UNIT11 - Solving Non-Linear Equation

B3001/UNIT 10/1
SOLVING NON LINEAR EQUATIONS
Unit 10
SOLVING NON LINEAR EQUATION
Objectives
General Objective
To solve non linear equations.
Specific Objective
Upon completion of this module, you will be able to:

1.
Solve non linear equationS using fixed point

iteration.
2.
solve non linear equationS using Newton-Raphson

method
Prepared by : Siti Sharmila Osmin/Nithya A/P Periasamy
Page 1
B3001/UNIT 10/2
INPUT
10.0
INTRODUCTION
In this module we consider one of the most basic problems of numerical
approximation, the root finding problem, It involves finding the root x of an equation of
the form f(x) = 0, for a given function f. We will solve non linear equations using the
Fixed Point Iteration and Newton-Raphson method. Sometimes the equations given to
us are in a form of polynomials.
10.1
FIXED POINT ITERATION

A fixed point for a given function g is the number p for which g(p) = p. In thus
section we will consider the problem of finding solutions to fixed-point problems and the
connection between these problems and the root-finding problems we wish to solve.
Root finding problems and fixed-point problems are equivalent classes. Given a
root finding problem f(p) = 0 we can define a function g with a fixed point at p in a
number of ways. i.e.. g(x) = x - f(x) or as g(x) = x + 3 f(x).
Our first task is to become comfortable with this new type of problem and to
decide when a function has fixed points and how the fixed points can be determined.
Page 2
B3001/UNIT 10/3
Let have a polynomial f(x). We rewrite in the form of x = p(x) to find

approximate iteration that focus to a root (solution)
Iteration steps:
1.
Find an approximate root. Put this value to the right to find new root,
x1 = p(xo).
2.
This new approximation solution is substitute to the right to find another

approximate root
x2 = p(x1).
3.
This process is repeatedly as to find the most appropriate root

Xn+1 = p(xn)..( 10.1 )
(10.1) is a fixed-point iteration. If xn+1 xn diminished when n increases.
The root will converge to = p (),
Example 10.1:
Find the root for 5xex = 1 . Give the root to the nearest 0.0001, using fixed point
iteration method.
Solution:
Write the equation in the form of
e x
p( x)
5
Let xo = 1, fixed point iteration will list the results as;

x1 = 0.07357
x2 = 0.18581
x3 = 0.16608
0.16892 0.16883
= 0.00009 < 0.0001
x4 = 0.16939
x5 = 0.16883
x6 = 0.16892
After the sixth iteration we found that xn 1 xn 0.0001.
Page 3
B3001/UNIT 10/4
The first three iteration shows that the points are approximately nearing the real
root
Fig 10.1
Page 4
B3001/UNIT 10/5
ACTIVITY 10.1
10.1
Use fixed point iteration, solve for the equation to the nearest 10-3.
a.
x sin x = 0
b.
x2 + 5x 3 = 0
Page 5
B3001/UNIT 10/6
FEEDBACK 10.1
10.1
a.
0.0
b.
0.541
Page 6
B3001/UNIT 10/7
INPUT
10.2 NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD

The Newton-Raphson or simply Newtons method is one of the most powerful
and well known numerical methods for solving a root-finding problem f(x) = 0. There are
many ways of introducing Newtons method, we are going to start with a fixed point
nearest to the root, and we have to draw a tangent from that fixed point to the function.
That tangent cuts the x-axis at a second fixed point called x. We have to repeat the
process until it is nearest to the exact root. (Refer to fig 10.2),
Rajah 10.2
Let the first point (x0,y0) to the function y0 = f(x0). The tangent equation will be
y - f(x0) = f(x0) (x x0 ).
If tangent cuts the x-axis at x1, then
0 - f(x0) = f(x0) (x1 x0 )
Refer Fig. 10.2 :

When x = x1 ; y = 0, then
equations can be find as
0 - f(x0) = f(x0) (x x0 )
Page 7
B3001/UNIT 10/8
Newton-Raphson
Method
f ( x0 )
x1 x0
f ' ( x0 )
Then
x1 x0
f ( x0 )
f ' ( x0 )
.(10.2)
From fig.7.2, we find that is the real root, then x1 is between and x0. In this
context x1 is approximately a better root than x0. This process repeats itself when
x1 substitute x0 to give a root x2, this new root is between and x1. These
processes will be repeated until too approximate roots having the same degree of
wanted place value.
Example 10.2:
Solve the following equation
3x3 + 2x 4 = 0
Correct to the third decimal place..
Solution:
Rewrite the equation
y = 3x3 = 4 - 2x
Given the the functions of y = 3x3 and y = 4 2x (Fig. 9.3), we will have to draw
two graphs. The point of intersection.is the root (solution).
Construct a table, for a few values of f(x).
f(x)
-4
For x = 1,
f(x) = 3x3 + 2x 4
f(1) = 3(1) + 2(1) 4
=1
The solution or the root is between x = 0 and x = 1.
Page 8
B3001/UNIT 10/9
Rajah 10.3
We first choose initial approximations x0 through method of False Position as below:

1 0 4
x0
1 4 1 1
= 0.8
Using false position

formulae :
x1 y1
1
x0
y2 y1 x2 y2
This value xo is substituted using Newton-Raphson method (10.2)

f(x0) = f(0.8)
= 3(0.8)3 + 2(0.8) 4
= -0.864
f(x) = 9x2 + 2
f(x0) = f(0.8)
= 9(0.8)2 + 2
= 7.76
Page 9
B3001/UNIT 10/10
Using (10.1) , we will find
x1 0.8
0.864
7.76
= 0.91134
Successive of approximations are
x2 0.91134
3(0.91134)3 + 2(0.91134) 4
= 0.09339
0.09339
9.4748
9(0.91134)2 + 2 = 9.4748
= 0.90148
and
x3 0.90148
0.000767
9.3140
= 0.90139
When x2 and x3 are rounded to the third decimal place both x2 and x3 is the same
number. When this is true thats mean the root of the equation is x = 0.901
(correct to third decimal place). In other words, the iteration stops when
x3 x2 0.0001.
Example 10.3:
Calculate estimation of a positive root correct to the third decimal place for the
following equation.
Kos x x2 = 0
Solution :
f(x) = kos x x2
x
0.0
0.5
1.0
f(x)
1.0
0.6275
-0.4597
Page 10
B3001/UNIT 10/11
Using False Position method,.
x0
0.5 0.4597
1
0.627 0.4597 1.0 0.6275
0.7735
1.0872
= 0.7114
the root is in between 0.5 dan 1
Using Newton-Raphson iteration,
f(0.7114) = kos (0.7114) 0.71142
= 0.2513
f(x) = -sin x 2x
f(0.7114) = -sin (0.7114) 2(0.7114)
= -2.0757
The next approximation is
x1 0.7114
0.2513
2.0757
= 0.8325
f(0.5903) = -0.0200
f(0.5903) = -2.4046
x2 0.8325
0.0200
2.4046
= 0.8242
f(0.8242) = -0.00016
f(0.8242) = -2.3824
x3 0.8242
0.00016
2.3824
= 0.8241
Therefore, the real root correct to three decimal place is 0.824.
Page 11
B3001/UNIT 10/12
ACTIVITY 10.2
10.1
Use Newton-Raphson method to find solutions accurate to within 10-3 for
the following problems.

a.
3 kos x 5x + 4 = 0
b.
x2 2x 3 + ex = 0
c.
sin x x2 + 3 = 0
Page 12
B3001/UNIT 10/13
FEEDBACK 10.2
1
a.
1.0818
b.
1.3544
c.
1.4183
Page 13
B3001/UNIT 10/14
SELF ASSESSMENT
10.1
The equation x3 + 2x2 5x 1 = 0 has a approximation solution x = 1.4. Use

Newton-Raphson method to find solution accurate to three decimal place.
10.2
The equation 2x3 7x2 x + 12 = 0 has a approximation solution x = 1.5. Use

Newton-Raphson method to find solution accurate to three decimal place
10.3
Use Newton-Raphsons method to approximate, within 10-4, the value of x that

produces the point on the graph of ex + x 2 = 0
Page 14
B3001/UNIT 10/15
FEEDBACK
10.1
xn 1
f ( xn )
f ' ( xn )
xn
f(xn)
f(xn)
1.4
-1.336
6.48
1.606
1.61
0.3075
9.2163
1.5766
1.577
0.01075
8.7688
1.5758
1.5758
0.00023
8.7526
1.57577
The solution correct to 10-3 is x = 1.576.
10.2
xn 1
f ( xn )
f ' ( xn )
xn
f(xn)
f(xn)
1.5
1.5
-8.5
1.676
1.676
0.0769
-7.610
1.6861
1.6861
0.000307
-7.5478
1.68614
Page 15
B3001/UNIT 10/16
10.3
xn 1
f ( xn )
f ' ( xn )
xn
f(xn)
f(xn)
0.4
-0.108
2.49
0.4434
0.443
0.000372
2.557
0.44286
0.4429
0.000117
2.5572
0.44285
Page 16

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B3001/UNIT 10/1

SOLVING NON LINEAR EQUATIONS

To solve non linear equations.

Upon completion of this module, you will be able to:

Solve non linear equationS using fixed point

solve non linear equationS using Newton-Raphson

Prepared by : Siti Sharmila Osmin/Nithya A/P Periasamy

FIXED POINT ITERATION

Prepared by : Siti Sharmila Osmin/Nithya A/P Periasamy

Let have a polynomial f(x). We rewrite in the form of x = p(x) to find

This new approximation solution is substitute to the right to find another

This process is repeatedly as to find the most appropriate root

Let xo = 1, fixed point iteration will list the results as;

Prepared by : Siti Sharmila Osmin/Nithya A/P Periasamy

Prepared by : Siti Sharmila Osmin/Nithya A/P Periasamy

Prepared by : Siti Sharmila Osmin/Nithya A/P Periasamy

Prepared by : Siti Sharmila Osmin/Nithya A/P Periasamy

10.2 NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD

Refer Fig. 10.2 :

Construct a table, for a few values of f(x).

The solution or the root is between x = 0 and x = 1.

Prepared by : Siti Sharmila Osmin/Nithya A/P Periasamy

We first choose initial approximations x0 through method of False Position as below:

Using false position

This value xo is substituted using Newton-Raphson method (10.2)

Prepared by : Siti Sharmila Osmin/Nithya A/P Periasamy

Use Newton-Raphson method to find solutions accurate to within 10-3 for

the following problems.

Prepared by : Siti Sharmila Osmin/Nithya A/P Periasamy

Prepared by : Siti Sharmila Osmin/Nithya A/P Periasamy

The equation x3 + 2x2 5x 1 = 0 has a approximation solution x = 1.4. Use

The equation 2x3 7x2 x + 12 = 0 has a approximation solution x = 1.5. Use

Use Newton-Raphsons method to approximate, within 10-4, the value of x that

Prepared by : Siti Sharmila Osmin/Nithya A/P Periasamy

The solution correct to 10-3 is x = 1.576.

The solution correct to 10-4 is x = 1.686.

Prepared by : Siti Sharmila Osmin/Nithya A/P Periasamy

The solution correct to 10-4 is x = 0.4429.

Prepared by : Siti Sharmila Osmin/Nithya A/P Periasamy

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