Review Question

1
 Earthmoving Materials
Soil Conditions

Bank: Material in its natural state before disturbance.

Often referred to as “in-place” or “in situ.”A unit volume
is identified as a bank cubic yard (BCY) or a bank cubic
meter (BCM).

Loose: Material that has been excavated or loaded. A

unit volume is identified as a loose cubic yard (LCY) or
loose cubic meter (LCM).

Compacted: Material after compaction. A unit

volume is identified as a compacted cubic yard (CCY) or
compacted cubic meter (CCM).

2
 Earthmoving Materials
Swell
Shrinkage
Load and Shrinkage Factors

3
 Earthmoving Materials
 

  Swell (%)

4
 Earthmoving Materials
 

  Swell (%)

5
 Earthmoving Materials
Find the swell of a soil that weights 2800 lb/cy in
its natural state and 2000 lb/cy after excavation.
 

That is, 1 bank cubic yard of material will expand

to 1.4 loose cubic yards after excavation.

6
 Earthmoving Materials
 

  Shrinkage (%)

7
 Earthmoving Materials
 

  Shrinkage (%)

8
 Earthmoving Materials
Find the shrinkage of a soil that weights 2800
lb/cy in its natural state and 3500 lb/cy after
compaction.
 

Hence 1 bank cubic yard of material will shring

to 0.8 compacted cubic yards.

9
 Earthmoving Materials
 
Load Factor
EQ 2-6

EQ 2-7

10
 Earthmoving Materials
 
Load Factor
EQ 2-6

EQ 2-7

11
 Earthmoving Materials
 
Shrinkage Factor
EQ 2-6

EQ 2-7

12
 Earthmoving Materials
 
Shrinkage Factor
EQ 2-6

EQ 2-7

13
 Earthmoving Materials
Given:
Bank = 2600 lb/cy
Loose = 2400 lb/cy
Compact = 3200 lb/cy

Find:
Swell
Shrinkage
Load Factor
Shrinkage Factor 14
 Earthmoving Materials
Given:
Bank = 2600 lb/cy
Loose = 2400 lb/cy
Compact = 3200 lb/cy
Swell = 8.33%
Shrinkage = 18.75%
Load Factor = 0.92
Shrinkage Factor = 0.81
Find:
An excavation is 125,000 cy (bank)
How many Haul yards?
How many compact yards?
How many truckloads are needed? 31.7 cy/truck
15
 Earthmoving Materials
Trench Problem
Given:
Trench= 2200’ Long x 6’ wide x 7’ deep
LF = 0.87
SF = 0.91
Pipeline and gravel backfill bottom 3’ of trench
Upper 4’ backfilled with soil
12 cy trucks

Find the number of truckloads to haul off and

stockpile on site.
16
 Earthmoving Materials
Basement Problem
Given Soil:
2300 lb/cy Loose
2600 lb/cy Bank
2800 lb/cy Compacted

Find LF and SF

17
 Earthmoving Materials
Basement Problem
Given Soil:
2300 lb/cy Loose 2600 lb/cy Bank
2800 lb/cy Compacted
LF = 0.88 SF = 0.93

Given Excavation:
Basement 200’ x 250’ x 12’
Access Ramp = One side will have a ramp 30’ wide @ 5:1 slope and
backfilled later
Trucks are 20 cy

Find:
How many trucks will need to be stockpiled to backfill ramp?
How many trucks will needed to be hauled off site?
18
 Earthmoving Materials
Basement Problem
Given Soil:
2300 lb/cy Loose 2600 lb/cy Bank
2800 lb/cy Compacted
LF = 0.88 SF = 0.93

Given Excavation:
Basement 200’ x 250’ x 12’
Access Ramp = One side will have a ramp 30’ wide @ 5:1 slope and
backfilled later
Trucks are 20 cy

Find:
How many trucks will need to be stockpiled to backfill ramp?
How many trucks will needed to be hauled off site?
19
 Earthmoving Materials
Class #1 Problem
Given Soil:
2000 lb/cy Loose
2400 lb/cy Bank
3200 lb/cy Compacted

Find LF and SF

20
 Earthmoving Materials
Class #2 Problem
Given Soil:
LF & SF from Problem #1

Given Excavation:
Basement 300’ x 500’ x 8’
Access Ramp = One side will have a ramp 40’ wide @ 4:1 slope and
backfilled later
Trucks are 12 cy

Find:
How many trucks will need to be stockpiled to backfill ramp?
How many trucks will needed to be hauled off site?

21