Higher Secondary Second year

Physics Practical
Short Procedure -EM (2019-2020)
Prepared by

S.Jayachandran
P.G.Asst(Physics)
GHSS,Manali,Thiruvallur Dt
Chennai-600 068.
(9840430109)
 1.METRE BRIDGE (Short Procedure)
1.Connections are given as shown in the circuit.
2.By connecting, Known resistance R in the left gap
and the unknown resistance X in the right
gap,balancing length l is found.
3.By using the formula ,unknown
resistance X1 is calculated.
4.By connecting, Known resistance R in the right gap
and the unknown resistance X in the left gap,
balancing length l is found.
5.By using the formula ,unknown
resistance X2 is calculated.
6.Average of X1 and X2 gives X.
7.From the values of X, r and L, using the formula
the specific resistance of the
material of the wire is calculated.
2.TANGENT GALVANOMETER(Short procedure)
1. Connections are given as shown in the circuit.
2. After doing all initial adjustments, aluminium
pointer is made to read 00 - 0° in the compass box.
3. By passing suitable current in the TG, deflections
θ1 and θ2 of the aluminium pointer are noted in the
tabular column.
4. By using commutator, current in the TG is reversed
and deflections θ3 and θ4 of the aluminium pointer
are noted in the tabular column.
5. Average of θ1 , θ2 ,θ3 and θ4 gives θ.
6. Reduction Factor of TG is calculated.
7. By measuring the circumference of the coil using a
thread, radius of the circular coil is found.
8. From the values of r, n and k, t using the formula
the horizontal component of Earth’s
magnetic field is calculated.
3.PRISM(Short procedure)
1. Initial adjustments of spectrometer are done.
Angle of Prism
2. Light from collimator is made to fall on both
reflecting surfaces of the prism.
3. Telescope is rotated on both sides of direct ray to
see reflected image of slit.
12 Std Physics Practical (Short Procedure) EM
S.Jayachandran, PG.Asst, GHSS, Manali,Thiruvallur Dt
4. Both Vernier readings V1 and V2 are noted for two
reflected image of slit.
5. Difference between two readings gives 2A from
which Angle of prism (A) is calculated.
Angle of Minimum Deviation
1. Light from collimator is made to fall on only one
refracting surface of the prism.
2. Telescope is rotated to see refracted image of slit
and Prism table is adjusted to be at minimum
deviation position.
3. Vernier readings V1 and V2 are noted for minimum
deviation position and also for direct ray.
4. Difference between two readings gives Angle of
minimum deviation (D).
5. From the values of A and D, using the formula
the refractive index of the material of
a prism is calculated
4.DIFFRACTION GRATING(Short procedure)
1. Initial adjustments of spectrometer are done.
2. Grating is mounted on prism table and set for
Normal incidence position.
3. Telescope is rotated on both sides of direct ray to
see diffracted Blue,green and yellow images of slit.
4. Both Vernier readings V1 and V2 are noted for two
diffracted image of slit on both sides of direct ray.
5. Difference between two verniers gives 2Ɵ, from
which, angle of diffraction (Ɵ) is calculated.
6. Knowing N, n and Ɵ,and using the formula
wavelength of blue,green and yellow
spectral lines are calculated.
5.TRANSISTOR Input Impedance
Input characteristic curve: VBE vs IB (VCE constant)
1. Connections are given as shown in the diagram
2. Collector-emitter voltage VCE is kept constant.
3. Base-emitter voltage VBE is changed and the
corresponding base current (IB) is noted in the
tabular column.
4. Experiment is repeated for another constant VCE
5. A graph is plotted by taking VBE along x-axis and
IB along y-axis for both the values of VCE.
6. Reciprocal of the slope of curve gives
the input impedance of the transistor.
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 6.TRANSISTOR (Output Impedance)
Output characteristic curve: VCE vs IC (IB constant)
1. Connections are given as shown in the diagram
2. Base current IB is kept constant.
3. Collector-emitter voltage VCE is changed and the
corresponding collector current (IC) is noted in the
tabular column.
4. Experiment is repeated for another constant IB
5. A graph is plotted by taking VCE along x-axis and
IC along y-axis for both the values of IB.
6. Reciprocal of the slope of curve
gives the output impedance of the
transistor.
7.TRANSISTOR (Current Gain)
Transfer characteristic curve: IB vs IC (VCE constant)
1. Connections are given as shown in the diagram.
2. Collector-emitter voltage VCE is kept constant.
3. Base current IB is changed and the corresponding
collector current (IC) is noted in the tabular column.
4. A graph is plotted by taking IB along x-axis and IC
along y-axis for both the values of VCE .
5. Reciprocal of the slope of curve
gives the current gain of the
transistor
8.LOGIC GATES NAND,AND, NOT and EX-OR
1. To verify the truth table of a logic gate
NAND,AND, NOT and EX-OR , suitable
IC 7400, IC 7408, IC 7404 and IC 7486
respectively are taken. Connections are given using
the circuit diagram.
2. For all the ICs, 5V is applied to the pin 14 while
the pin 7 is connected to the ground.
3. Logical inputs of the truth table are applied and the
corresponding output is noted.
4. Similarly the output is noted for all other
combinations of inputs.
5. In this way, the truth table of a logic gate is
verified.
9.LOGIC GATES NOR,OR, NOT and EX-OR
6. To verify the truth table of a logic gate NOR, OR,
NOT and EX-OR , suitable IC 7402, IC 7432,
IC 7404 and IC 7486 respectively are taken.
Connections are given using the circuit diagram.
7. For all the ICs, 5V is applied to the pin 14 while
the pin 7 is connected to the ground.
8. Logical inputs of the truth table are applied and the
corresponding output is noted.
9. Similarly the output is noted for all other
combinations of inputs.
10. In this way, the truth table of a logic gate is
verified.
10.De Morgan’s theorem
I.Verification of De Morgan’s first theorem
1. Connections are made for and of
the theorem as shown in the circuit diagram using
appropriate ICs Separately.
2. All combinations of Logical inputs of truth table
are applied and the corresponding output is noted
and tabulated.
3. From the truth table, is verified.
II.Verification of De Morgan’s Second theorem
1. Connections are made for and of the
theorem as shown in the circuit diagram using
appropriate ICs Separately.
2. All combinations of Logical inputs of truth table
are applied and the corresponding output is noted
and tabulated.
3. From the truth table, is verified.

12 Std Physics Practical (Short Procedure) EM

S.Jayachandran, PG.Asst, GHSS, Manali,Thiruvallur Dt 9840430109 Page | 2