ORIFICE

ORIFICE
• an opening with a closed perimeter through which fluid flows
• used primarily to measure or to control the flow of fluid
• Upstream face of the orifice may be rounded or sharp
• Orifice with prolonged side having a length of two or three times
its diameter is called a tube.

Shapes of Orifice
• Circular
• Square
• Rectangular
in cross-section

Circular sharp-crested orifice is most widely used because of its simplicity

In design and construction.
Energy equation between 1 and 2 neglecting head loss:
(theoretical)

(actual)

(theoretical)

(actual)
The discharge through an orifice is therefore:

(theoretical)

(actual)
Contraction of the Jet

This happens in fluid flow on sharp edged orifice. As the water leaves from the
opening, the fluid cannot make an abrupt change in their direction of flow and
they move in curvilinear paths, thus causing the jet to contract for a short
distance beyond the opening of the orifice. This phenomenon is referred to as
the contraction of the jet. The section on the jet where the contraction breaks
off is called the vena contracta which is approximately located at one half of
the orifice diameter (D/2) from the upstream face.
Solution:

 Solving for h1

 Solving for h2
 Determining Maximum Discharge
Example:
A jet issues from the side of a tank under a head of 3 m. The side
of the tank has an inclination of 45o. The total depth of the tank is
6.70 m. Determine the following:
a) Maximum height of which the jet rises.
b) The horizontal distance, 𝒙, of the point the water strikes the
ground 1.20 m below the bottom of the tank thenback to the
orifice.
c) The theoretical velocity as it strikes the horizontal ground.
 a) The maximum height the  b) The distance 𝒙 using the
water rises into the air principle in dynamics of
projectile
𝑉 = 2𝑔ℎ𝟏
𝑉𝐵𝑦 = 𝑉𝑦 − 𝑔𝑡𝟏
𝑉 = 2(9.81)(3)
0 = 7.67 𝑆𝑖𝑛 45 2 − 9.81 𝒕1
𝑽 = 𝟕. 𝟔𝟕 𝒎/𝒔
𝑡𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟑 𝐬
𝑉𝑩𝒚 2 = 𝑉𝑦 2 − 2𝑔ℎ 𝐻 = ℎ + 3.70 + 1.20

0 = 7.67 𝑆𝑖𝑛 45 2 − 2(9.81)𝒉 𝐻 = 1.50 + 3.70 + 1.20

𝑯 = 𝟔. 𝟒𝟎 𝒎
𝑽 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟗𝟗 𝒎/𝒔
𝑽  𝟏. 𝟓 𝒎/𝒔 1
𝐻 = 𝑔𝑡22
2
1
6.4 = (9.81)𝑡22
2
𝑡𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟒𝟐 𝒔  c) The theoretical velocity of
water as it strikes the ground
𝑡 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡𝟐
𝑡 = 0.553 + 1.142 𝑉𝐶𝑦2 = 𝑉𝐵 + 2𝑔𝐻
𝑡 = 1.695 𝒔 𝑉𝐶𝑦2 = 0 + 2(9.81)(6.4)

𝑥 = 𝑉(𝑐𝑜𝑠 45𝑜)𝑡 𝑉𝐶𝑦 = 11.21 𝒎/𝒔

𝑥 = 7.67(𝑐𝑜𝑠 45𝑜)(1.695) 𝑉𝐶𝑥 = 𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑠 45
𝒙 = 𝟗. 𝟏𝟗 𝒎 𝑉𝐶𝑥 = 7.67𝑐𝑜𝑠 45
𝑉𝐶𝑥 = 5.42 𝑚/𝑠

𝑉𝐶 = (11.21)2 +(5.42)2

𝑉𝐶 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟒𝟓 𝒎/𝒔
Example:
A vertical storage tank with a hemispherical bottom and a cylindrical
shell of 4 m I.D. x 3.0 m high is filled with water. Compute the time it
will take to empty the tank through a sharp-edged orifice 150 mm.

4.0 m  Time to empty the cylindrical tank

only
4.0 m

3.0 m

3.0 m
5m
2.0 m

2.0 m
  Time to empty the whole tank
2𝐴𝑠( ℎ𝟏 − ℎ𝟐)
𝑡 =
𝐶𝐴 2𝑔
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒍𝒇 𝒔𝒑𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:

2𝜋 2 𝟐( 5 − 2)
𝑡 = 𝜋
0.60 0.15 𝟐 2(9.81)
4

𝒕 = 𝟒𝟑𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒄

𝑥𝟐 + 2 − ℎ 𝟐 =4
𝑥2 = 4 − 4 − 4ℎ + ℎ𝟐

𝑥2 = 4ℎ − 4ℎ𝟐
 4.0 m

3.0 m

2.0 m

2
1 2 3 2
𝑡 = 66.89 4ℎ −ℎ 𝑑ℎ
0

3 2 5 2 2
2 4ℎ 2 ℎ
𝑡 = 66.89 −
3 5 0
 3 2 5 2
8 2 ℎ 2 2
𝑡 = 66.89 − −0
3 5

𝑡 = 353.16 𝑠𝑒𝑐

Total time to empty the whole tank, 𝑻𝑻

𝑻𝑻 = 439.81 + 353.16

𝑻𝑻 = 𝟕𝟗𝟐. 𝟗𝟕 𝒔𝒆𝒄