y y y 1 y . Theo nh l v gi tr trung gian ca hm s
4
3
3

5
lin tc vi m 1;1 1; , tn ti mt s thc c ; sao cho y c = 0 . S c l nghim
4

()

( )

()

ca phng trnh sin2 x + cos x = m v v hm s nghch bin trn on ; nn trn on ny ,
3
phng trnh c nghim duy nht .
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht thuc on 0; .

) ( )

10. Cho A 1;1 , B 2; 4 l hai im ca parabol y = x 2 .Xc nh im C thuc parabol sao cho tip
tuyn ti C vi parabol song song vi ng thng AB .
11. Vi gi tr no ca a hm s f x = x 3 + ax nghch bin trn .

( )

12. Vi gi tr no ca m , cc hm s ng bin trn mi khong xc nh ca n ?

m
a) y = x + 2 +
x 1
2
2x + m + 2 x 3m + 1
b) y =
x 1
Hng dn :
m
m
a )y = x + 2 +
y' =1
,x 1
2
x 1
x 1

) (

m 0 th y ' > 0; x 1 . Do hm s ng bin trn mi khong ;1 v 1; + .

(x 1) m , x 1 v y ' = 0 x = 1
m > 0 th y ' = 1
=
( x 1)
( x 1)
2

) (

m . Lp bng bin thin ta

thy hm s nghch bin trn mi khong 1 m ;1 v 1;1 + m ; do khng tho iu kin .

Vy :hm s ng bin trn mi khong xc nh ca n khi v ch khi m 0
Ch : Bi ton trn c m rng nh sau

(
)
a ) Tm gi tr ca m hm s ng bin ( 2; + )
a1 ) Tm gi tr ca m hm s ng bin ; 1
2

a 3 ) Tm gi tr ca m hm s nghch bin trong khong c di bng 2.

40

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

( ) ( )

a 4 ) Tm gi tr ca m hm s nghch bin trn mi khong 0;1 v 1;2 .

a5 ) Gi x 1 < x 2 l hai nghim ca phng trnh x 1 m = 0 . Tm m :

a5.1 ) x 1 = 2x 2
a5.2 ) x 1 < 3x 2
a5.3 ) x 1 + 3x 2 < m + 5
a5.4 ) x 1 5x 2 m 12
b) y =

2x 2 + m + 2 x 3m + 1
x 1

= 2x + m +

1 2m
2m 1
y ' = 2 +
2
x 1
x 1

1
y ' < 0, x 1 , hm s nghch bin trn mi khong ;1 v 1; +
2
1
m > phng trnh y ' = 0 c hai nghim x 1 < 1 < x 2 hm s ng bin trn mi khong
2
x 1;1 v 1; x 2 , trng hp ny khng tha .

13. Vi gi tr no ca m , cc hm s nghch bin trn

1
y = x 3 + 2x 2 + 2m + 1 x 3m + 2
3
Hng dn :
1
y = x 3 + 2x 2 + 2m + 1 x 3m + 2 y ' = x 2 + 4x + 2m + 1, ' = 2m + 5
3
2
5
m = th y ' = x 2 0 vi mi x , y ' = 0 ch ti im x = 2 . Do hm s nghch bin
2
trn .
5
m < hay ' < 0 th y ' < 0, x . Do hm s nghch bin trn .
2
5
m > hay ' > 0 th y ' = 0 c hai nghim x 1, x 2 x 1 < x 2 . Hm s ng bin trn khong
2
x 1; x 2 . Trng hp ny khng tha mn .

Ngoi ra ta c th trnh by : Hm s nghch bin trn khi v ch khi

a = 1 < 0
5
2m + 5 0 m

2
' 0
5
Vy hm s nghch bin trn khi v ch khi m
2
Ch : Bi ton trn c m rng nh sau

(
)
a ) Tm gi tr ca m hm s ng bin ( 0;1) v ( 2; 3 )
a1 ) Tm gi tr ca m hm s ng bin 2; 1
2

41

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

a 3 ) Tm gi tr ca m hm s ng bin trong khong c di bng 1.

( )

a 4 ) Tm gi tr ca m hm s nghch bin trn khong 0;1 .

1 3
2
x + m 1 x 2 + 2m 3 x
3
3
a ) Vi gi tr no ca m , hm s ng bin trn
b ) Vi gi tr no ca m , hm s ng bin trn :

( )

14. Cho hm s f x =

( )
b ) ( 1;1)
b ) ( ; 1

b1 ) 1; +
2

b4 ) 1; 0

( )

15. Cho hm s f x = 2 sin x + tan x 3x

a ) Chng minh rng hm s ng bin trn na khong 0; .
2

b ) Chng minh rng 2 sin x + tan x > 3x vi mi x 0; .
2
Hng dn :

a ) Chng minh rng hm s ng bin trn na khong 0;
2

Hm s f x = 2 sin x + tan x 3x lin tc trn na khong 0; v c o hm
2

( )

)(
2

1 cos x 2 cos x + 1

1
2 cos3 x + 1 3 cos2 x

=
=
> 0, x 0;
3
f ' x = 2 cos x +
2
2
2
cos x
cos x
cos x
2

Do hm s f x = 2 sin x + tan x 3x ng bin trn na khong 0;
2

b ) Chng minh rng 2 sin x + tan x > 3x vi mi x 0;
2

Hm s f x = 2 sin x + tan x 3x ng bin trn na khong 0; v
2


f x f 0 = 0, x 0; ; do 2 sin x + tan x 3x > 0 mi x 0; hay
2
2

2 sin x + tan x > 3x vi mi x 0;
2
16.

( )

( )

( )

( )

()

42

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

a ) Chng minh rng tan x > x vi mi x 0; .
2

x3
b ) Chng minh rng tan x > x +
vi mi x 0; .
3
2
Hng dn :

a ) Chng minh rng hm s f x = tan x x ng bin trn na khong 0; .
2

Hm s f x = tan x x lin tc trn na khong 0; v c o hm
2

1
2
f' x =

1
=
tan
x
>
0,

0; .
cos2 x
2


Do hm s f x = tan x x ng bin trn na khong 0; v f x > f 0 = 0, x 0;
2
2
hay tan x > x .

x3
b ) Chng minh rng tan x > x +
vi mi x 0; .
3
2

x3
Xt hm s g x = tan x x
trn na khong 0; .
3
2

x3
lin tc trn na khong 0; v c o hm
Hm s g x = tan x x
3
2

1
2
2
2
g' x =

x
=
tan
x

x
=
tan
x

x
tan
x
+
x
>
0,

0; cu a )
cos2 x
2

x3
Do hm s g x = tan x x
ng bin trn na khong 0; v
3
2


x3
g x > g 0 = 0, x 0; hay tan x > x +
vi mi x 0; .
3
2
2

4
17. Cho hm s f x = x tan x vi mi x 0;

4

a ) Xt chiu bin thin ca hm s trn on 0; .
4

4
b ) T suy ra rng x tan x vi mi x 0; .

4
Hng dn :

a ) Xt chiu bin thin ca hm s trn on 0; .
4

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

)(

( )

( )

()

( )

43

()

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

( )

Hm s f x =

( )

f' x =

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

x tan x lin trc trn on 0; v c o hm

4
4

1
4
=
tan2 x , x 0;
2

cos x
4

( )

f ' x = 0 tan x =

nn tn ti mt s duy nht c 0; sao cho tanc =

4
4
f ' x > 0, x 0; c hm s f x ng bin trn on x 0; c

V 0 <

( )

< 1 = tan

( )

( )

f ' x < 0, x c; hm s f x nghch bin trn on x c;
4
4


4
4
b ) D thy 0 f x f c ; x 0; x tan x 0 hay
x tan x vi mi x 0; .

4
4
18. Chng minh rng cc bt ng thc sau :
a ) sin x < x vi mi x > 0
, sin x > x vi mi x < 0

( )

( )

( )

()

x2
vi mi x 0
2
x3
c) sin x > x
vi mi x > 0
6

b ) cos x > 1

, sin x < x

x3
vi mi x < 0
6

d ) sin x + tan x > 2x vi mi x 0;
2
Hng dn :
a ) sin x < x vi mi x > 0
.

Hm s f x = x sin x lin tc trn na khong 0; v c o hm
2


x
f ' x = 1 cos x = 2 sin2 > 0, x 0; . Do hm s ng bin trn na khong 0; v ta c
2
2
2



f x > f 0 = 0, x 0; , tc l x sin x > 0, x 0; hay x > sin x , x 0; .
2
2
2
x2
b ) cos x > 1
vi mi x 0
2
x2
lin tc trn na khong 0; + v c o hm f ' x = x sin x > 0
Hm s f x = cos x 1 +
2
vi mi x > 0 ( theo cu a ). Do hm s f x ng bin trn na khong 0; + v ta c

( )

( )

( )

()

( )

( )

( )

()

f x > f 0 = 0, x > 0 , tc l cos x 1 +

( x )
1+

( )

Vi mi x < 0 , ta c cos x

( )
)

x2
> 0, x > 0
2

x2
> 0, x < 0 hay cos x 1 +
> 0, x < 0
2
44

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

x2
vi mi x 0
2
x3
c) Hm s f x = x
sin x . Theo cu b th f ' x < 0, x 0 . Do hm s nghch bin trn .
6
f x > f 0 khi x < 0
V
f x < f 0 khi x > 0

d ) sin x + tan x > 2x vi mi x 0;
2

Hm s f x = sin x + tan x 2x lin tc trn na khong 0; v c o hm
2

1
1
f ' x = cos x +
2 > cos2 x +
2 > 0, x 0; . Do hm s ng bin trn na
2
2
cos x
cos x
2


khong 0; v ta c f x > f 0 = 0, x 0;
2
2

Vy cos x > 1

( )
( ) ()
( ) ()

( )

( )

( )

( )

()

MT S DNG TON TRONG K THI T TI &TUYN SINH I HC

1 Tm tham s m th ca hm s ng bin trn :
m 1 3
a) y =
x + mx 2 + (3m 2)x
3
1
b ) y = x 3 2x 2 + m + 1 x 1
3
2 Tm m cc hm s sau nghch bin trn
1 m 3
2
y=
x 2 2 m x + 2 2 m x + 5
3

3 Tm m cc hm s sau ng bin trn

a ) y = x + m sin x
b ) y = mx + sin x +

1
1
sin 2x + sin 3x
4
9

c) y = 2mx 2 cos2 x m sin x cos x +

d ) y = (m 3)x (2m + 1) cos x

1
cos2 2x
4

4 Tm tham s m th ca hm s :
a ) y = x 3 + 3x 2 + (m + 1)x + 4m nghch bin trn 1;1

b ) y = x 3 mx 2 (2m 2 7m + 7)x + 2(m 1)(2m 3) ng bin trn 2; +

45

Nguyn
Ph
Khnh
-sLt
Tnh n
iu
ca hm

Cc vn lin quan Hm s lp 12

c) y = x 3 + 3x 2 + mx + m nghch bin trn on c di bng 1 .

(2m 1)x 2 3mx + 5
d) y =
ng bin trn on 2; 5
x 1
1

2x 2 3x + m
e) y =
nghch bin trn khong ; +
2x + 1
2

x 2 8x
f) y =
ng bin trn khong 1; +
8(x + m )

mx 2 + x + m
ng bin trn khong 0; + .
mx + 1
5 Chng minh rng :

a ) 2sin x + 2tan x > 2x +1, x 0;
2

+2
b ) 1 < x cos2 x <
, x 0;
4
4
0
0
c) 5 tan 6 > 6 tan 5

g) y =

d ) 20082009 > 20092008

a b
a b

< tan a tan b <

,0 < a < b <
2
2
2
cos b
cos a
6 Chng minh rng :
b a
b b a
a)
> ln >
,0 < a < b
a
a
b
y
x
1
lg
lg
>4
b) y x 1 y
1x
0 < x < 1; 0 < y < 1, x y
e)

a b
a +b
<
, a > 0, b > 0, a b
ln a ln b
2
d ) lgx (x + 1) > lgx +1 (x + 2), x > 1
c) ab <

e)

x +y
x y
>
,x > y > 0
2
ln x ln y

46