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. ASCII

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Grey, .

. BCD,
Excess-3, .

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() (
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(, , ),

(
) , ,
.
: 111000000101110001011111<2> = 70056137<8> = E05C5F<16>

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( ) (2)
,
bits: . 234<8> = 010 011 100<2> (
,
). ,
, ,
bits,
( )
(
7) : . 11000101111<2> = 11 000 101
111<2> = 011 000 101 111 <2> = 3057 <8> .

, bits .
: 11000000101110001011111<2> = 110 0000 0101 1100 0101 1111<2> =
0110 0000 0101 1100 0101 1111<2> = 605C5F<16>
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() (hardware description
languages, HDL) .
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2
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2 , ,
2 , 2n
, bits
n bits (, ,
). 2n n=1, , 23.

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bits .
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( bits)
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bits
. , 8 bits 0 255,
16 bits 0 65535.

. ., 3 4 bits 0011, 6 bits
000011.
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( )
( ) (2)
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Gray, 1.6
Gray


bit .

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Grey
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( )

BCD (Binary Coded Decimal
). ,
, :

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10


( ) (2)
, 254<10> 0010 0101 0100<BCD> (
,
).
. ,
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4 bits.
BCD ,
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bits 4 ,
, bits , ,
bits.
, 0100000010010001<BCD> 0100 0000 1001 0001<BCD>
4091<10> . , , 00011100 0001 1100
BCD, 1100
1.2.
( , )
BCD ,
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( ) (3)
,
BCD
BCD . /
,
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,
.
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12

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13


( )


7 8 bits.
ASCII, .
ASCII 7 bits ( 128
),
,
(control characters).

.
( )
(. )
( ) ASCII 8
bits ( 256 ).

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14

ASCII

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15

ASCII (2)

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16



.
: .
( 0) r n . ( ,
, ,
, 10).
(
r-1) (rn-1) N. :
() 1785<10> . , r =10 n = 4.
9 ( 10-1) 1785<10>
(104-1) 1785 = 9999 1785 = 8214<10> .
() 01100110<2> . , r = 2 n = 8.
1 ( 2-1) 01100110<2>
(28 -1) 01100110<2> = 11111111<2> - 01100110<2> = 10011001<2> .
(rn-1) , ,
n ( r
r-1). ., (r=10) n=4 : (rn-1) = (1041) = 9999, (r=2) n=8 : (rn-1) = (28-1) = 11111111<2>
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(2)
, , 1
n bits 0 1 ,

n 1 ( (2n-1)). , n=8, (rn-1) = (28-1)
= 11111111<2> , 1 01010101<2> 10101010<2>,
n=4 1100<2> 0011<2>, .
, , ( 0)
r n .
( r)
rn N. :
() 1785<10> . , r =10 n = 4.
10 1785 1041785 = 10000
1785 = 8215 <10> .
() 01100110<2> . , r = 2 n = 8.
2 01100110<2> 28 01100110<2>
= 10011010<2> .
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(3)
, (rn-1) = [(rn-1) -1] + 1,

1,
. : 01010101<2>
1 10101010<2>, 2
10101010<2> +1 = 10101011<2> . 336<10> 9
663, 10 663 +1 = 664.

2 : ,
(, 1)
1 (
, ). ,
2 000111<2> 111000<2>+1 = 111001<2>
2 0000<2> 1111<2>+1 = 10000 <2> ,
1, 0000<2> .

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(4)

2
: , (
) , 1. 1
, ,
.
, 2 01100<2> 10100<2> ,
2 000111<2> 111001<2> 2
0000<2> 0000<2> ( 1 ,
).

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20


,
( 0).
, ,
:

- ( bit
0
+ 1 )

2 (
2 0
-2n , n
). .

1 (
1 0
)

4
bits.
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