Lecture-3

Prepared under
QIP-CD Cell Project

Internal Combustion Engines

Ujjwal K Saha, Ph.D.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati

1

Background

Classifications

1. Engine Cycle
Four Stroke Cycle Experiences 4 strokes

of the Piston movements over 2 revolutions

of the crankshaft

Two Stroke Cycle Experiences 2 strokes

of the Piston movements over 1 revolution

of the crankshaft
3

Classifications Contd.

2. Fuel Used

Using volatile fuels like gasoline, alcohol, kerosene

Using gaseous fuels like natural gas, biogas

Using solid fuels like charcoal, powdered coke

(converted to gaseous fuel outside the engine in a gas producer)

Using viscous fuels like diesel

Using dual fuel

methanol (suction stroke) + diesel (comp. stroke) CI Engine
gasoline + alcohol (gasohol)
4

Fuel Used - at a Glance

Gasoline
Diesel
Gas, Natural gas, Methane
Liquid Petroleum Gas
Alcohol, Methanol
Hydrogen
Dual Fuel
5

Classifications Contd.

3. Method of Ignition
Spark Ignition: An SI engine starts the
combustion process in each cycle by use of a
spark plug. In early engine development,
before the invention of the electric spark plug,
many forms of torch of torch holes were used to
initiate combustion form an external flame.
Compression Ignition: The combustion
process in a CI engine starts when the air-fuel
mixture self-ignites due to high temperature in
the combustion chamber caused by high
compression.
6

Classifications Contd.

4. Position & Number of Cylinders

Single Cylinder
Inline Cylinders
V Engine
Opposed Cylinder Engine
W Engine
Opposed Piston Engine
Radial Engine
7

(b)

(a)

(d)

(c)

(e)

(f)

(g)

Cylinder Arrangement
Single cylinder: Engine has one cylinder and
piston connected to the crankshaft.

In-Line:
Cylinders
are
positioned in a straight line, one
behind the other along the
length
of
the
crankshaft.
Number of cylinders may vary
from 2 to 11 or even more. Inline four-cylinder engines are
very common for automobiles.
In-line engines are also referred
to as straight such as straight six
or straight eight.

V Engine: Two banks of cylinders at an angle

with each other along a single crankshaft. The
angle between the banks of cylinders is usually
within 60-90. V engines have even numbers of
cylinders ranging from 2 to 20 or more. V6 and V8
are the common engines with six and eight
cylinders respectively.

10

Opposed Cylinder Engine: Two banks of

cylinders opposite to each other on a single
crankshaft. These are mostly used in small aircraft
and some automobiles with an even number of
cylinders from two to eight or more. These
engines are also called flat engines such as flat
four.

11

W Engine: Similar to that of V engine except

with three banks of cylinders on the same
crankshaft. This type of arrangement has been
used in some racing cars.

Opposed Piston Engine: Two pistons in each

cylinder with the combustion chamber located
centrally between the pistons. A singlecombustion process causes two power strokes at
the same time, with each piston being pushed
away from the center and delivering power to a
separate crankshaft at each end of the cylinder
Engine output is either on two rotating crankshafts
or on one crankshaft incorporating a complex
mechanic linkage.

12

Radial Engine: Engine with pistons positioned in

a circular plane around the central crankshaft.
The connecting rods of the pistons are connected
to the crankshaft through a master rod. A bank of
cylinders on a radial engine always has an odd
number of cylinders ranging from 3 to 13 or more.

Many medium-and largesize propeller-driven aircraft

use radial engines. For large
aircraft, two or more banks
of cylinders are mounted
together, one behind the
other on a single crankshaft,
making a powerful and
smooth engine.
13

Cylinder Arrangement

14

15

Single Cylinder Engine

Single-cylinder engine gives one power stroke per crank revolution
(360 CA) for 2 stroke, or every two revolutions for 4 stroke.
The torque pulses on the crank shaft are widely spaced, and engine
vibration and smoothness are significant problems.

4-stroke

2-stroke
0 CA
(TC)

180 CA

360 CA
(TC)

540 CA

720 CA
(TC)

180 CA

Used in small engine applications where engine size is more important

16

Multi-cylinder Engines
Multi-cylinder engines spread out the displacement volume
amongst multiple smaller cylinders. Increased frequency of power
strokes produces smoother torque characteristics.
Most common cylinder arrangements are in-line 4 and V-6:

Engine balance (inertia forces associated with accelerating and

decelerating piston) better for in-line versus V configuration.
17

V-6 Engine

Inlet
runner
Air intake
manifold

18

Classifications Contd.

5. Valve Locations
Valves in head (overhead valve), also called
I-head engine.
Valves in block (flat head), also called L-head
engine. Some historic engines with valves in
block had the intake valve on one side of the
cylinder, and the exhaust valve on the other
side. These were called T-head engines.
One valve in head (usually intake) and one in
block, also called F-head engine.
19

(a)

(c)

(b)

(d)

20

Classifications Contd.

6. Air Intake process

Naturally Aspirated: No intake air pressure
boost system.

Supercharged: Intake air pressure increased

with the compressor driven off the engine
crankshaft.

Turbocharged: Intake air pressure increased

with the turbine-compressor driven by the engine
exhaust gases

Crankcase Compressed: Two-stroke cycle

engine that uses the crankcase as the intake air
compressor.

21

Air Intake

Turbine

Compressor
Air Intake

Aftercooler

Exhaust

22

Where the turbocharger is located in the car

Where the turbocharger is located in the car

23

How a turbocharger is plumbed (including the

charge air cooler)
24

Roots Blower

Radial compressor

Vane Compressor

Screw Compressor

Axial compressor

25

Classifications Contd.

7. Method of Fuel supply for SI Engines

Carbureted

Multi Point Fuel Injection - One or more

injectors at each cylinder intake.

Throttle Body Fuel Injection - Injectors upstream

in intake manifold.

26

Inlet
Valve

Throttle

Vent
Fuel discharge
nozzle
Float
Fuel metering
jet lip, h

Fuel
from
supply
Float
Chamber

Fuel

Choke
Air

Carbureted System
27

Multi Point Fuel Injection System

Throttle Body Injection System

28

Classifications Contd.

8. Combustion Chamber Design

Open chamber (disc, wedge, hemispherical,
bowl-in-piston)
Divided chamber (small and large auxiliary
chambers like swirl chamber, pre-chambers)

29

30

Classifications Contd.

9. Type of Cooling

Air Cooled

Liquid Cooled/Water Cooled

R a d ia to r

C ylin d e r

P isto n

31

 The cooling system in most cars consists of the radiator and

water pump. Water circulates through passages around the

cylinders and then travels through the radiator to cool it off.

32

Classifications Contd.

10. Applications
Car, buses, two-wheelers, trucks
Locomotives
Stationary
Marine
Light Aircraft
Portable Power Systems
Lawnmowers
33

34

References
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DL (1985), Automotive Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.
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3. Fergusan CR, and Kirkpatrick AT, (2001), Internal Combustion Engines, John
Wiley & Sons.
4. Ganesan V, (2003), Internal Combustion Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.
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and IBH Pub Ltd.
6. Heisler H, (1999), Vehicle and Engine Technology, Arnold Publishers.
7. Heywood JB, (1989), Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw Hill.
8. Heywood JB, and Sher E, (1999), The Two-Stroke Cycle Engine, Taylor & Francis.
9. Joel R, (1996), Basic Engineering Thermodynamics, Addison-Wesley.
10. Mathur ML, and Sharma RP, (1994), A Course in Internal Combustion Engines,
Dhanpat Rai & Sons, New Delhi.
11. Pulkrabek WW, (1997), Engineering Fundamentals of the I. C. Engine, Prentice Hall.
12. Rogers GFC, and Mayhew YR,
YR (1992), Engineering Thermodynamics, Addison
1.

Wisley.

13. Srinivasan S, (2001), Automotive Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.

14. Stone R, (1992), Internal Combustion Engines, The Macmillan Press Limited, London.
15. Taylor CF, (1985), The Internal-Combustion Engine in Theory and Practice, Vol. 1 & 2,
The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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