Post task - Final activity

Individual work format

Astrid Liliana Blanco Cerquera

Group 3
1076624133

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnetic y Ondas
2021 16-01
 Exercises development

Activity
Application exercises:
For the development of the following exercises, note that 3 corresponds to the
group number and 133 to the last 3 digits of the identification number.

1. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 133 𝑀𝐻𝑧 is transmitted from the bottom of a

ship to a receiver located at 𝑝 = 1 𝐾𝑚 depth. The wave is emitted with an
advance angle of 𝑎 = (5 + 3)°. Determine the time it takes for the wave to
reach the receiver.

Figure 1: wave propagation in open media.

Image recovered from https://www.ee.co.za/article/new-economics-marine-
environmental-monitoring.html
For development, follow the following steps:
a. Calculate the tangent of losses 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = 𝜎/𝜔𝜀.
𝜎 𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = =
𝜔𝜀 2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 𝑓 ∗ 𝜀𝑟 ∗ 𝜀0

4𝑠/𝑚
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) =
2∗𝜋∗ 1,33𝑥108 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 80 ∗ 8.8542𝑥10−12 𝐹/𝑚

4𝑠/𝑚
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = = 6,75
0,59

(𝛿) = tan−1 (6,75) = 81,5°

 b. Classify the behavior of the medium.

c. Calculate the propagation parameters of the wave 𝛾, 𝛼 and 𝛽.

𝛾 = √𝑗𝜔𝜇(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀)

𝛾 = √𝑗 ∗ 2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 1,33𝑥108 ∗ 1 ∗ 4 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 10−7 (4 + 𝑗 ∗ 2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 1,33𝑥108 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 80 ∗ 8,8542𝑥10−12

𝛾 = 42,5713 + 49.33𝑖

𝛼 = 𝑅𝑒(𝛾)

𝛼 = 42,5713

𝛽 = 𝐼𝑚(𝛾 )

𝛽 = 49.33𝑖

d. Calculate the propagation speed of the 𝑉𝑝 wave. 𝑉𝑝 = 𝜔/𝛽

𝜔
𝑉𝑝 =
𝛽
2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 1.33𝑥108
𝑉𝑝 =
49,33

𝑉𝑝 = 1,69386𝑥107

e. Calculate the distance 𝑑 between the ship and the receiver. 𝑑 = 𝑃/𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎).
𝑃
𝑑=
cos(𝑎)
 1000𝑚
𝑑=
cos(8)°

𝑑 = 1009,81𝑚

f. Based on 𝑉𝑝 and 𝑑 determine the time 𝑡 of the route. 𝑑 = 𝑡 ∗ 𝑉𝑝

𝑑 = 𝑡 ∗ 𝑉𝑝
𝑑
=𝑡
𝑉𝑝

1009,81𝑚
𝑡=
1,69386𝑥107

𝑡 = 5,96𝑥10−5
 Interpretation: according to the concepts explored, explain the meaning
of the value obtained for 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) and 𝑡.

2. From an airplane, which is ℎ1 = 1250 𝑚 high, a communication signal 𝑓 =

133 𝑀𝐻𝑧 is emitted to a submarine that is ℎ2 = 800 𝑚 deep, the angle of
incidence of the signal on the sea surface is 𝑎 = (8)°. Determine the time it
takes for the signal to reach the submarine. Note that 𝐶𝑜 = 3𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠.

Figure 2: wave propagation in bounded open media.

Image recovered from https://byjus.com/physics/characteristics-of-sound-
wavesamplitude/
For development, follow the following steps:
a. Calculate the distance between the plane and the point of incidence at sea
𝑑1 = ℎ1 /𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑎)
• ℎ1 = 1250 𝑚
• 𝑎 = (8)°
ℎ1
𝑑1 =
sin(𝑎)
1250 𝑚
𝑑1 =
sin(8)°

𝑑1 = 8981,62𝑚
b. Calculate the velocity of propagation of the wave 𝑉𝑝1 in the air (𝑉𝑝1 = 𝐶𝑜/𝑛),
where 𝑛 is the refractive index of air.
𝐶𝑜
𝑉𝑝1 =
𝑛

3𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑝1 =
1,0002926
𝑉𝑝1 = 2,99912𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠

c. Using Snell's Law, calculate the angle of refraction of the wave in the sea.

sin 𝜃1 ∗ 𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 = sin 𝜃2 ∗ 𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑟

sin 82° ∗ 1,0002926 = sin 𝜃2 ∗ 1,69403𝑥107

sin(82°) ∗ 1,0002926
sin 𝜃2 =
1,69386𝑥107
5,67 = sin 𝜃2
sin−1 (5,67) = 𝜃2
𝜃2 = 5,67°

d. Calculate the distance between the point of incidence in the sea and the
submarine.
ℎ2
cos(𝑑2 ) =
𝑑
ℎ2
𝑑=
cos(𝑑2 )
800𝑚
𝑑= = 803.18
cos 5,67°
e. Calculate the propagation speed of the wave 𝑉𝑝2 at sea (take 𝑉𝑝 from
exercise 1).

𝐶𝑜
𝑉𝑝2 =
𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑟

3𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑝2 =
1,69386𝑥107

𝑉𝑝2 = 17,71

f. Based on 𝑉𝑝1 and 𝑑1 determine the time 𝑡1 of the first path (𝑡1 = 𝑑1 /𝑉𝑝1 ).
𝑑1
𝑡1 =
𝑉𝑝1
8981,62𝑚
𝑡1 =
2,99912𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠

𝑡1 = 2,99𝑥10−5

g. Based on 𝑉𝑝2 and 𝑑2 determine the time 𝑡2 of the second path (𝑡2 = 𝑑2 /𝑉𝑝2 ).
𝑑2
𝑡2 =
𝑉𝑝2
 803.18𝑚
𝑡2 =
17,71

𝑡2 = 45.34𝑠

h. Calculate the total time of the route 𝑡 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2.

𝑡 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2

𝑡 = 2,99𝑥10−5 + 45.34𝑠
𝑡 = 45,430

Interpretation: according to the concepts explored, explain the meaning

of the value obtained for 𝑉𝑝1 , 𝑉𝑝2 and 𝑡.

3. A lossless transmission line has a characteristic impedance of 𝑍0 = 75Ω, a

length of 𝐿 = 5𝑚 and is excited by a signal of 𝑓 = 500 𝑀𝐻𝑧. The line is
connected to an antenna with load impedance 𝑍𝐿 = (45 + 𝑗45)Ω. Taking into
account that 𝑉𝑝 = 3𝑥107 𝑚/𝑠, calculate:

a. Wavelength 𝜆.
• 𝑓 = 500 𝑀𝐻𝑧 𝑓 = 5𝑥108 𝐻𝑧
• 𝑉𝑝 = 3𝑥107 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑝
𝜆=
𝑓
 3𝑥107 𝑚/𝑠
𝜆=
5𝑥108 𝐻𝑧

𝜆 = 0,06𝑚

b. Electrical length ℓ.
• 𝜆 = 0,06𝑚
• 𝐿 = 5𝑚
5
ℓ=
0,06

ℓ = 83,3𝑚

c. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .

• 𝑍0 = 75Ω
• 𝑍𝐿 = (45 + 𝑗45)Ω
• ℓ = 83,3𝑚

ZL + jZ0 Tan(2πℓ)
Zin = Z0
Z0 + jZL Tan(2πℓ)
(45 + 𝑗45)Ω + j75ΩTan(2π(83,3𝑚))
Zin = 75Ω
75Ω + j(45 + 𝑗45)ΩTan(2π(83,3𝑚))

Zin = 34,36 − 24,12𝑖

d. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase)
• 𝑍𝐿 = (45 + 𝑗45)Ω
• 𝑍0 = 75Ω

ZL − Z0
Γ=
ZL + Z0

(45 + 𝑗45)Ω − 75Ω

Γ=
(45 + 𝑗45)Ω + 75Ω

Γ = −0,095 + 0,410ι

e. VSWR.
1 + |Γ| 1 + |−0,095 + 0,410ι|
VSWR = =
1 − |Γ| 1 − |−0,095 + 0,410ι|

VSWR = 0,6 + 0,6i

f. Check the results c, d and e with the Smith 4.1 software.

Figure 3: Transmission line.

Interpretation: according to the concepts explored, explain the meaning

of the value obtained for 𝑍𝑖𝑛 , Γ and 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅.
 References

Reference 1: Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston:

Academic Press, (pp. 525-551)

Reference 2: Joines, W., Bernhard, J., & Palmer, W. (2012). Microwave

Transmission Line Circuits. Boston: Artech House, (pp. 23-68).

Reference 3: Impedance Matching Networks. (2001). Radio-Frequency &

Microwave Communication Circuits, (pp. 146-188).

Reference 4: Wiley, J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Propagación de ondas

electromagnéticas, (págs. 25-70).

Reference 5: Gutiérrez, W. (2017). Ley de Snell [Vídeo].

http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13140