APPLIED PHYSICS

CODE : 07A1BS05
I B.TECH
CSE, IT, ECE & EEE
UNIT-1: CHAPTER 2.1
NO. OF SLIDES :33

UNIT INDEX
UNIT-I
S.No.

Module

Lecture
No.

PPT Slide
No.

Introduction-space
lattice unit cell

L5

3-10

Lattice parameters.
bravais lattices

L6

11-27

Structure and packing L7

fractions.

28-30

8.

Miller indices.

31-33

L8-9

Lecture-5

INTRODUCTION
Matter is classified into three kinds, they are
solids, liquids and gases. In solids, all the atoms
or molecules are arranged in a fixed manner.
Solids have definite shape and size, where as in
liquid and gasses atoms or molecules are not
fixed and cannot form any shape and size.
On basis of arrangement of atoms or molecules,
solids are classified into two categories, they are
crystalline solids and amorphous solids.
3

CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS

AMORPHOUS SOLIDS

1. In crystalline solids, the 1. In amorphous solids, the

atoms or molecules are
atoms or molecules are
arranged in a regular and
arranged in an irregular
orderly manner in 3-D
manner, otherwise there
pattern, called lattice.
is no lattice structure.
2. These solids do not
2. These solids passed
posses any internal
internal spatial symmetry
spatial symmetry.
of atomic or molecular
orientation.
3. If a crystal breaks, the
3. If an amorphous solid
broken pieces also have
breaks, the broken pieces
regular shape.
are irregular in shape.
Eg: M.C : Au, Ag,Al,
Eg : Glass, Plastic, Rubber.
N.M.C: Si, Nacl, Dia.
4

LATTICE POINTS :

Lattice points denote the position of atoms or

molecules in the crystals.

SPACE LATTICE :

The angular arrangement of the space positions of

the atoms or molecules in a crystals is called space
lattice or lattice array.
5

2D-SPACE LATTICE :

It is defined as an infinite array of points in 2D space in which every point has the same
environment w.r.t. all other points.
The dots represent the lattice points in which
atoms can be accommodated. Taking O as an
arbitrary origin in XY plane constructed.
b
The two translations vectors and are taken
OP
b The
along X-axis and Y-axis respectively.
resultant vector T can be represented as
T=n1 +n2 Where n1, n2 are arbitrary integers.
6

3D- Space Lattice

It is defined as an infinite array of points in
3D-Space in which every point has the same
environment w.r.t. all other points.
In this case the resultant vector can be
expressed asb T=n
c 1 +n2 +n3 . Where n1, n2, n3
b, c
are arbitrary integers
and, ,
& are
translational vector along X,Y,Z-axis
respectively
7

BASIS :
Certain atoms or molecules are attached
to each lattice point in the crystal structure.
These atoms or molecules attached to any
lattice point form the basis of a crystal
lattice. Hence, crystal structure = Lattice
+ Basis.
In order to convert the geometrical array
of points molecules are located on the
lattice points.
8

 The repeating unit assembly atom,

molecule, ion or radical that is located at
each lattice point is called the BASIS.
The basis is an assembly of atoms
identical in composition, arrangement and
orientation. Thus, Again we say that the
crystal structure is formed by logical
relation
Space lattice + Basis = CRYSTAL
STRUCTURE.
9

Unit Cell :
Unit cell of a crystal is the smallest volume of a
crystalline solid or geometric figure from which
the entire crystal is built up by translational
repetition in three dimensions.
Since the unit cell which reflects the structure of
the crystal structure of the crystal lattice has all
the structural properties of the given crystal
lattice, it is enough to study the shape and
properties of the unit cell to get the idea about
the whole crystal
10

Lecture-6

LATTICE PARAMETERS OF AN UNIT CELL

The lines drawn parallel to the lines of

intersection of any three faces of the unit cell
which do not lie in the same plane are called
crystallographic axes.
An arbitrary arrangement of
crystallographic axes marked X,Y,&Z. The
angles between the three crystallographic
axes are known as interfacial angles or
interaxial angles.
11


The angle between the axes Y and Z =

The angle between the axes Z and X =

The angle between the axes X and Y =

The intercepts a,b&c define the dimensions of
an unit cell and are known as its primitive or
characteristic intercepts on the axes. The three
quantities a,b&c are also called the fundamental
translational vectors.
12

BRAVAIS LATTICES
A 3dimensional lattice is generated by
repeated translation of three non-coplanar
vectors a,b &c.
There are only 14 distinguishable ways of
arranging points in 3d space.
These 14 space lattices are known as
Bravais lattices.

13

SIMPLE CUBIC

14

BODY CENTRED CUBIC

15

FACE CENTRED CUBIC

16

TETRAGONAL

17

BODY CENTRED TETRAGONAL

18

ORTHORHOMBIC

19

BODY CENTRED
ORTHORHOMBIC

20

BASE CENTRED
ORTHORHOMBIC

21

FACE CEN TRED

ORTHORHOMBIC

22

MONOCLINIC

23

BASE CENTRED MONOCLINIC

24

TRICLINIC

25

RHOMBOHEDRAL

26

HEXAGONAL

27

Lecture-7
Atomic packing factor is the ratio of
volume occupied by the atoms in an unit
cell to the total volume of the unit cell. It
is also called packing fraction.
The arrangement of atoms in different
layers and the way of stacking of different
layers result in different crystal manner.
28

 Metallic crystals have closest packing in

two forms (i) hexagonal close packed and
(ii) face- centred cubic with packing
factor 74%.
The packing factor of simple cubic
structure is 52%.
The packing factor of body centred cubic
structure is 68%.
29

Lecture-8

MILLER INDICES
In a crystal orientation of planes or faces can be
described interms of their intercepts on the three
crystallographic axes.
Miller suggested a method of indicating the
orientation of a plane by reducing the reciprocal of
the intercepts into smallest whole numbers.
o These indices are called Miller indeces generally
represented by (h k l).
30

 All equally spaced parallel planes have the same

miller indices.
. If a normal is drawn to a plane (h k l), the
direction of the normal is
[h k l].
Separation between adjacent lattice planes in a
cubic crystal is given by d= u/ ---h 2+k2+l2. where
a is the lattice constant and (h k l) are the Miller
indices.
31

Important features in miller

indices

Lecture-9

1. When a plane is parallel to any axis, the intercept of

the plane on that axis is infinity. Hence its Miller
index for that axis is zero.
2.

When the intercept of a plane on any axis is

negative a bar is put on the corresponding Miller
index.

3. All equally spaced parallel planes have the same

index number (h k l).
32

4. If a plane passes thought origin, it is defined

in terms of a parallel plane having non-zero
intercept.
5. If a normal is drawn to plane (h k l), the
direction of the normal is (h k l).

33