B3001/UNIT3/1

MEASURES OF
DISPERSION

Unit

General Objective
Understand frequency distribution graph
and understand measures of dispersion.

Specific Objective
On completion of this unit, the students
should be able to :

1. Determine quartile, decile and

percentile from ogive graph.

2.

Calculate mean deviation,

variance and standard deviation
for ungrouped data.

3.

Calculate mean deviation,

variance and standard deviation
for grouped data.

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3.0

INTRODUCTION
Measures of dispersion are the measures of the degree of dispersion to

determine how far the values of data in a set of data scatter or spread out from its
average value. There are a few types of measures of dispersion :
a) Quartile
b) Decile
c) Percentile
d) Mean Deviation and Variance
e) Standard deviation

What is the Quartile,Decile and Percentile in

measures of dispersion?
Value which divides a set of data arranged in
ascending or decending order into four equal parts.
There are first quartile (Q1), second quartile /
median (Q2) and third quartile (Q3)

Quartile (Q)

Value which divides a set of data arranged in ascending or

decending order into ten equal parts. These are known as
D1, D2, D3,,D9.

Decile (D)

Percentile
(P)

Value which divides a set of data arranged in ascending or

decending order into hundred equal part. These are known
as P1, P2, P3,,P99.

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INPUT

3.1

MEASURES OF DISPERSION

Measures of dispersion are the measures of the degree of dispersion to

determine how far the values of data in a set of data scatter or spread out from its
average value. There are a few types of measures of dispersion :
f) Quartile
g) Decile
h) Percentile
i) Variance
j) Standard deviation

3.1.1 Quartile,Decile and Percentile

Firstly, from data given , we must construct a cumulative frequency graph of

100% against class boundaries of data to determine quartile,decile and percentile
using ogive as shown below:

Example 3.1:
From data in table 3.1, determine first quartile ,third quartile fourth decile and eighty
eighth percentile through ogive.
Table 3.1
Order (RM)

No. of order

10 and less than 20

85

20 and less than 30

120

30 and less than 40

225

40 and less than 50

135

50 and less than 60

105

60 and less than 70

30

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Solution :
Step 1 : Construct cumulative frequency table as shown in Table 3.2.
Jadual 3.2
Cumulative

% cumulative

frequency (cf)

frequency (% cf)

less than 10

less than 20

85

12.1

less than 30

205

29.3

less than 40

430

61.4

less than 50

565

80.7

less than 60

670

95.7

less than 70

700

100.0

Order (RM)

(85/100) x 700
= 12.1 %

Step 2 : Construct ogive graph

Figure 3.1: Ogive Graph Less Than

From the graph 3.1,

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First quartile, K1 = RM 27.00

Third quartile,

K2 = RM 47.00

Fourth decile, D4 = RM 33.10

Eighty eighth Percentile , P88 = RM 54.50

ACTIVITY 3a
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3a.1

A set of grouped data shows the weight of 100 students. Find first quartile,
third quartile,fifth decile and sixtieth percentile,P60.

Berat (kg)

Kekerapan

45 48

49 52

53 56

10

57 60

14

61 64

19

65 68

25

69 - 72

12

73 - 76

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FEEDBACK 3a

3a.1

first quartile, K1 = 57.7 kg

third quartile, K3 = 67.7 kg
fifth decile, D5 = 64.0 kg
sixtieth percentile P60 = 67.0 kg

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INPUT

3.2 MEAN DEVIATION FOR UNGROUPED DATA

Mean deviation for the raw data x1, x2, x3,..xn is calculated by
using the following formula.

x x
n

E=

i l

(3.1)

where x = mean.
Example 3.2:
Calculate mean deviation for the following data.
a)

12, 6, 15, 3, 12, 6, 21, 15, 18, 12

b)

12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12

Solution:
a)
12

15

12

21

15

18

12

120

xi x

0 -6

-9

x x

0 -6

-9

4.2

120

x x
i

E=

42
= 4.2
10

b)
12 12 12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

xi x

x x

E=

x x
i

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0
=0
10

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Example 3.3:
Determine mean deviation for the following data.
5, 7, 1, 2, 4

Solution:

xi

xi x

xi x

1.2

3.2 -2.8

-1.8

0.2

1.2

3.2

1.8

0.2

2.8

19

9.2

x
Mean x =

i l

19
= 3.8
5

mean deviation, E:
n

x x
E=

i l

9 .2
= 1.84
5

3.3 MEAN DEVIATION FOR GROUPED DATA

Mean deviation for grouped data, E is calculated by using the following
k

x x f
E=

i l

. (3.2)
Where x = mean .

Example 3.4:
Calculate mean deviation for the following grouped data.
Class

Frequency f i

0-4

30

5-9

51

10 - 14

10

15 - 19

10

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Solution:

xi

fi

xi f i

xi x

xi x

xi x fi

30

60

-5

150

51

357

12

10

120

50

17

10

170

10

10

100

707

mean, x =

mean deviation, E =

300

x f

i i

x x f
i

=
i

707
=7
101
=

300
=3
101

Example 3.5:
Calculate mean deviation for the following grouped data.

Class

Frequency, f i

24 32

34 42

44 52

12

54 62

14

64 72

11
50

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(24 +32) / 2
= 28

Solution:
Mid class, xi

fi

xi f i

xi x

xi x

xi x fi

28

140

-23.6

23.6

118.0

38

304

-13.6

13.6

108.0

48

12

576

-3.6

3.6

43.2

58

14

812

6.4

6.4

89.6

68

11

748

16.4

16.4

180.4

50

2580

540

x f
Mean =

i i

i l

2580
= 51.6
50

x x f
And mean deviation =

i l

540
50

= 10.8

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ACTIVITY 3b
3b.1

Calculate mean deviation for the following data.:

Class

Frequency f i

04

48

16

8 12

20

12 16

16

16 20

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ANSWERS 3b

3b.1

Mean, E = 3.2

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INPUT

3.3 VARIANCE FOR UNGROUPED DATA

Variance (S2 ) for the raw data x1, x2, x3, xn is calculated by using the
following formula :

x x
n

S2 =

i l

n 1

(3.3)

Where x = mean.

Example 3.6:
Calculate the variance for the following data :
a) 12, 6, 15, 3, 12, 6, 21, 15, 18, 12
b) 12, 10, 12, 14, 10, 13, 12, 11, 14, 12
c) 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12

Solution:

a)

xi x

x x

12

15

-6

36

12

21

15

18

12

-9

0 -6

81

81

36

x x

36

120

288

S2 =

n 1

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288
= 32
10 1
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b)

xi x

x x

12

10

12

14

10

13

12

11

14

12

-2

-2

-1

36

81

36

81

36

120

18

x x

S =

n 1

18
=2
10 1

c)

xi x

x x

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

120

x x
=

S2

n 1

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0
=0
10 1

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ACTIVITY 3c

3c.1

Find the mean and variance for the following data:

10, 7, 19, 13, 14, 9

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FEEDBACK 3c

3c.1

mean = 12
variance = 15.3

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INPUT
3.4 STANDARD DEVIATION
Standard deviation is represented as S, square root of variance.

var iance

S=
Example 3.7:

Determine standard deviation for data in (a), (b) and (c) in example 3.6.

Solution:
Standard deviation :
(a) S2 = 32 , S =

32 = 5.66

(b) S2 = 2 , S =

2 = 1.41

(c) S2 = 0 , S =

0 =0

Variance Formula for Ungrouped Data

You can use the following formula to find the variance for ungrouped data :

x
n

S2 =

i l

(3.4)

n 1

Or

S2 =

x
i l

nx

n 1

(3.5)

where x = mean.

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Example 3.8:
Determine a variance of the following using data : 5, 7, 1, 2, 4.

Solution :

xi

xi x

x x
i

xx

1.2

1.44

25

3.2

10.44

46

-2.8

7.84

-1.8

3.24

-0.2

0.04

22.8

95

19

mean, x =

19
=3.8
5

First method Using equation (3.4):

x
n

S2 =
=

i l

n 1

22.8
= 5.7
4

Second method Using equation (3.5):

n

S2

x
=

i l

nx

n 1

95 5(3.8) 2
4

95 72.2
4

22.8
4

= 5.7

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Variance Formula for Grouped Data

You can use the following formula to find the variance for grouped data :

x x
k

S
2

i l

fi

(3.6)

n 1

Or

S2 =

x
i l

fi n x

(3.7)

n 1

where x = mean.

Example 3.9:
Calculate the variance and standard deviation for the following distribution
frequency table using the formula in equation 3.6.

Class

Frequency

04

30

59

51

10 14

10

15 19

10

Solution:

Class

xi

fi

xi f i

xi x

x x

04

30

60

-5

25

750

59

51

357

10 14

12

10

120

25

250

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x x

fi

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15 19

17

10

170

10

100

1000

So,
x=

707
=7
101

and

x x
k

Variance, S
2

i l

fi

n 1

2000
= 20
101 1

standard deviation, S =

20 = 4.47

Example 3.10:
Using formula in equation 3.7, calculate the variance and standard deviation in
the following table.
Class

Frequency

04

30

59

51

10 14

10

15 19

10

Solution:

Class

xi

xi

04

59

fi

xi f i

xi f i

30

60

120

49

51

357

2499

10 14

12

144

10

120

1440

15 19

17

289

10

170

2890

101

707

6949

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x f

i i

707
7
101

S2

x
=

i l

2
i

fi nx

n 1

6949 101 7 7
100

6949 4949 1000

20
100
100

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ACTIVITY 3d

3d.1

Calculate the mean and standard deviation for the following frequency
distribution table :

Class

Frequency

16 21

15

22 27

16

28 33

24 39

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FEEDBACK 3d

3d.1

Mean, x 24.5
Standard deviation, S = 6

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PRACTICES

3.a Find mean, mean deviation and standard deviation using the following data.

i) 32, 35, 36, 37, 41, 43

ii) 7.481, 7.478, 7.481, 7.483, 7.485, 7.475, 7.491, 7.488, 7.480, 7.477

3.b The sales of companies P and Q for last month are shown in the table below.
Construct an ogive from the table and determine K1, K3, D8 and P70.

Price (RM)

Company P (unit)

Company Q (unit)

Below 30

30 39

40 49

11

50 59

15

20

60 69

28

32

70 79

13

80 89

90 and above

Total

66

91

3.c Calculate mean deviation and standard deviation using the following data.

i) 4, 8, 12, 10, 14, 4, 8, 2, 10

ii) 23, 29, 21, 27, 33, 29, 31, 27
iii) 11, 12, -12, 11, -11, 14, 12, 13, 11

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3.d The following table shows the daily income in RM for 30 workers. Calculate
the mean, mean deviation and standard deviation for that data.
RM

Bilangan

11 13

13 15

15 17

17 19

19 21

21 23

23 25

3
30

3.e

Calculate the mean deviation and standard deviation for the following data;
kelas

3.f

Frekuansi

04

48

8 12

10

12 16

16 - 20

Calculate the mean deviation and standard deviation for the following data;
Kelas

Frekuansi

40 49

50 59

60 69

70 79

80 89

13

90 99

4
30

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ANSWERS

3a.

i).

mean, x = 37.33; mean deviation,E =3.1 and standard

deviation, S = 4.03

ii).

mean, x = 7.48; mean deviation,E =0.0039 and standard

deviation, S = 0.005

3b.

K1= 30, K3=60, D8=70 and P70 = 67

3c.

i). E = 28/9 ; S = 4
ii). E = 3 ; S = 3.95
iii). E = 10.44 ; S = 11.79

3d.

x = 18, E = 88/30 and S = 3.64

3e.

E = 3.8 and S = 3.64

3f.

E = 11.36 and S = 13.82

GOOD LUCK
PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT

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