Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Problems are arranged by subject listed below. Not all solutions are
provided:
General
Minimum Radius Calc
Horizontal Curves
Horizontal Sight Distance
Superelevation
Earthwork
Stopping Distance
Vertical Curves
Vertical Sight Distance
Rational Method
Ditch Flow Problems
Culvert Problems
Aggregate Gradation
Equilivant Single Axel Loads
Asphalt Thickness Design
Temperature Steel Concrete Pavements
AASHTO Concrete Pavement Design
PCA Concrete Pavement Design
Traffic Flow Problems
Subject
General
1. The Interstate system of highways has approximately miles of
roadway?
45,000 miles
2. The Federal Highway Administration is a part of what cabinet level
Department?
Department of Transportation
21.What is the approximate (+/- 500000 mi) total road mileage in the
United States?
3.9 million miles
22.Write out the terms that identify the following acronyms or
symbol:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
V 2
R
15( f e)
V 2
1000
15(.3 .1V
30
15,000(.3
.1V
30
4950 50V
50V 4950 0
V
Vmax
50
.03)
.03) 15,000(.33
.1V
)
30
50 2 4 * 1 * 4950
2 *1
50 149.33
2
99.33
49.67 50MPH
2
Also acceptable
R
R
R40
V2
15( f e)
40 2
.1 * 40
15(.3
.03)
30
542 ft 1000 ft
2. An icy road has a side friction factor of 0.0, a 0.07 ft/ft maximum
superelevation and a radius of 1909 ft. What happens if the vehicle
speed is 20 mph. Show by calculating the developed forces.
tan .07
4
sin .0699
Down slope forces W * sin .0699W
W V2
*
* cos
g
R
W
5280 2
1
Up slope forces .998
* ( 20 *
) *
.014W
32.2
3600
1909
.07W .014W
Up slope forces Fc * cos
sin
tan .015
cos
not a function of R
W V2
Wf
g R
5280 2
(60 *
)
V2
3600
R
g* f
32.2 * .024
R 10,020 ft
parallel to road
Fc cos W sin Fr f ( N )
Fc cos W sin f ( Fc sin W sin )
Fc W tan f ( Fc tan W )
W V2
W V2
W tan f (
tan W )
g R
g R
V2
V2
f
tan f tan
g*R
g*R
V2
(1 f tan ) ( f tan )
g*R
V 2 1 f tan
88 2 (1 .024 * 0.15)
(
)
g
f tan
32.2 (.024 .015)
R 26721(1 .024 * .015)
R 26712 ft
R
V 2 (1 f tan )
g
f e
88 2 (1 .024 * .015)
32.2 (.024 .015)
R 6167(1 .024 * .015)
R 6164 ft
R
Rmin 26712 ft
W V 2 2000
Fc ma
g R
32.2
Fc 429.5lbs
5280 2
)
3600
500
(40 *
FR W cos * f
f
.12
FD
W sin
tan .02
FS F 6
5366.7
f
.15
V 73.3 fps 49.95MPH
V2
T R tan
T 1000 * tan
45
1000 * .41421 414.21
2
*R*
* 1000 * 45 785.398m
180
180
PI 1 000.00
414.21
PC 0 585.79
785.40
PT 1 371.19
L
30 1000(1 cos
.030 1 cos
cos
)
2
1 .030 .97
2
14.07
2
28.13
360 2R
2 * 1000 * 28.13
S
491 ft
360
2. The stopping distance (rounded for design) of a two lane road (12
ft lanes) is 450 ft. What is the required clear distance between the
drivers location and the edge of the forest (level terrain and no back
slope) if the radius to the centerline is 1000 ft?
Robj 1000 ft 6 ft 994 ft
obj
S
2Robj
360
obj
25.94
2Robj
2 * 994
m Robj (1 cos
obj
) 994(1 cos
2
m 994(1 cos 12.97)
m 25.4 ft
25.94
)
2
elev
* 100
LengthLC
30
2 * (1000 6) sin
514.53 ft
2
2
3.5 0.5
* 100 0.6%
514.53
4. For a horizontal curve on a two lane (3.6 m per lane) road with a
radius of 500 to the centerline, what is the distance of the line of sight
when an obstruction is located 10 m from the centerline of the road?
Assume the grade of the road is level
3.6
) m 10
8.2
2
2
8.2
8.2 (500 1.8)(1 cos ) cos 1
2
2
500 1.8
10.41
2
7. For a horizontal curve on a two lane (3.6 m per lane) road with
a radius of 500 m to the centerline, what is the stopping distance
available to a driver when an obstruction is located 10 m from the
centerline of the road? Assume the grade of the road is level.
8. A horizontal curve has a degree of curve of 3o and a design
speed of 60 mph. A hotel wants to erect a sign 20 ft from the edge of
2 * .096
.192
Vmax 41MPH
Superelevation
1. A discussions with my engineering colleagues, we determine
that slope of the outside edge of pavement on a superelevation
transition should be 0.5%. For a two lane road (12 ft lanes) and emax =
6%, what is the length of the superelevation runoff. Show on a sketch
the relationship between the centerline and the outside edge of
.72
X
.72
X
144'
.005
.005
5729.5780 5729.5780
1273.24 ft
Dc
4.5
* 100
45 * 100
1000 ft
Dc
4.5
45
1273.24 tan
527.39 ft
2
2
PI 10 10.00
5 27.39
PC 4 82.61
10 00.00
PT 14 82.61
T R tan
48.00
ST
1
* 144
3
14 34.61
Table 14.13
super runoff 240 ft
.96
ft
S
.004
240
ft
.24
X
60 ft
.004
L 240 60 300 ft
.6 L .6 * 300 180 ft
BT PC 1 80.00 10 00.00
1 80.00
BT 8 20.00
A (G 2 G1 ) (0 .417) .417
( .417 * 50 2 )
.052
( 200 * 100)
elevation 100 .96 .052 100.9078 ft
5. Using the data from Problem 3, calculate the inside and outside
edge elevation at the PC of the curve if 70 % of the superelevation
runoff is on the tangent of the alignment. Assume the centerline
elevation is 100.00.
99.82
100.84
Runoff 190 ft
e
* width .08 * 12
S max
.0050
Runoff
190
.24
Runout
47.5 ft
.0050
2
* 190 127 ft
3
STA PC 10 00.00
1 27.00
8 73.00
0 47.50
STA BT 8 25.50
9. Use the sketch below and determine the inside edge, outside edge
and the centerline elevation for points A, B, C and E for the following
conditions:
A. 2 lane road
B. Lane width = 12 ft
C. Lane slope = -2 %
D. Rotation about outside edge
E. On the tangent before the transition the centerline elevation
= 100.0
F. emax = .1
Elevation
A
Inside Edge
99.76
Outside Edge 99.76
Centerline
100.00
B
99.52
99.76
99.76
C
99.28
99.76
99.52
E
97.36
97.76
98.56
.24
.00343
runoff
70
width * cross slope
3 * .02
TR
* runoff
* 70 17.5m
.24
S
11. A circular curve has 2 lanes (3.6 m each) and a maximum super
elevation of 10%. If the design speed is 110 km/h and 2/3 of the super
elevation runoff is on the tangent, what is the elevation of the inside
edge of pavement at the PC. Assume the elevation of the centerline is
100.00 and rotation is about the centerline
12. The outside edge and centerline profile for a typical two lane
pavement is shown below. Label the beginning of the superelevation
runoff, beginning of the superelevation runout and the relative
location of the point of curvature (PC).
Runout 51
.6 * 205 123 ft
PC 5 00.00
4 00.00
1 23.00
3 77.00
FS 3 77.00
0 23.00
23
e%
* 8 .90%
205
.90
elev 100
* 12 100.11 ft
100
14. The maximum super elevation rate for a two-lane road is 0.08
ft/ft and design speed of 50 mph. What is the outside edge of
pavement elevation 50 ft from the end of the superelevation runoff.
Assume rotation about the centerline, a flat grade and elevation of
100.00 ft.
x
.707
190 50
190
190
elev 100 .71 100.71 ft
or
.96
slope
.0051
190
offset .0051 * (190 50) .71
elev 100 .71 100.71 ft
.24
Tangent runout
47 ft
.0051
TL 190 47 237 ft
Earthwork
1. From a mass diagram the cut at station 1+50.00 and 1+00.00 are
respectively 790 and 656 cubic yards. The area at each of the stations
is identical and defined be the cross section shown below. What is the
depth of the cut at the stations center line?
1
* 20 * x 20 x 30 x
2
A A2 L
V 790 656 134 1
*
2
27
(30 x 30 x) 50 (60 x ) * 25
134
*
2
27
27
x 2.41 ft
A1 A2
2. Use the profile shown below. Sketch the mass diagram and
determine the overhaul cost. Assume there is no free haul, balanced
earthwork, maximum fill of 1000 m3 at sta 0+500.00.and the cost of
overhaul is $10/m3sta. Also, what is the direction of the overhaul.
3. Sketch a mass diagram (label the axis) for a road project that
starts in a fill section (-) goes into a cut section (+) and ends with a net
waste of material.
Cut(+)/Fill(-)
0
150
300
250
100
0
-150
-300
800
900
1000
-100
-50
100
1000
Cubic meters
400
300
200
100
0
-100 0
-200
-300
Mass Diagram
0
500
1000
1500
1500
2000
250
Distance, meters
.5 * 200 * 3805
233.1 ft
7
x1 x 2 699.4 ft
x2
% reduction
S ( x1 x 2 )
850 699.4
* 100
* 100 17.7%
850
850
Vertical Curves
1 0
dx 200 L 100
G
200 L
5 200 *175
x 1 *
*
125 ft
100
2A
100
2 * 7
G
Ax 2
5
7 *125 2
y x * 1 100 ft
125 *
100
103.12 ft
100
200 L
100
200 *175
STA 10 00.00
1 25.00
Offset 2 ft
STA 11 25.00
the pavement, what is the Station of the observer if the Station of the
PIVC is 10+00.00.
G1 L
4
1000
*
*
666.67 ft 600
100 A 100
6
STA 5 00.00
High pt.
6 66.67
STA 11 66.67
Ax 2
6x 2
3
200 L
200 * 1000
600 * 1000
x2
100000
6
x 316.23 ft
STAobs 11 66.67
11 66.67
Offset
STAobs
3 16.23
8 50.34
or 3 16.23
or 14 83.00
3. Using the data from Problem 3, calculate the inside and outside
edge elevation at the PC of the curve if 70 % of the superelevation
runoff is on the tangent of the alignment. Assume the centerline
elevation is 100.00.
Ax 2
(3 2) * 300 2
2.25 ft
200 L
200 *1000
offset
offset * 200 * L
3 74.16
STA 14 52.77
y offset
G1
3
* x 3.5
* 374.16 7.72 ft
X
100
7. The equation
y
Gx
Ax 2
1 100
200 L 100
is for a parabolic curve with the origin at the PVC with x = 0.00
and y = 100.00. If the eye level of an observer is 2 m above the
pavement and the observer is at the PVC, what is the distance to the
point of tangency of the observers line of sight with the pavement?
G1 = 5%, G2 = -3% and the length of vertical curve is 200 m.
Ax 2
G
1 x
200 L 100
If the height of the observer is 2.0 m and the height of the object is
1.0 m, what is the available stopping distance over the crest vertical
curve if the vehicle and the object are on the curve?
9. For a design speed of 60 mph, what decrease/increase in length
of crest vertical curve occurs when the object height is lowered from
2.0 ft to 0.5 ft. Assume S<L and A= 6%.
10. Catch basins are located at the low point of a 600.0 sag vertical
curve with G1 =- 5% and G2=+2%. If the PI is at station 10+00.00
and 100.00 elevation, what is the station and elevation of the catch
basins
11. An observer is 6 ft (eye height) and is looking up station from
the PC. He is just able to see the head of another person 5 ft 6 in.
tall. What is the required length of vertical curve? Assume they are
both on the curve, at the same elevation, G1 = 3% and G2 = -5%
8 x1
x1
200 L
x x1 x 2
1200 L
8
x2
1100 L
8
Gx
Ax 2
1 0
200 L 100
8(12.25 L 11.73 L ) 2
3
0
(12.25 L 11.73 L )
200 L
100
8
3
0
( 23.97 L ) 2
( 23.97 L )
200 L
100
0 22.99 .7191 L .7191 L 22.99
L 1022.11 ft
y
G
Ax 2
7 *171.43 2
3
1 * x 16 100
* 171.43 16
200 L 100
200 * 400
100
elev 100 2.57 5.14 16 113 .43 ft
elev 100
5.0
200 L 200 x 2000
X t 577
ot
Offset Car
2
6X c
AX 2 c
oc
3.5
200 L 200 x 2000
X c 483
Difference 577 483 94
Note: The offset for the object is the same and the difference is
determined from the difference of the offset between the truck and
the car.
2. A crest vertical curve must pass through elevation 95.00 at station
9+00. If the PIVC is at station 10+00.00 with elevation 100.00, what
is the required length and the resulting design speed for this vertical
curve (h1=3.5 and h2=0.5). Assume that G1 = +2% and G2 = -4%.
Elev at 9 00 100 2 98
Offset 98 95 3
L
6( 100)
AX 2
2
3
200 L
200 L
L 746
AS 2
746
1329
S stopping _ disance 407
From Table 16.5
V 45 to 50mph
L
AX 1
6
200 L
1200 L
X LT
A
%increse
ST
Sc
X Lc
X 1T X 2T
X 1c X 2 c
700 L
A
X2
.5 * 200 L
A
1200 L
100 L
A
A
700 L
100 L
A
A
L
( 1200 100 )
34.64 10 44.64
A
1.22
26.46 10 36.46
L
( 700 100 )
A
AS 2
100( 2h1 2h2 ) 2
AS 2
(120 3.5S )
S<L
offset
Rational Method
1.
Use the attached intensity curve and fill in the table given
below. Assume data is for Houghton.
CB
No.
Area % Sum
(Ac) Imp Area
(Ac)
.3
.4
.6
___
_
___
_
___
_
Com
b%
Imp
____
____
____
Area 1
5
1000
.5
2%
bare ground
Area 2
2
500
.3
1%
short
3. Given:
Area = 1 mi2
Streets = 10 %
Row crops (poor) = 40 %
Wood (poor) = 50 %
Time of concentration = 1 hr
Precipitation = 6 in
What is the difference between the runoff for antecedent moisture
condition I and III? Use the TR55 Method
4. Find the time of concentration associated with a drainage basin
with three components as listed below:
A. Short grass, length = 300 ft, slope = 2%.
B. Open channel, length = 2500 ft, n = .08, slope = .6%,
hydraulic radius = 6 ft.
C. 36 in storm sewer, flowing full, length = 1000 ft, n = .012,
slope = 1 %.
Figure15.4 V 1 fps
L 300 ft
Tc
300 sec 5 min
ft
V
1
sec
2
2
1
1
1.49
1.49
B. V
*R3 *S 2
* 6 3 * .006 2 4.76 fps
n
.08
2500
Tc
525 sec 8.75 min
4.76
* 32
C. R
.75
4 * 3
A.
1.49
V
* .75 3 * .01 2 10.25 fps
.012
1000
Tc
98 sec 1.62 min
10.25
Area
Land Use
Soil Type
1
2
3
4
0.15 mi2
0.20 mi2
0.50 mi2
0.10 mi2
Meadow (good)
Residential (1/2 ac)
Forestland (fair)
Streets (paved)
A
C
B
D
AMC
I
II
I
III
From Figure17.4
ft
ft
V paved w / 4% slope 4.0
sec
sec
ft
ft
Vshort grass 1 on 4 3.5
Vshort grass 1 on 2 5
sec
sec
12
10
20 500
Tc 1
72 * 500
.83 Acres
43560
10
0.17
60
from Figure17.2
I 6 .5
in
hr
Velocity
.5mi * 5280
.8
ft
sec
ft
mi 3300 sec*
I 3.1
Q C avg * I * A .49 * 3.1 * 170 258cfs
1
.92hr
3600
7. For the ditch shown below, what is the maximum drainage area
that can be served if the flow velocity is 4 fps? Assume that Cavg =
0.5 and the rainfall intensity is 5 in/hr.
8. A V ditch with side slopes of 1 on 2 has a discharge of 100 cfs
and a maximum depth of flow of 3 ft. What material should be used
to line the ditch? Assume the slope of the ditch is 2 %.
A
1
* base * width .5 * 12 * 3 19 ft 2
2
WP 2 6 2 3 2 13.4 ft
A
18
1.34
WP 13.4
2
1
1.49
n
* 18 * 1.34 3 * .02 2 .046
100
From Table17.9
light brush on banks .035 - .05
Bermuda grass mowed to 2 in.
.05 - .035
"
" length 4 to 6 in.
.06 - .04
R
.04 - .05
Also acceptable
High grass, mature field crops, cleared land with or without sprouts
9. What is the maximum flow that can occur in the gutter shown in
the sketch below without over topping the curb? Assume the
roadway grade is 2%.
10. A rectangular shaped ditch shown below if flowing full. If the
contributing area is 20 Hectares and it is 50% forest, 30% cultivated
fields and 20% pavement, what is the occurrence period associated
with this condition? Use an appropriate runoff coefficient that will
produce the maximum runoff. Assume a time of concentration of 15
min, slope of the ditch is 2% and the Manning coefficient is 0.01.
11. A V ditch with a depth of 2 ft and 1 on 1 side slopes drains a
roadway with a 2 % slope. What is the maximum area this ditch can
drain if the average runoff coefficient is 0.5 and the 10 year rainfall
intensity is 2 in/hr. The Mannings coefficient is 0.012 for the
vegetation in the ditch.
12. Area A (steep grassy slope) is 2.5 acres and has a time of
concentration of 30 min. Area B (forested) is 5.0 acres and has a
time of concentration of 1 hr. Both areas contribute to MH # 1. The
outlet at MH#1 is a 15 in pipe. What is the maximum velocity of
flow in the pipe (assume flowing full). Use a 25 yr storm frequency
and Fig 17.2.
13. A typical MDOT ditch has 1 on 4 side slopes and a 6 ft bottom.
The maximum depth is 3 ft. What is the maximum flow if n =0.01
and the roadway slope is 2 %.
14. Maximum runoff for a V ditch (1 on 2 backslope and 1 on 4
foreslope) is 100 cfs. If n = 0.1, slope is 2 % and clearance from
centerline elevation to maximum water level is 3 ft. What is the
required depth of the ditch measured from the centerline
elevation15. A ditch section is shown below. Assume the
contributing area is 20 hectares and is 50% forested, 30% turf
meadows, 10% gravel shoulders and 10% asphalt pavement. What
is the expected design period for the section that would allow water
to rise to the edge of pavement (EOP). The rainfall duration is 1 hr
and the region is typical of Fig 11.2.
15. A ditch section is shown below. Assume the contributing area
is 20 hectares and is 50% forrested, 30% turf meadow, 10% gravel
shoulders and 10% asphalt pavement, what is the expected design
period for a section that would allow water to rise to the edge of the
pavement (EOP) . The rainfall duration is 1 in / hr and the region is
typical of Fig. 11.2.
Culvert Problems
300
4.3 4 submerged
1
2
AD
*6 *62
4
From Table17.10
c .0317 y .69
HW
Q 2
300
c(
) y .5S .0317(
) 2 .69 .5 * .01 1.29
1
1
D
AD 2
* 62 * 6 2
4
HW 6 * 1.29 7.74
ELi 100 HW 100 7.74 107.74 ft
Outlet
1
2
H (1 k e
H L 2.73 ft
29n 2 L V 2
29 * .012 2 * 150 300 2
1
)(
)
(
1
.
2
(
) *(
)
2
*
32.2
R 1.33 2 g
2
2
*6
*6
4
(4
)
6
H L (1 k e
H L 1.09
ho TW or
d c 3.75
29n 2 L V 2
29(0.12) 2 * 200
200 2
1
)
(
1
0
.
5
)(
) *(
)
4
2
2
2
*
32
.
2
R 1.33 2 g
3
.
25
3.25
(
)3
2 * 3.25
dc D
which ever is greater
2
from Figure17.24
d c D 3.75 6.5
5.1 ft
2
2
ELho ELo ho H L 99.48 6 1.09 103.57 ft
105 103.57
so inlet controls
Aggregate Gradation
1. A base course is combined with a borrow material. If the gradation
curves show that 30% of the borrow and 70% of the base course pass
the # 4 sieve (4.5 mm) and the required spec limits at the # 4 are 70
40 % passing, what is the minimum proportion of borrow that will
produce a combined mix that just meets the midpoint of the specs at the
#4 sieve
2. An aggregate has 40% passing the Number 4 (4.84 mm) sieve and
100 % passing the 2 in sieve. If the specifications require the aggregate
to be graded according to the power rule + 10%. Does the aggregate
meet the specifications (show by calculation)?
The power law is:
Px 100(
SS x 0.5
)
SS Max
Where
SSx = sieve size at screen x
SSMax = sieve size maximum
3. Two aggregates are blended to meet specifications at the number
200 sieve. If the specifications require 10% passing the 200 sieve and
aggregate A has 15% passing the 200 and Aggregate B has 3 % passing
the 200 sieve, what is the proportion of aggregate A and B that will
provide a mix that has 10% passing the 200 sieve?
Equilivant Single Axel Loads
1. The traffic conditions at a site produces the following data
a. AADT = 10000
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
% Trucks=20%
Two lane facility
directional split = 50%
annual growth = 5%
Truck factor = 1.00 (based on truck traffic)
log10 ( NR )
F
82
28.5 * 10 6 repetition s
11
28.5
.187
152
3. A coal truck has one single axle with 12 kips and five tandem
axles with 32 kips each and makes five trips a day to Baraga. How
many trips would be required by a passenger car with two axles with
2 kips on each axle to apply the same number of 18 kip single axle
loads as the truck?
4. In trying to assess the effect of different vehicles the following
data was obtained
Axle Load
Displacement
Number of repetitions to
produce crack
10 Kip
0.001 in
18 Kip
0.01 in
10000
1000
((1 r ) n 1)
r
40 K
20 K
20 K
40 K
10 K
10 K
G f 29.78
ESALs 2 axle 4 tire
(1.04 20 1)
29.78
.04
3500 * .20 * 365 * .002 * 29.78 * .45 6848
ESALs 2 axle 6tire 3500 * .05 * 365 * .17 * 29.78 * .45 145518
ESALs 3 axle 3500 * .04 * 365 * .61 * 29.78 * .45 417723
ESALs 3 axle 3500 * .02 * 365 * .98 * 29.78 * .45 335547
Total ESALs 335547 417723 145518 6848 .906 *10 6 ESALs
log 10 [ PSI
(4.2 1.5)
0.40 [1094
( SN 1) 5.19
log 10 [ 2
]
( 4.2 1.5)
log 10 (5000000 ) 1.282 (.3) 9.36 log 10 (4 1) 0.20
2.32 log 10 M r 8.07
0.40 [1094
5.19 ]
( 4 1)
6.699 .3846 6.542 0.20 .198 2.32 log 10 M r 8.07
9.0096 2.32 log 10 M r
M r 7646 psi
.11045in 2
4
4
2
in
Areq 'd .125
ft
A
.11045
Spacing act
.88 ft 10.6in
Areq 'd
.125
Aact
2 Aact * f s
2 * .11045 * 30000
14in
.375
2 * r * f b
2 *
* 400
2
# Load
255500
64%
400000
127750
%
32%
400000
%