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Refresher MODULE – GROUND ENGINEERING METHODS

Soil Volume-Change Characteristics 9. Find the expected production in loose cubic meters (LCM) per hour of a 2.3
m3 hydraulic shovel equipped with a front-dump bucket. The material is
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡/𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 common earth with a bucket fill factor of 1.0. The average angle of swing is 75°
Swell (%) = ( − 1) × 100% and job efficiency is 0.80.
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡/𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
Hint: Production (LCM/hr) = C x S x V x B x E
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡/𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 Cycles Output = 150/60min
Shrinkage (% ) = (1 − ) × 100% Swing Factor = 1.05
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡/𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
a. 290 b. 145 c. 330 d. 233
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡/𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 1
Load Factor = = 10. Estimate the production in loose cubic meters per hour for a medium-weight
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡/𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 1+𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙
clamshell excavating loose earth. Heaped bucket capacity is 0.75 m3. The soil
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡/𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 is common earth with a bucket fill factor of 0.95. Estimated cycle time is 40 s.
Shrinkage Factor = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡/𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 1 − 𝑠ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒
Job efficiency is estimated at 50 min/h.
a. 65 b. 44 c. 53 d. 71
1. Find the swell of a soil that weighs 1661 kg/m3 in its natural state and 1186
kg/m3 after excavation. LOADING & HAULING
a. 40% b. 30% c. 50% d. 20%
2. Find the shrinkage of a soil that weighs 1661 kg/m3 in its natural state and
2077 kg/m3 after compaction. Estimating Equipment Travel Time
a. 20% b. 60% c. 40% d. 30%
Cycle Time = Fixed Time + Variable Time
SIT. (CE BOARD NOV. 2018)
A soil weighs 1163 kg/LCM, 1661 kg/BCM, and 2077 kg/CCM. Total Resistance = Grade Resistance + Rolling Resistance
3. Find the load factor for the given soil. (lb or kg)
a. 0.90 b. 0.33 c. 0.66 d. 0.70
4. Determine the shrinkage factor. Rolling Resistance
a. 0.20 b. 0.80 c. 0.50 d. 0.30
5. How many bank cubic meters (BCM) are contained in 593,300 LCM of this Rolling Resistance Factor = 40 + (30 x in. penetration)
soil? (lb/ton)
a. 415310 b. 553043 c.33248 d. 203841 Rolling Resistance Factor = 20 + (6 x cm penetration)
6. How many compacted cubic meters (CCM) are contained in 593,300 LCM of (kg/t)
this soil?
a. 442828 b. 553043 c.332248 d. 203841 Grade Resistance Factor = 20 x grade (%)
(lb/ton)
Grade Resistance Factor = 10 x grade (%)
EXCAVATING & LIFTING (kg/t)
Production = Volume per cycle X Cycles per hour
(Volume/hr)

*Hydraulic Excavator
Production (LCM/h) = 𝐶 × 𝑆 × 𝑉 × 𝐵 × 𝐸

Where: C = cycles/hr
S = swing-depth factor
V = heaped bucket volume (LCY or LCM)
*Loaders
B = bucket fill factor
Production = Volume per cycle X Cycles per hour
E = job efficiency
(Volume/hr)
*Hydraulic Shovel
SIT. (CE BOARD NOV. 2019)
Production (LCM/h) = 𝐶 × 𝑆 × 𝑉 × 𝐵 × 𝐸
11. A wheel tractor-scraper weighing 91 t is being operated on a haul road with
a tire penetration of 5 cm. What is the total resistance (kg) when the scraper is
Where: C = cycles/hr
ascending a slope of 5%?
S = swing factor)
a. 9100 b. 4550 c. 5300 d. 10440
V = heaped bucket volume (LCY or LCM)
12. What is the effective grade when the scraper is ascending a slope of 5%?
B = bucket fill factor
a. 10% b. 20% c. 25% d. 15%
E = job efficiency
13. A crawler tractor weighing 36 t is towing a rubber-tired scraper weighing
*Draglines
45.5 t up a grade of 4%. What is the total resistance (kg) of the combination if
the rolling resistance factor is 50 kg/t?
a. 11070 b. 5535 c. 2768 d. 1384

(CE BOARD NOV. 2021)

7. Estimate the actual bucket load in bank cubic meter for a loader bucket
14. Estimate the hourly production in loose volume (LCM) of a 2.68m3 wheel
whose heaped capacity is 3.82 m3. The soil’s bucket fill factor is 0.90 and its
loader excavating sand and gravel (average material) from a pit and moving it
load factor is 0.80.
to a stockpile. The average haul distance is 61 m, the effective grade is 6%, the
a. 2.75 b. 1.24 c. 5.42 d. 6.37
bucket fill factor is 1.00, and job efficiency is 50 min/h.
Hint: Cycle Time = Basic Cycle Time + Travel Time
(CE BOARD NOV. 2021)
Basic Cycle Time = 0.50
8. Find the expected production in loose cubic meter (LCM) per hour of a small
Travel Time = 0.30
hydraulic excavator. Heaped bucket capacity is 0.57 m3. The material is sand
a. 176 b. 173 c. 168 d. 175
and gravel with a bucket fill factor of 0.95. Job efficiency is 50 min/h. Average
depth of cut is 4.3 m. Maximum depth of cut is 6.1 m and average swing is 90.
Hint: Production (LCM/hr) = C x S x V x B x E
Cycle output = 250 cycles/60 min
Swing-depth Factor = 1.00.
a. 131 b. 111 c. 113 d. 133