FLUID MECHANICS

LARDIZABAL, Camille D.

CHAPTER 1 – Properties of Fluids

• If 300 ft3 of oil is weighs 15 320 lb.

a. Calculate its specific weight (𝛾),
b. Density(𝜌),
c. And specific gravity (S.G.).

Solution:
𝑊
a. 𝛾 = 𝑉
15 320
𝛾=
300
766
𝛾=
15
𝜸 = 𝟓𝟏. 𝟎𝟔𝟔𝟕 𝒍𝒃/𝒇𝒕𝟑

𝛾
b. 𝜌 = 𝑔
51.0667
𝜌=
32.2
𝝆 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟖𝟓𝟗 𝒔𝒍𝒖𝒈/𝒇𝒕𝟑

𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙
c. 𝑆. 𝐺. = 𝛾𝐻2 𝑂
51.0667
𝑆. 𝐺. =
62.4
𝑺. 𝑮. = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟖𝟒

• Calculate the density of water vapor at 500 kPa abs and 50 oC if its gas constant (R) is 0.357
kPa.m3/kg.K.

Solution:
𝑝
𝜌=
𝑅𝑇
500
𝜌=
(0.357)(50 + 273)
𝝆 = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟑𝟔𝟏 𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝟑

• The surface tension of mercury at 60 oC is 0.45 N/m, respectively. What capillary-height changes
will occur in these fluids when it contacts with air in a glass tube of radius 0.20mm? use  =
130o;  = 143.2 kN/m3.

Solution:
2𝜎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
ℎ=
𝜌𝑔𝑟
(2)(0.45)(𝑐𝑜𝑠130𝑜 )
ℎ=
0.20
(143 200) (
1000)
𝒉 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟐 𝒎 = −𝟐𝟎. 𝟐 𝒎𝒎

CHAPTER 2 – Principles of Hydrostatics

• For the vessel containing 2m mercury under pressure 60 kPa, find the pressure at the bottom of
the tank.

Solution:
 𝑝𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 − 𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 𝛾ℎ

𝑝𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 60 + (13.6)(2)

𝒑𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎 = 𝟖𝟕. 𝟐 𝒌𝑷𝒂

• A pressure gage 20 ft above the bottom of a tank containing a liquid reads 15.3 psi; another
gage at height 15 ft reads 16.14 psi. compute the following;
a. Specific weight ()
b. Mass density ()
c. Specific gravity of the liquid (s.g.)

Solution:

a. ∆𝑝 = 𝛾(∆ℎ)
(16.14 − 15.3)(144) = (𝛾)(20 − 15)
𝜸 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟏𝟗𝟐 𝒍𝒃/𝒇𝒕𝟑

𝛾
b. 𝜌 =
𝑔
24.192
𝜌=
32.2
𝒔𝒍𝒖𝒈
𝝆 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝟏𝟑
𝒇𝒕𝟑

𝛾𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
c. 𝑠. 𝑔. = 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
24.192
𝑠. 𝑔. =
62.4
𝒔. 𝒈. = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖𝟕𝟕

• The system in the figure is at 70oF. if the pressure at point A is 3000 lb/ft3, determine the
pressure at point B, C, and D.

Solution:
a. At pressure B:
𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝐴 − (𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 )(ℎ)
𝑃𝐵 = 3000 − (62.4)(4 − 3)
𝑷𝑩 = 𝟐𝟗𝟑𝟕. 𝟔 𝒍𝒃/𝒇𝒕𝟐

b. At pressure C:
𝑃𝐶 = 𝑃𝐴 + (𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 )(ℎ) − (𝛾𝑎𝑖𝑟 )(ℎ)
𝑃𝐶 = 3000 + (62.4)(4 − 2) − (0.075)(2.5 + 3)
𝑷𝑪 = 𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟒. 𝟑𝟖𝟕𝟓 𝒍𝒃/𝒇𝒕𝟐

c. At pressure D:
𝑃𝐷 = 𝑃𝐴 + (𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 )(ℎ)
𝑃𝐷 = 3000 + (62.4)(4)
𝑷𝑫 = 𝟑𝟐𝟒𝟗. 𝟔 𝒍𝒃/𝒇𝒕𝟐

CHAPTER 3 – Total Hydrostatic Force on Surface

• A vertical triangular gate with water on one side is shown in the figure. Determine the total
resultant force acting on the gate and the location of the center of pressure.
 Solution:
𝐹 = 𝛾ℎ𝑐𝑔 𝐴
2 (1.5)(2)
𝐹 = (9.81) [5 + (2)] [ ]
3 2
𝑭 = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟏𝟗𝟓 𝒌𝑵

𝐼𝑐𝑔
ℎ𝑐𝑝 = ℎ𝑐𝑔 +
ℎ𝑐𝑔 𝐴
(1.5)(2)3⁄
2 36
ℎ𝑐𝑝 = [5 + ( ) (2)] +
3 2 (1.5)(2)
[5 + (3) (2)] [ ⁄ ]
2
𝒉𝒄𝒑 = 𝟔. 𝟑𝟔𝟖𝟒 𝒎

• A dam 30m long retains 18m of water, as shown in figure. Find the total resultant force acting
on the dam and the location of the center of pressure.

Solution:
𝐹 = 𝛾ℎ𝐴
0 + 18 18
𝐹 = (9.81) ( ) [(30) ( )]
2 sin 60𝑜
𝑭 = 𝟓𝟓 𝟎𝟓𝟐. 𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟕 𝒌𝑵

2
𝑃𝑐𝑝 = 18 ( )
3
𝑷𝒄𝒑 = 𝟏𝟐 𝒎

• A concrete cube 0.5 m on each side is to be held in equilibrium under water by attaching a light
foam buoy to it. What minimum volume of foam is required? The specific weights of concrete
and foam are 47.16 kN/m3 and 1.58 kN/m3, respectively.

Where:
𝑊𝑓 = 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒐𝒂𝒎 𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒊𝒓
(𝐹𝑏 )𝑓 = 𝒃𝒖𝒐𝒚𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒐𝒂𝒎
𝑊𝑐 = 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒊𝒓
(𝐹𝑏 )𝑐 = 𝒃𝒖𝒐𝒚𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆

Solution:
𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝑊𝑓 − (𝐹𝑏 )𝑓 + 𝑊𝑐 − (𝐹𝑏 )𝑐 = 0
1.58𝑉𝑓𝑜𝑎𝑚 − 9.81𝑉𝑓𝑜𝑎𝑚 + 47.16[(0.5)(0.5)(0.5)] − 9.81[(0.5)(0.5)(0.5)] = 0
 𝑽𝒇𝒐𝒂𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔𝟕𝟑 𝒎𝟑

CHAPTER 4 – Relative Equilibrium of Liquids

• A vessel 6 m in diameter containing 4.8 m of water is being raised. Find the pressure at the
bottom of the vessel in kPa when the velocity is constant.

Solution:

For vertical motion:

𝑎
𝑝 = 𝛾ℎ (1 ± )
𝑔
ℎ = 4.8 𝑚
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡, 𝑎 = 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑝 = 𝛾ℎ
𝑝 = 9.81(4.8)
𝑝 = 47.088 (𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚)

• An open vertical cylinder vessel, 3 m in diameter and 6 m high is filled with water to the top. If
rotated on its own vertical axis in order to discharge a quantity of water to uncover a circular
area at the bottom of the vessel 2 m in diameter, determine the angular speed in rpm.

Solution:
𝜔2 𝑟 2
ℎ=
2𝑔
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ℎ(𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦)
(1.5)2 (1)2
=
ℎ ℎ−6
2.25ℎ − 13.5 = ℎ
ℎ = 10.8 𝑚

𝜔2 1.52
10.8 =
2(9.81)
𝑟𝑎𝑑 30
𝜔 = 9.7044 ( )
𝑠 𝜋
𝝎 = 𝟗𝟐. 𝟔𝟕𝟎𝟐 𝒓𝒑𝒎

• A cubical tank is filled with 4 m of mercury having s.g. of 13.6. find the force acting on one side
of the tank when the acceleration is 10 m/s2
a. Vertically upward
b. Vertically downward

Solution:

a. 𝑃 = 𝑝𝑐𝑔 𝐴
𝑎
𝑃 = 𝛾ℎ𝑐𝑔 (1 + ) 𝐴
𝑔
10
𝑃 = (9.81)(13.6)(2) (1 + ) [(4)(4)]
9.81
 𝑷 = 𝟖𝟔𝟐𝟏. 𝟑𝟏𝟐 𝒌𝑵

b. 𝑃 = 𝑝𝑐𝑔 𝐴
𝑎
𝑃 = 𝛾ℎ𝑐𝑔 (1 − ) 𝐴
𝑔
10
𝑃 = (9.81)(13.6)(2) (1 − ) [(4)(4)]
9.81
𝑷 = −𝟖𝟐. 𝟔𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝑵

CHAPTER 5 – Fundamental of Fluid Flow

• Assume the conduit shown in figure has (inside) diameters of 12 in and 18 in at section 1 and 2,
respectively. If water is flowing in the conduit at a velocity of 16.6 ft/s at section 2, find:
a. The velocity at section 1
b. The volume flow at section 1
c. Volume flow rate at section 2
d. Weight of flow rate
e. Mass flow rate

Solution:

a. 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2
(𝜋)(12⁄12)2 (𝜋)(18⁄12)2
[ ] (𝑣1 ) = [ ] (16.6)
4 4
𝒇𝒕
𝒗𝟏 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟑
𝒔

b. 𝑄1 = 𝐴1 𝑣1
(𝜋)(12⁄12)2
𝑄1 = [ ] (37.3)
4
𝒇𝒕𝟑
𝑸𝟏 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟑
𝒔

c. 𝑄2 = 𝐴2 𝑣2
(𝜋)(18⁄12)2
𝑄2 = [ ] (16.6)
4
𝒇𝒕𝟑
𝑸𝟏 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟑
𝒔

d. 𝑊 = 𝛾𝐴1 𝑣1
(𝜋)(12⁄12)2
𝑊 = 62.4 [ ] (37.3)
4
𝒍𝒃
𝑾 = 𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟖
𝒔

e. 𝑀 = 𝜌𝐴1 𝑣1
 (𝜋)(12⁄12)2
𝑀 = 1.94 [ ] (37.3)
4
𝒔𝒍𝒖𝒈𝒔
𝑴 = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟖
𝒔

• In the rectilinear chamber of the figure, section 1 has a diameter of 4 in and the flow on is 2 cfs.
Section 2 has a diameter of 3 in and the flow out is 36 fps average velocity. Compute the
average velocity and volume flux at section 3 if D3 = 1 in. is the flow at 3 in or out?

Solution:
𝑄1 = 𝑄2 + 𝑄3
(𝜋)(3⁄12)2
2=[ ] (36) + 𝑄3
4
𝑸𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟑 𝒄𝒇𝒔 (𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑸𝟑 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒖𝒕)

𝑄
𝑣=
𝐴
0.233
𝑣=
(𝜋)(1⁄12)2
[ 4 ]

𝒗 = 𝟒𝟐. 𝟕 𝒇𝒑𝒔

• Water flows at 6 ft/s through a pipe 500 ft long diameter 1 in. The inlet pressure p1 = 200 psig,
and the exit section is 100 ft higher than the inlet. What is the exit pressure p2 if the friction
head loss is 350 ft?

Solution:
𝑝1 𝑣12 𝑝2 𝑣22
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 + ℎ𝐿
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
(200)(144) 𝑣12 (𝑝1 )(144) 𝑣22 10
+ +0= + +0+( ) (5280)
62.4 2𝑔 62.4 2𝑔 100
𝑣12 𝑣22
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒; =
2𝑔 2𝑔
𝒍𝒃 𝒍𝒃
𝒑𝟏 − 𝒑𝟐 = 𝟐𝟖𝟑𝟑 𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝟏𝟗. 𝟕 𝟐
𝒇𝒕 𝒊𝒏
CHAPTER 8 – Open Channel

• Water flows in the triangle steel channel shown in figure at a velocity of 2.9 ft/s. find the depth
of flow if the channel slope is 0.0015.
 Solution:
1.486 2 1
𝑣=( ) (𝑅3 ) (𝑠 2 )
𝑛
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝐴
𝑅=
𝑝𝑤
(𝑑)(𝑑 tan 27.5𝑜 )
[ 2 ]
𝑅 = 2{ }
2𝑑
cos 27.5𝑜
𝑅 = 0.2309𝑑

1.486 2 1
𝑣=( ) (𝑅3 ) (𝑠 2 )
𝑛
1.486 2 1
2.9 = ( ) (0.2309)3 (0.0015)2
0.014
𝒅 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟕 𝒇𝒕

• Water flows in a rectangular, concrete, open channel that is 12.0 m wide at a depth of 2.5 m.
the channel slope is 0.0028. find the water velocity and the flow rate. n = 0.013

Solution:
1.0 2 1
𝑣 = ( ) (𝑅 3 ) (𝑠 2 )
𝑛
Where:
𝐴
𝑅=
𝑝𝑤
(12.0)(2.5)
𝑅=
(2.5 + 12 + 2.5)
𝑅 = 1.765 𝑚

1.0 2 1
𝑣=( ) (𝑅 3 ) (𝑠 2 )
𝑛
1.0 2 1
𝑣=( ) (1.765)3 (0.0028)2
0.013
𝑚
𝑣 = 5.945
𝑠

𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣
𝑄 = [(12)(2.5)](5.945)
𝒎𝟑
𝑸 = 𝟏𝟕𝟖
𝒔

• After flood had passed on observation station on a river, an engineer visited the site and, by
locating flood marks, performing appropriate surveying, and doing necessary computations,
determined that the cross-sectional area, wetted perimeter, and water-surface slope at the time
of the peak flooding were 2960 m2, 341 m, and 0.00076, respectively. The engineer also noted
that the channel bottom was “earth with grass and weeds” (n = 0.030). Estimate the peak flood
discharge.

Solution:
1.0 2 1
𝑣 = ( ) (𝑅 3 ) (𝑠 2 )
𝑛
2
1.0 2960 3 1
𝑣=( )( ) (0.00076)2
0.030 341
𝑚
𝑣 = 3.881
𝑠

𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣
𝑄 = (2960)(3.881)
𝒎𝟑
𝑸 = 𝟏𝟏 𝟒𝟗𝟎
𝒔