Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Pimentel v. Aguirre
Facts:
Tan v. COMELEC
Facts:
Ganzon v. CSC
Facts:
Cordillera Broad Coalition v. COA
Facts:
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
4.
5.
6.
Dela
19
Facts: TD received a letter from acting mayor Cruz, ordering the full
cessation of the operation of its plant located at Guyong, Sta.
Maria, Bulacan, until further order. The letter likewise requested its
plant manager to bring with him to the office of the mayor the
following: a) Building permit; b) Mayor's permit; c) Region IIIPollution of Environment and Natural Resources Anti-Pollution
Permit. In compliance with said undertaking, petitioner commenced
to secure "Region III-Department of Environmental and Natural
Resources Anti-Pollution Permit," although among the permits
previously secured prior to the operation of petitioner's plant was a
"Temporary Permit to Operate Air Pollution Installation" issued by
the then National Pollution Control Commission (now Environmental
Management Bureau) and is now at a stage where the
Environmental Management Bureau is trying to determine the
correct kind of anti-pollution devise to be installed as part of
petitioner's request for the renewal of its permit.
TD's attention having been called to its lack of mayor's
permit, it sent its representatives to the office of the mayor to
secure the same but were not entertained. On April 6, 1989,
without previous and reasonable notice upon petitioner, respondent
acting mayor ordered the Municipality's station commander to
padlock the premises of petitioner's plant, thus effectively causing
the stoppage of its operation.
RTC: action for certiorari, prohibition, mandamus with
preliminary injunction. Closure order was issued in grave abuse of
discretion. Judge issued of the writ of preliminary mandatory
injunction.
MR: RTC issued an order (a) setting aside the order which
granted a Writ of Preliminary Mandatory Injunction, and (b)
dissolving the writ consequently issued.
CA: certiorari and prohibition with preliminary injunction. In
due course the petition was denied for lack of merit.
MR: denied.
Issue: WON the appellate court committed a grave abuse of
discretion in rendering its question decision and resolution. NO.
20
2.
3.
4.
5.
21
22
23
Binay v. Domingo
Facts: Resolution 60 confirming the ongoing burial assistance
program initiated by the mayors office. Under this program,
bereaved families whose gross family income does not exceed
2k/month will receive a 500php cash relief to be taken out of
unappropriated available funds existing in the municipal treasury.
The Metro Manila Commission approved Resolution 60. Thereafter,
the municipal secretary certified a disbursement of P400,000 for
the implementation of the Burial Assistance Program. R 60 was
referred to the Commission on Audit for its expected allowance in
audit. Based on its preliminary findings, COA disapproved R 60 and
disallowed in audit the disbursement of funds for the
24
25
Tamin v. CA
Facts: The municipality of Dumingag file d a case for the ejectment
of Medina and Rosellon. According to the municipality, it is the
owner of a parcel of residential land located at Poblacion,
Dumingag, Zamboanga del Sur with an area of 5,894 square
meters more or less; that the parcel of land was reserved for public
plaza under PP 365 and that the incumbency of the late Mayor
Isidoro E. Real, Sr. or in 1958, the municipality leased an Area of
1,350 square meters to M&R subject to the condition that they
should vacate the place in case it is needed for public purposes;
that the defendants religiously paid the rentals until 1967. M&R,
however refused to pay the rentals as well as vacate the area.
Hence, despite the national governments allotment for the
construction of a municipal gymnasium within the public plaza,
such construction which was already started could not continue
because of the presence of the buildings constructed by the
defendants. According to the municipality, the appropriation for the
construction of the gymnasium might be reverted back to the
national government which would result to "irreparable damage,
injury and prejudice" to the municipality and its people who are
expected to derive benefit from the accomplishment of the project.
RTC: Judge Tamin issued an order setting the preliminary hearing
for the issuance of a writ of preliminary mandatory injunction
and/or writ of possession, and instead of filing an answer, the
respondents filed an MTD alleging the lack of jurisdiction of the TC,
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
Section 2, Article XII and Sections 2 and 7 of Article XIII of the 1987
Constitution. Second, Office Order No. 23 contained no regulation
nor condition under which the Mayors permit could be granted or
denied; in other words, the Mayor had the absolute authority to
determine whether or not to issue permit. Third, as the Ordinance
No. 2 altogether prohibited the catching, gathering, possession,
buying, selling and shipping of live marine coral dwelling
organisms, without any distinction whether it was caught or
gathered through lawful fishing method, the Ordinance took away
the right of petitioners-fishermen to earn their livelihood in lawful
ways. Finally, as Ordinance No. 2 of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan
is null and void, the criminal cases based thereon against
petitioners Tano and the others have to be dismissed.
Governor Socrates and Members of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan
of Palawan defended the validity of Ordinance No.2 as a valid
exercise of the Provincial Government power under the general
welfare clause (Section 16 of the LGC of 1991 [hereafter, LGC]),
and its specific power to protect the environment and impose
appropriate penalties for acts which endanger the environment,
such as dynamite fishing and other forms of destructive fishing
under Section 447 (a) (1) (vi), Section 458 (a) (1) (vi), and Section
468 (a) (1) (vi), of the LGC. They claimed that in the exercise of
such powers, the Province of Palawan had the right and
responsibilty to insure that the remaining coral reefs, where fish
dwells [sic], within its territory remain healthy for the future
generation. The Ordinance, they further asserted, covered only live
marine coral dwelling aquatic organisms which were enumerated in
the ordinance and excluded other kinds of live marine aquatic
organisms not dwelling in coral reefs; besides the prohibition was
for only five (5) years to protect and preserve the pristine coral and
allow those damaged to regenerate.
They likewise maintained that there was no violation of due
process and equal protection clauses of the Constitution. As to the
former, public hearings were conducted before the enactment of
the Ordinance which, undoubtedly, had a lawful purpose and
employed reasonable means; while as to the latter, a substantial
distinction existed between a fisherman who catches live fish with
the intention of selling it live, and a fisherman who catches live fish
with no intention at all of selling it live, i.e., the former uses sodium
cyanide while the latter does not. Further, the Ordinance applied
equally to all those belonging to one class.
34
2.
35
36
37
38
Sangalang v. IAC
Facts: Studies were made by Mayor Yabut et al, on the feasibility of
opening streets in Bel-Air calculated to alleviate traffic congestion
along the public streets adjacent to Bel-Air. Based on the studies, it
was deemed necessary, in the interest of the general public to
open to traffic Amapola, Mercedes, Zodia, Jupiter, Neptune, Orbit,
and Paseo de Roxas streets. According to Bel-Air they own the
streets and as such, should not be deprived of them without just
compensation.
Issue: WON the mayor acted arbitrarily in opening up Jupiter and
Orbit streets. NO.
39
40
41
LC: PI Granted. But petition was later dismissed. (1) Observed that
MMC Ordinance No. 79-02 expressly provides that the use of
certain streets as flee markets are subject to the approval of the
Metropolitan Manila Commission. (2) Found that Heroes del '96,
Gozon and Gonzales streets are of public dominion, hence, outside
the commerce of man. This means that they cannot be alienated or
leased or otherwise be the subject matter of contracts (Municipality
of Cavite vs. Rojas). Such lease, if ever, is null and void. This
principle was supported by City of Manila vs. Gerardo Garcia, which
stated that: The property being a public one, the Manila Mayors
did not have the authority to give permits, written or oral, to the
squatters, and that the permits granted are therefore considered
null and void. (3) Opined that the officials have the right to
demolish the subject stalls of the plaintiffs, more so due to Section
185, par. 4 of Batas Pambansa Blg. 337, otherwise known as the
LGC. However, shortly after the LC decision came out, the city
administration in Caloocan City changed hands. City Mayor Asistio,
Jr., as successor of Mayor Martinez, did not pursue the latter's
policy of clearing and cleaning up the city streets. Invoking the trial
court's decision in Civil Case No. C-12921, Dacanay wrote a letter
to Mayor Asistio, Jr., calling his attention to the illegally-constructed
stalls on Heroes del '96 Street and asked for their demolition.
Followed up but to no avail. Hence, this case.
Issue: WON public streets or thoroughfares may be leased or
licensed to market stallholders by virtue of a city ordinance or
resolution of the Metro Manila Commission. NO.
There is no doubt that the disputed areas from which the
private respondents' market stalls are sought to be evicted
are public streets, as found by the trial court in Civil Case
No. C-12921. A public street is property for public use hence
outside the commerce of man. Being outside the commerce
of man, it may not be the subject of lease or other contract.
As the stallholders pay fees to the City Government for the
right to occupy portions of the public street, the City
Government, contrary to law, has been leasing portions of
the streets to them. Such leases or licenses are null and
void for being contrary to law. The right of the public to use
the city streets may not be bargained away through
contract. The interests of a few should not prevail over the
good of the greater number in the community whose health,
peace, safety, good order and general welfare, the
42
43
44
45
46
Issue: WON the MMDA has the mandate to open Neptune Street to
public traffic pursuant to its regulator and police powers.
MMDA: it has the authority to open Neptune Street to public
traffic because it is an agent of the state endowed with
police power in the delivery of basic services in Metro
Manila. One of these basic services is traffic management
which involves the regulation of the use of thoroughfares to
insure the safety, convenience and welfare of the general
public. It is alleged that the police power of MMDA was
affirmed by this Court in the consolidated cases of
Sangalang v. Intermediate Appellate Court. From the
premise that it has police power, it is now urged that there is
no need for the City of Makati to enact an ordinance opening
Neptune street to the public.
Police power is an inherent attribute of sovereignty. It has
been defined as the power vested by the Constitution in the
legislature to make, ordain, and establish all manner of
wholesome and reasonable laws, statutes and ordinances,
either with penalties or without, not repugnant to the
Constitution, as they shall judge to be for the good and
welfare of the commonwealth, and for the subjects of the
same. The power is plenary and its scope is vast and
pervasive, reaching and justifying measures for public
health, public safety, public morals, and the general welfare.
It bears stressing that police power is lodged primarily in the
National Legislature. It cannot be exercised by any group or
body of individuals not possessing legislative power. The
National Legislature, however, may delegate this power to
the President and administrative boards as well as the
lawmaking bodies of municipal corporations or LGUs. Once
delegated, the agents can exercise only such legislative
powers as are conferred on them by the national lawmaking
body.
A local government is a "political subdivision of a nation or
state which is constituted by law and has substantial control
of local affairs." The LGC of 1991 defines a LGU as a "body
politic and corporate", one endowed with powers as a
political subdivision of the National Government and as a
corporate entity representing the inhabitants of its territory.
LGUs are the provinces, cities, municipalities and barangays.
They are also the territorial and political subdivisions of the
state.
47
48
resolutions and acts of any of the four (4) cities and thirteen
(13) municipalities comprising Metro Manila.
It was the MMC itself that possessed legislative powers. All
ordinances, resolutions and measures recommended by the
Sangguniang Bayan were subject to the MMCs approval.
Moreover, the power to impose taxes and other levies, the
power to appropriate money, and the power to pass
ordinances or resolutions with penal sanctions were vested
exclusively in the MMC. Thus, Metropolitan Manila had a
"central government," i.e., the MMC which fully possessed
legislative and police powers. Whatever legislative powers
the component cities and municipalities had were all subject
to review and approval by the MMC.
Under the 1987 Constitution, the LGUs became primarily
responsible for the governance of their respective political
subdivisions. The MMAs jurisdiction was limited to
addressing common problems involving basic services that
transcended local boundaries. It did not have legislative
power. Its power was merely to provide the LGUs technical
assistance in the preparation of local development plans.
Any semblance of legislative power it had was confined to a
"review [of] legislation proposed by the local legislative
assemblies to ensure consistency among local governments
and with the comprehensive development plan of Metro
Manila," and to "advise the local governments accordingly."
When R.A. No. 7924 took effect, Metropolitan Manila became
a "special development and administrative region" and the
MMDA a "special development authority" whose functions
were "without prejudice to the autonomy of the affected
LGUs." The character of the MMDA was clearly defined in the
legislative debates enacting its charter.
Clearly, the MMDA is not a political unit of government. The
power delegated to the MMDA is that given to the Metro
Manila Council to promulgate administrative rules and
regulations in the implementation of the MMDAs functions.
There is no grant of authority to enact ordinances and
regulations for the general welfare of the inhabitants of the
metropolis. It is thus beyond doubt that the MMDA is not a
LGU or a public corporation endowed with legislative power.
It is not even a "special metropolitan political subdivision" as
contemplated in Section 11, Article X of the Constitution.
The creation of a "special metropolitan political subdivision"
49
Moday v. CA
Facts: The Sangguniang Bayan of the Municipality of Bunawan in
Agusan del Sur passed R 43-89, "Authorizing the Municipal Mayor
to Initiate the Petition for Expropriation of a One (1) Hectare Portion
of Lot No. 6138-Pls-4 Along the National Highway Owned by
Percival Moday for the Site of Bunawan Farmers Center and Other
Government Sports Facilities." R 43-89 was approved by then
Municipal Mayor Anuncio C. Bustillo and transmitted to the
Sangguniang Panlalawigan for its approval. The Sangguniang
Panlalawigan disapproved said Resolution and returned it with the
comment that "expropriation is unnecessary considering that there
are still available lots in Bunawan for the establishment of the
government center." Bunawan filed a petition for Eminent Domain
against petitioner Percival Moday, as well as his parents before the
RTC at Prosperidad, Agusan del Sur. The municipality filed a Motion
to Take or Enter Upon the Possession of Subject Matter of This Case
stating that it had already deposited with the municipal treasurer
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
income families were public purpose for which New York City
Housing authorities could exercise the power of
condemnation. and this decision was followed by similar
ones in other states. The underlying reasons for these
decisions are that the destruction of congested areas and
unsanitary dwellings diminished the potentialities of
epidemics, crime and waste, prevents the spread of crime
and diseases to unaffected areas, enhances the physical
and moral value of the surrounding communities, and
promote the safety and welfare of the public in general.
The condemnation of a small property in behalf of 10, 20 or
50 persons and their families does not insure to the benefit
of the public to a degree sufficient to give the use public
character. The expropriation proceedings at bar have been
instituted for the economic relief of a few families devoid of
any consideration of public peace and order, or other public
advantage.
No fixed line of demarcation between what taking is for
public use and what is not can made; each case has to be
judged according to its peculiar circumstances. It suffices to
say for the purpose of this decision that the case under
consideration is far wanting in those elements which make
for public convenience or public use. If upheld, this case
would open the gates to more oppressive expropriations. If
this expropriation be constitutional, we see no reason why a
10-, 15-, or 25-hectare farm land might not be expropriated
and subdivided, and sold to those who want to own a
portion of it. to make the analogy closer, we find no reason
why the Rural Progress Administration could not take by
condemnation an urban lot containing and area of 1,000 or
2,000 square meters for subdivision into tiny lots for resale
to its occupations or those who want to build thereon.
Viewed from another angle, the case at bar is weaker for the
condemnor. In the first place, the land that is the subject of
the present expropriation is only one-third of the land
sought to be taken in the Guido case, and about two-thirds
of that involved in the Borja condemnation proceeding. In
the second place, the Arellano Colleges' land is situated in a
highly commercial section of the city and is occupied by
persons who are not bona fide tenants. Lastly, this land was
brought by the defendant for a university site to take the
62
63
64
65
66
67
2.
3.
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
Estanislao v. Costales
Facts: The Sangguniang Panglunsod of Zamboanga City passed
Ordinance No. 44 which imposes a P0.01 tax per liter of softdrinks
produced, manufactured, and/or bottled within the city. The
Minister of Finance sent a letter to the Sanggunian suspending the
effectivity of the Ordinance on the ground that it contravenes Sec
19 (a) of the Local Tax Code. Zamboanga appealed the suspension
in the RTC.
RTC: the tax imposed by the Ordinance is not among those that the
Sanggunian may impose under the Local Tax Code, but upheld its
validity saying that the Finance Minister did not act on it w/in 120
days from receipt of the petition.
Finance Secretary appealed.
Issue: WON Ordinance 44 is valid. NO.
76
77
78
79
80
Procedure For Approval And Effectivity Of Tax Ordinances And Revenue Measures;
Mandatory Public Hearings. The procedure for approval of local tax ordinances
and revenue measures shall be in accordance with the provisions of this Code:
Provided, That public hearings shall be conducted for the purpose prior to the
enactment thereof; Provided, further, That any question on the constitutionality or
legality of tax ordinances or revenue measures may be raised on appeal within thirty
(30) days from the effectivity thereof to the Secretary of Justice who shall render a
decision within sixty (60) days from the date of receipt of the appeal: Provided,
however, That such appeal shall not have the effect of suspending the effectivity of
the ordinance and the accrual and payment of the tax, fee, or charge levied therein:
Provided, finally, That within thirty (30) days after receipt of the decision or the lapse
of the sixty-day period without the Secretary of Justice acting upon the appeal, the
aggrieved party may file appropriate proceedings with a court of competent
jurisdiction.
81
82
83
84
85
86
delinquency, provided that the total penalty for one tax year shall
not exceed twenty-four percent (24%). (b) Failure to pay on time at
least the first quarter installment of the real property tax shall
constitute a waiver on the part of the property owner or
administrator to avail of the privilege granted by law for him to pay
without penalty his annual realty tax obligation in four (4) equal
installment on or before the end of every quarter of the tax year.
Accordingly, if the portion of the real property tax due for the first
quarter of tax year is not paid on or before the thirty-first day of
March of the same year, the penalty shall be reckoned from the
first day of January at the rate of two per cent (2%) for every month
of delinquency on the basis of the total amount due for the entire
year and not only on the amount due for the said first quarter of
the tax year. (c) The penalty of two percent (2%) per month of
delinquency, or twenty-four percent (24%) per annum, as the case
may be, shall continue to be imposed on the unpaid tax from the
time the delinquency was incurred up to the time that it is paid for
in full.
Cabaluna filed a Petition for Declaratory Relief with Damages on 06
July 1993 before the sala of respondent Judge, assailing Joint
Assessment Regulations No. 1-85 and Local Treasury Regulations
No. 2-85 which, according to him, flouted Section 66 of P.D. No. 464
which fixed the maximum penalty for delinquency in the payment
of real estate taxes at 24% of the delinquent tax.
RTC: Section 4(c) of Joint Assessment Regulation No. 1-85 and Local
Treasury Regulation No. 2-85 null and void. Penalty that should be
imposed for delinquency in the payment of real property taxes
should be two per centum on the amount of the delinquent tax for
each month of delinquency or fraction thereof, until the delinquent
tax is fully paid but in no case shall the total penalty exceed
twenty-four per centum of the delinquent tax as provided for in
Section 66 of P.D. 464 otherwise known as the Real Property Tax
Code.
Issue: WON Joint Assessment Regulations No. 1-85 and Local
Treasury Regulations No. 2-85 are valid. NO.
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
Casio v. CA
97
98
Gamboa v. Aguirre
Facts: In the 1995 elections, Coscolluela, Gamboa, Jr. and Aguirre,
Jr., and Araneta were elected Negros Occidental Governor, ViceGovernor and SP members, respectively. Sometime in August of
1995, the governor designated Gamboa as Acting Governor for the
duration of the former's official trip abroad until his return. When
the SP held its regular session on September 6, 1995, Aguirre and
Araneta questioned the authority of petitioner to preside therein in
view of his designation as Acting Governor and asked him to vacate
99
100
Garcia v. COMELEC
Facts: In its Pambayang Kapasyahan Blg. 10, Serye 1993, the
Sangguniang Bayan ng Morong, Bataan agreed to the inclusion of
the municipality of Morong as part of the Subic Special Economic
Zone in accord with RA 7227. On May 24, 1993, petitioners filed a
petition with the Sangguniang Bayan of Morong to annul
Pambayang Kapasyahan Blg. 10, Serye 1993 and sought to allow
the inclusion of Morong subject to certain conditions. The
municipality of Morong did not take any action on the petition
within 30 days after its submission. Petitioners then resorted to
their power of initiative under the LGC. They started to solicit the
required number of signatures to cause the repeal of said
resolution. Unknown to the petitioners, however, the Vice Mayor
and Presiding Officer of the Sangguniang Bayan ng Morong, wrote a
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
Perez v. de la Cruz
Facts: In 1968 during a private conference held at the office of the
petitioner Naga vice-mayor Perez with 7 councilors , the matter of
selecting the secretary of the municipal board of the city as well as
the chairmen of the various standing committees came up for
111
112
113
114
115
116
Morata v. Go
Facts: Victor and Flora Go filed a complaint with the CFI against
Julius and Ma. Luisa Morata for recovery of a sum of money plus
damages. The parties are all residents of Cebu City. The Moratas
filed a motion to dismiss, citing as grounds the failure of the
complaint to allege prior availment by the Gos of the barangay
conciliation process required by P.D. 1508, as well as the absence
of a certification by the Lupon or Pangkat Secretary that no
conciliation or settlement had been reached by the parties. The
motion was opposed. MTD denied. MR denied.
Issue: WON the Katarungang Pambarangay law apply to cases
heard by the Regional Trial Courts. YES.
SECTION 6. No complaint, petition, action for proceeding
involving any matter within the authority of the Lupon as
provided in Section 2 hereof shall be filed or instituted in
court or any other government office for adjudication unless
there has been a confrontation of the parties before the
Lupon Chairman or the Pangkat and no conciliation or
settlement has been reached as certified by the Lupon
Secretary or the Pangkat Secretary attested by the Lupon or
Pangkat Chairman, or unless the settlement has been
repudiated. However, the parties may go directly to court in
the following cases: [1] Where the accused is under
detention; [2] Where a person has otherwise been deprived
of personal liberty calling for habeas corpus proceedings; [3]
Actions coupled with provisional remedies such as
preliminary injunction, attachment, delivery of personal
117
118
119
120
121
122
Issues: 1.
WON Corpuz' unlawful detainer suit filed before the
MTC against Alvarado should be suspended until the resolution of
the case lodged in the NHA impugning the sale of said property
2. WON the "Affidavit of Waiver" between Corpuz and Barredo
was authentic
It is elementary that the MTC has exclusive jurisdiction over
ejectment cases. As the law now stands, the only issue to be
resolved in forcible entry and unlawful detainer cases is the
physical or material possession over the real property, that
is, possession de facto.
Refugia v.CA: "In the case of De la Santa vs. Court of
Appeals, et al., this Court, in making a distinction between
the reception of evidence and the resolution of the issue of
ownership, held that the inferior court may look into the
evidence of title or ownership and possession de jure insofar
as said evidence would indicate or determine the nature of
possession. It cannot, however, resolve the issue of
ownership, that is, by declaring who among the parties is
the true and lawful owner of the subject property, because
the resolution of said issue would effect an adjudication on
ownership which is not sanctioned in the summary action for
unlawful detainer. With this as a premise and taking into
consideration the amendment introduced by Batas
Pambansa Blg. 129, it may be suggested that inferior courts
are now conditionally vested with adjudicatory power over
the issue of title or ownership raised by the parties in an
ejectment suit."
Since the present petition involves the issue of possession
intertwined with the issue of ownership (i.e., the controversy
pending in the NHA), the doctrinal pronouncement in
Refugia is applicable.
The prevailing doctrine is that suits or actions for the
annulment of sale, title or document do not abate any
ejectment action respecting the same property.
Wilmor Auto Supply Construction Company Corporations, et
al. v. CA: outlined the following cases involving the
annulment of the title or document over the property which
should not be considered in the abatement of an ejectment
suit, to wit: "Neither do suits for annulment of sale, or title,
or document affecting property operate to abate ejectment
actions respecting the same property. Clearly, the
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
drinking gin and Coke during the counting, had invalidated some
votes without consulting the other board members. The BES
ordered .the reopening of the ballot box and the recount of the
votes for SK Chairman. The recount reversed the earlier tally to 51
to 49 in favor of Pangilinan, who was thereupon proclaimed the
duly elected SK Chairman by the BES, which issued for that purpose
its own Certificate of Canvass and Proclamation. Mercado then filed
with the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Batangas City a petition for
certiorari and mandamus praying for the annulment of Pangilinan's
proclamation by the BES, and for the issuance of an order to
compel the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) to
recognize him as the duly elected SK Chairman of Barangay
Mabalor and to allow him to take his oath of office and discharge
his duties as such. In his petition docketed as Civil Case No. 3565,
Mercado assailed the jurisdiction of the BES to act on the protest
filed by Pangilinan as the ground cited therein was allegedly in the
nature of an election protest properly cognizable by the
Metropolitan or Municipal Trial Court in accordance with Section 252
of the Omnibus Election Code. He further claimed that, assuming
that the BES has jurisdiction over the protest, the grounds raised
therein were deemed waived by Pangilinan's failure to invoke them
at the level of the BET, and that the BES acted with grave abuse of
discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction in denying the
petitioner of due process when it ordered the reopening of the
ballot box and the recounting of the votes without affording him the
opportunity to be heard.
In its Order dated 13 January 1993, the RTC dismissed the petition
for lack of jurisdiction, The trial court stated that it was not aware of
any law by which it could act on the matters raised in Mercado's
petition since Resolution No. 2499 of the COMELEC did not vest in
the RTC jurisdiction over controversies affecting Sangguniang
Kabataan elections; constituting instead the BES, which is under
COMELEC jurisdiction , as the final arbiter of all election
controversies within its level. Mercado moved for a reconsideration
of the dismissal order. He argued that the RTC was competent to
act on his petition because (a) one mode of seeking judicial review
is through the writ of certiorari which may be issued by the RTC
under B.P. Blg. 129;(b) under its Resolutions Nos. 2499 and 2520,
the COMELEC was to provide only technical assistance in the
conduct of the SK election and therefore could not grant any relief
from the action of the BES; moreover, under said Resolution No.
2499, no appeal to a higher administrative level wash allowed from
130
131
132
133
134
135
2.
136
3.
137
5.
138
139
140
141
142
143
2.
144
145
Philippines." Regional autonomy is the degree of selfdetermination exercised by the local government unit vis-vis the central government.
The objective of the autonomy system is to permit
determined groups, with a common tradition and shared
social-cultural characteristics, to develop freely their ways of
life and heritage, exercise their rights, and be in charge of
their own business. This is achieved through the
establishment of a special governance regime for certain
member communities who choose their own authorities
from within the community and exercise the jurisdictional
authority legally accorded to them to decide internal
community affairs.
Decentralization is a decision by the central government
authorizing its subordinates, whether geographically or
functionally defined, to exercise authority in certain areas. It
involves decision-making by subnational units. It is typically
a delegated power, wherein a larger government chooses to
delegate certain authority to more local governments.
Federalism implies some measure of decentralization, but
unitary systems may also decentralize. Decentralization
differs intrinsically from federalism in that the sub-units that
have been authorized to act (by delegation) do not possess
any claim of right against the central government.
Decentralization comes in two formsdeconcentration and
devolution. Deconcentration is administrative in nature; it
involves the transfer of functions or the delegation of
authority and responsibility from the national office to the
regional and local offices. This mode of decentralization is
also referred to as administrative decentralization.
Devolution, on the other hand, connotes political
decentralization, or the transfer of powers, responsibilities,
and resources for the performance of certain functions from
the central government to local government units. This is a
more liberal form of decentralization since there is an actual
transfer of powers and responsibilities. It aims to grant
greater autonomy to local government units in cognizance
of their right to self-government, to make them self-reliant,
and to improve their administrative and technical
capabilities.
The diminution of Congress' powers over autonomous
regions was confirmed in Ganzon v. Court of Appeals: "the
146
147
148
3.
149
4.
5.
6.
7.
150
151
Fourth
152
153
draws his salary from regional funds. The ARMM Local Code
vests in the Provincial Governor the power to "exercise
general supervision and control over all programs, projects,
services, and activities of the provincial government." Upon
the effectivity of the ARMM Local Code, the power of
supervision and control over the provincial health officer
passed from the Regional Secretary to the Provincial
Governor. From then on the Provincial Governor began to
exercise the administrative authority to designate an Officerin-Charge in the provincial health office pending the
appointment of a permanent provincial health officer.
Ordillo v. COMELEC
Facts: The people of the provinces of Benguet, Mountain Province,
Ifugao, Abra and Kalinga Apayao and the city of Baguio cast their
votes in a plebiscite held pursuant to RA 6766. The COMELEC
results showed that the creation of the Region was approved only
by a majority of 5,899 votes in only the Ifugao Province and was
overwhelmingly rejected by 148,676 votes in the rest of the
provinces and city abovementioned. Sec of Justice: considering the
proviso that only the provinces and city voting favorably shall be
included in the CAR, the province of Ifugao, being the only province
which voted favorably legally constitutes the CAR. As a result of
this, Congress enacted RA 6861 which set the elections in the CAR.
Ordillo et al then filed a petition with the COMELEC to declare the
non-ratification of the Organic Act for the Region. The president
issued AO 160 declaring that the Cordillera Executive Board and
Cordillera Regional Assembly and other offices created under
EO220 are abolished in view of the ratification of the Organic Act.
The petitioners maintain that there can be no valid CAR as the
Constitution and RA 6766 require that the said region be composed
of more than one constituent unit. They pray that the court declare
COMELEC Res. No. 2259 AO 160, and RA6861 as null and void, and
restrain the respondents from implementing the same. They also
pray that it declare EO 220 constituting the CEB and the CRA and
other offices to be still in force and effect until another organic law
for the Autonomous Region shall have been enacted and duly
ratified.
154
155
156
3.
157
158
159
5.
bills taken up for the first time, from the filing to the
approval.
The deliberations during the 11th Congress on the
unapproved cityhood bills, as well as the deliberations
during the 12th and 13th Congresses on the unapproved
resolution exempting from RA 9009 certain municipalities,
have no legal significance. They do not qualify as extrinsic
aids in construing laws passed by subsequent Congresses.
WON the equal protection clause was violated.
If Section 450 of the LGC, as amended by RA 9009,
contained an exemption to the P100 million annual income
requirement, the criteria for such exemption could be
scrutinized for possible violation of the equal protection
clause. Thus, the criteria for the exemption, if found in the
LGC, could be assailed on the ground of absence of a valid
classification. However, Section 450 of the LGC, as
amended by RA 9009, does not contain any exemption.
The exemption is contained in the Cityhood Laws, which are
unconstitutional because such exemption must be
prescribed in the LGC as mandated in Section 10, Article X
of the Constitution.
Even if the exemption provision in the Cityhood Laws were
written in Section 450 of the LGC, as amended by RA 9009,
such exemption would still be unconstitutional for violation
of the equal protection clause. The exemption provision
merely states, Exemption from Republic Act No. 9009
The City of x x x shall be exempted from the income
requirement prescribed under Republic Act No. 9009. This
one sentence exemption provision contains no classification
standards or guidelines differentiating the exempted
municipalities from those that are not exempted.
Even if we take into account the deliberations in the 11th
Congress that municipalities with pending cityhood bills
should be exempt from the P100 million income
requirement, there is still no valid classification to satisfy the
equal protection clause. The exemption will be based solely
on the fact that the 16 municipalities had cityhood bills
pending in the 11th Congress when RA 9009 was enacted.
This is not a valid classification between those entitled and
those not entitled to exemption from the P100 million
income requirement.
160
161
Reyes dissent:
1. The cityhood laws do not violate Section 10, Article X of the
1987 Constitution.
Sec 10 mandatory. The use of the word "shall" in a
constitutional provision is generally considered as a
mandatory command, though the word "shall" may receive
a permissive interpretation when necessary to carry out the
true intent of the provision where the word is found. Thus, it
is not always the case that the use of the word "shall" is
conclusive. However, a reading of Section 10, Article X
cannot be construed as anything else but mandatory.
The intent of R.A. No. 9009, which amended Section 450 of
the LGC, is to exempt respondent municipalities from the
income requirement of P100,000,000.00. Thus, the cityhood
laws, which merely carry out the intent of R.A. No. 9009, are
in accordance with the "criteria established in the LGC,"
pursuant to Section 10, Article X of the 1987 Constitution.
The cityhood laws contain a uniformly worded exemption
clause, which states: "Exemption from Republic Act No.
9009. The city of [___] shall be exempt from the income
requirement prescribed under Republic Act No. 9009."
What Congress had in mind is not at all times accurately
reflected in the language of the statute. Thus, the literal
interpretation of a statute may render it meaningless; and
lead to absurdity, injustice, or contradiction.105 When this
happens, and following the rule that the intent or the spirit
of the law is the law itself, resort should be had to the
principle that the spirit of the law controls its letter. Not to
the letter that killeth, but to the spirit that vivifieth. Hindi
ang letra na pumapatay, kung hindi ang diwa na nagbibigay
buhay.
The purpose of the enactment of R.A. No. 9009 can be seen
in the sponsorship speech of Senator Pimentel on Senate Bill
No. 2157. Noteworthy is his statement that the basis for the
proposed increase from P20,000,000.00 to P100,000,000.00
in the income requirement for municipalities and cluster of
barangays wanting to be converted into cities is the "mad
rush of municipalities wanting to be converted into cities,"
2.
162
of prior qualification and/or compliance with the nonretroactive effect of R.A. No. 9009.
Curiously, petitioners and petitioners-in-intervention do not
question the constitutionality of R.A. No. 9009. In fact, they
use R.A. No. 9009 to argue for the alleged
unconstitutionality of the cityhood laws. This is absurd,
considering that the cityhood laws only expressed the intent
of R.A. No. 9009 to exempt respondent municipalities from
the income requirement of P100,000,000.00.
An analogy may be found in the Constitution. Citizenship
may be granted to those born before January 17, 1973, of
Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon
reaching the age of majority. Citizenship, however, is denied
to those who, although born before January 17, 1973, of
Filipino mothers, did not elect Philippine citizenship upon
reaching the age of majority.155 In like manner, Congress
has the power to carry out the intent of R.A. No. 9009 by
making a law which exempts municipalities from the
P100,000,000.00 income requirement imposed by R.A. No.
9009 if their cityhood laws were pending when R.A. No. 9009
was passed, and were compliant with the income threshold
requirement of P20,000,000.00 imposed by then Section
450 of the LGC.
Even if the classification of the cityhood laws is limited to
existing conditions only, this does not automatically mean
that they are unconstitutional. The general rule is that a
classification must not be based on existing conditions only.
It must also be made for future acquisitions of the class as
other subjects acquire the characteristics which form the
basis of the classification. The exception is when the statute
is curative or remedial, and thus temporary.
Here, the cityhood laws are curative or remedial statutes.
They seek to prevent the great injustice which would be
committed to respondent municipalities. Again, the cityhood
laws are not contrary to the spirit and intent of R.A. No.
9009 because Congress intended said law to be prospective,
not retroactive, in application. Indeed, to deny respondent
municipalities the same rights and privileges accorded to
the other thirty-two (32) municipalities when they are under
the same circumstances, is tantamount to denying
respondent municipalities the protective mantle of the equal
protection clause. In effect, petitioners and petitioners-in-
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
Caasi v. CA
Facts: Merito Miguel won in the 1988 mayoral elections in Bolinao,
Pangasinan. Petitions were filed seeking to disqualify him on the
ground that he holds a green card issued to him by the US
Immigration Service which would mean that he his a permanent
resident of the United States, and not of Bolinao. COMELEC
dismissed the petitions on the ground that possession of a green
card by Miguel does not sufficiently establish that he has
abandoned his residence in the Philippines. On the contrary,
despite his green card, he has sufficiently indicated his intention to
continuously reside in Bolinao as shown by his having voted in
successive elections in said municipality. Commissioner Badoys
dissent: A green card holder being a permanent resident of or an
immigrant of a foreign country and respondent having admitted
that he is a green card holder, it is incumbent upon him, under
Section 68 of the Omnibus Election Code, to prove that he "has
waived his status as a permanent resident or immigrant" to be
qualified to run for elected office. This respondent has not done.
Miguels opponent, Caasi also filed a petition for quo warranto.
Miguel filed an MTD which was denied by the RTC. CA ordered the
RTC to dismiss and desist from further proceeding in the quo
warranto case on the ground that the COMELEC has already ruled
on his qualifications.
Issues: 1. WON a green card is proof that the holder is a permanent
resident of the United States
Consti: Article XI, Sec. 18. Public officers and employees owe
the State and this Constitution allegiance at all times, and
any public officer or employee who seeks to change his
citizenship or acquire the status of an immigrant of another
country during his tenure shall be dealt with by law.
Omnibus Election Code: SEC. 68. Disqualifications ... Any
person who is a permanent resident of or an immigrant to a
foreign country shall not be qualified to run for any elective
office under this Code, unless said person has waived his
status as permanent resident or immigrant of a foreign
182
2.
183
184
185
186
187
Magno v. COMELEC
Facts: A case was filed by private respondent on March 21, 2001 for
the disqualification of petitioner Nestor Magno as mayoralty
candidate of San Isidro, Nueva Ecija during the May 14, 2001
elections on the ground that petitioner was previously convicted by
the Sandiganbayan of four counts of direct bribery penalized under
Article 210 of the Revised Penal Code. It appears that on July 25,
1995, petitioner was sentenced to suffer the indeterminate penalty
of 3 months and 11 days of arresto mayor as minimum to 1 year 8
months and 21 days of prision correccional as maximum, for each
of the four counts of direct bribery. Thereafter, petitioner applied
for probation and was discharged on March 5, 1998 upon order of
the Regional Trial Court of Gapan, Nueva Ecija. On May 7, 2001, the
Commission on Elections (COMELEC) rendered a decision granting
the petition of private respondent and declaring that petitioner was
disqualified from running for the position of mayor in the May 14,
2001 elections based on Sec 12 of the Omnibus Election Code. On
May 10, 2001, petitioner filed a motion for reconsideration but the
same was denied by the COMELEC in its resolution dated May 12,
2001. Hence, this petition.
Issue: WON petitioner was disqualified to run for mayor in the 2001
elections.
a. whether the crime of direct bribery involves moral turpitude
Moral Turpitude: an act of baseness, vileness, or depravity in
the private duties which a man owes his fellow men, or to
society in general, contrary to the accepted and customary
rule of right and duty between man and woman or conduct
contrary to justice, honesty, modesty, or good morals.
(Blacks Law)
Elements of Bribery: 1. the offender is a public officer; 2. the
offender accepts an offer or promise or receives a gift or
present by himself or through another; 3. such offer or
promise be accepted or gift or present be received by the
public officer with a view to committing some crime, or in
consideration of the execution of an act which does not
constitute a crime but the act must be unjust, or to refrain
from doing something which it is his official duty to do; and
4. the act which the offender agrees to perform or which he
executes is connected with the performance of his official
duties.
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
Galido v. COMELEC
Facts: Galido and Galeon were candidates during the 18 January
1988 local elections for the position of mayor in the Municipality of
Garcia-Hernandez, Province of Bohol. Galido was proclaimed duly-
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
2.
3.
202
consecutive terms, and his loss in the May 11, 1998 elections is
considered an interruption in the continuity of his service as Mayor
of Lucena City. On May 19, 2001, after canvassing, private
respondent was proclaimed as the duly elected Mayor of Lucena
City.
Issue: WON COMELEC Talaga is qualified to run forMayor in Lucena
City for the 2001 elections.
Petitioner contends that private respondent was disqualified
to run for city mayor by reason of the three-term rule
because the unexpired portion of the term of office he
served after winning a recall election, covering the period
May 12, 2000 to June 30, 2001 is considered a full term. He
posits that to interpret otherwise, private respondent would
be serving four (4) consecutive terms of 10 years, in
violation of Section 8, Article X of 1987 Constitution[4] and
Section 43 (b) of R.A. 7160, known as the LGC.
Private respondent, in turn, maintains that his service as city
mayor of Lucena is not consecutive. He lost his bid for a
second re-election in 1998 and between June 30, 1998 to
May 12, 2000, during Tagaraos incumbency, he was a
private citizen, thus he had not been mayor for 3
consecutive terms.
In its comment, the COMELEC restated its position that
private respondent was not elected for three (3) consecutive
terms having lost his third bid in the May 11, 1998 elections,
said defeat is an interruption in the continuity of service as
city mayor of Lucena.
Borja Case: Case No. 2. Suppose B is elected mayor and,
during his first term, he is twice suspended for misconduct
for a total of 1 year. If he is twice reelected after that, can
he run for one more term in the next election? Yes, because
he has served only two full terms successively. To consider C
as eligible for reelection would be in accord with the
understanding of the Constitutional Commission that while
the people should be protected from the evils that a
monopoly of political power may bring about, care should be
taken that their freedom of choice is not unduly curtailed.
Lonzanida Case: Two conditions for the application of the
disqualification must concur: a) that the official concerned
has been elected for three consecutive terms in the same
local government post and 2) that he has fully served three
consecutive terms.
203
204
205
206
Mendoza v. COMELEC
Osmea v. COMELEC
Facts: RA 7056 (An Act Providing for the National and Local
Elections in 1992, Pave the Way for Synchronized and Simultaneous
Elections Beginning 1995, and Authorizing Appropriations Therefor)
was enacted. Suit was instituted by Governor Osmea, Governor
Pagdanganan on behalf of the League of Governors of the
Philippines, Representatives Garcia, del Mar, Bacaltos, Cainglet,
and Guanzon, by way of a petition for Prohibition, mandamus and
Injunction with temporary restraining order and/or preliminary
injunction to prevent the implementation of said RA and the
consequent expenditure of public funds and to compel the Comelec
to immediately and with all deliberate speed set up the machinery
and make the necessary preparation for the holding of
synchronized national and local elections on the second Monday of
May, 1992. They pray for this Court to declare Republic Act No.
7056 as unconstitutional and, therefore, invalid and inoperative
because:
1. Republic Act 7056 violates the mandate of the Constitution for
the holding of synchronized national and local elections on the
second Monday of May 1992.
2. Republic Act 7056, particularly the 2nd paragraph of Section 3
thereof, providing that all incumbent provincial, city and municipal
officials shall hold over beyond June 30, 1992 and shall serve until
their successors shall have been duly elected and qualified violates
Section 2, Article XVIII (Transitory Provision) of the Constitution.
3. The same paragraph of Section 3 of Republic Act 7056, which in
effect, shortens the term or tenure of office of local officials to be
elected on the 2nd Monday of November, 1992 violates Section 8,
Article X of the Constitution.
4. Section 8 of Republic Act 7056, providing for the campaign
periods for Presidential, Vice-Presidential and Senatorial elections,
violates the provision of Section 9, Article IX under the title
"Commission on Elections" of the Constitution.
5. The so-called many difficult if not insurmountable problems
mentioned in Republic Act 7056 to synchronized national and local
elections set by the Constitution on the second Monday of May,
1992, are not sufficient, much less, valid justification for postponing
207
208
number of votes shall serve for six year and the remaining
twelve for three years.
Sec. 5. The six-year term of the incumbent President and
Vice President elected in the February 7, 1986 election is, for
purposes of synchronization of elections, hereby extended
to noon of June 30, 1992. The first regular elections for
President and Vice-President under this Constitution shall be
held on the second Monday of May, 1992.
Terms of office of Senators, Members of the House of
Representatives, the local officials, the President and the
Vice-President have been synchronized to end on the same
hour, date and year noon of June 30, 1992.
Term of synchronization is used synonymously as the phrase
holding simultaneously since this is the precise intent in
terminating their Office Tenure on the same day or occasion.
This common termination date will synchronize future
elections to once every three years.
The Constitution has mandated a synchronized national and
local election prior to June 30, 1992 or more specifically as
provided for in Article XVIII, Sec. 5-on the second Monday of
May, 1992.
The term of office of elective local officials, except barangay
officials, is fixed by the Constitution at three years (Sec. 8,
Art. X). The incumbent local officials were elected in January
1988. Therefore, their term would have expired on February
2, 1991. But their term was adjusted to expire at noon of
June 30, 1992. The reason for the said adjustment, as well
as those of the Senators, members of the House of
Representatives, President and Vice-President, is the same
to synchronize the national and local elections.
Upon the other hand, and contrary to the express mandate
of the 1987 Constitution, Republic Act 7056 provides for two
(2) separate elections in 1992 as follows: Sec. 2. Start of
Synchronization To start the process of synchronization of
election in accordance with the policy hereinbefore declared
there shall be held: (a) An election for President and VicePresident of the Philippines, twenty four (24) Senators and
all elective Members of the House of Representatives on the
second Monday of May, 1992, and (b) An election of all
provincial, city and municipal elective officials on the second
Monday of November, 1992. The purpose of Republic Act
7056 is as stated in Section 1 thereof under the heading
1.
2.
209
210
211
2.
212
213
214
3.
De Rama v. CA
Facts: Upon his assumption to the position of Mayor of Pagbilao,
Quezon, de Rama wrote a letter dated July 13, 1995 to the Civil
Service Commission seeking the recall of the appointments of
fourteen (14) municipal employees. De Rama justified his recall
215
216
217
218
Alinsug v. RTC
Facts: Zonsayda Alinsug was a regular employee of the municipal
government of Escalante, Negros Occidental, when she received a
permanent appointment as Clerk III in the office of the Municipal
Planning and Development Coordinator of the same municipality.
On 10 June 1992, she received an order from the newly proclaimed
mayor Ponsica, detailing her to the Office of the Mayor. In
compliance with the order, she reported to said office the following
day. On 19 June 1992, Zonsayda absented herself from work
allegedly to attend to family matters. She had asked permission
from the personnel officer but not from the mayor. On 23 June
1992, Mayor Ponsica issued Office Order No. 31, suspending
Zonsayda for one month and one day commencing on 24 June 1992
for "a simple misconduct . . . which can also be categorized as an
act of insubordination." The order also stated that the suspension
"carries with it forfeiture of . . . benefits such as . . . salary and
PERA and leave credits during the duration of its effectivity."
Forthwith, Zonsayda filed with the RTC a petition dated 07 July
1992, for "injunction with damages and prayer for temporary
restraining order and preliminary injunction" against Mayor Ponsica
and the municipal treasurer. The petitioner alleged that since her
family supported Mayor Ponsica's rival in the 11 May 1992
elections, her suspension was an act of "political vendetta". She
further alleged that said respondents' acts were "malicious, illegal,
unwarranted, wrongful and condemnable." Mayor Ponsica and the
municipal treasurer filed an answer to the petition, through private
practitioner Lezama, alleging that the petitioner had not exhausted
administrative remedies and that her suspension was in
accordance with law. The foregoing elicited a motion from the
petitioner, praying that the answer be disregarded and expunged
from the record, and that the respondents be all declared in default
on the ground that since the respondents were sued in their official
capacities, "not including their private capacities," they should
have been represented by either the municipal legal officer or the
provincial legal officer or prosecutor as provided for by Sec. 481 (b)
[i] and [3] of the LGC. It also cited Sec. 1 of Rep. Act No. 10 and Art.
177 of the Revised Penal Code which penalizes usurpation of public
authority. The respondents opposed the motion. Manifesting that
the municipality of Escalante has no legal officer, they asserted
that both the LGC and the Administrative Code of 1987 do not have
219
220
Municipality of Pililia v. CA
Facts: On March 17, 1989, the RTC of Tanay, Rizal, Branch 80,
rendered judgment in Civil Case No. 057-T in favor of the
Municipality of Pililla against PPC ordering it to pay business taxes
as well as storage, mayors permit, and sanitary inspection fees.
The SC affirmed with modification (1991 Pililia Case). This judgment
became final and executory on July 13, 1991 and the records were
remanded to the trial court for execution. On October 14, 1991, in
connection with the execution of said judgment, Atty. Mendiola filed
a motion in behalf of plaintiff municipality for the examination of
defendant corporation's gross sales for the years 1976 to 1978 and
1984 to 1991 for the purpose of computing the tax on business
imposed under the Local Tax Code, as amended. On October 21,
1991, PPC filed a manifestation to the effect that on October 18,
1991, Pililla Mayor Nicomedes Patenia received from it the sum of
P11M as full satisfaction of the above-mentioned judgment of the
Supreme Court, as evidence by the release and quitclaim
documents executed by said mayor. Accordingly, on October 31,
1991 the court below issued an order denying plaintiff
municipality's motion for examination and execution of judgment
on the ground that the judgment in question had already been
satisfied. Thereafter, on November 21, 1991 Atty. Mendiola filed a
motion for reconsideration of the court's aforesaid order of October
31, 1991, claiming that the total liability of defendant corporation
to plaintiff municipality amounted to P24M , while the amount
involved in the release and quitclaim executed by Mayor Patenia
was only P12M; and that the said mayor could not waive the
balance which represents the taxes due under the judgment to the
municipality and over which judgment the law firm of Atty. Mendiola
had registered two liens for alleged consultancy services of 25%
and attorneys' fees of 25% which, when quantified and added,
amount to more than P12 million. MR denied. On February 18,
1992, Atty. Mendiola, again ostensibly in behalf of herein petitioner
municipality, filed a petition for certiorari with us, which petition we
referred to the Court of Appeals for proper disposition. On March 2,
1992 PPC filed a motion questioning Atty. Mendiola's authority to
represent petitioner municipality. Consequently, on March 31, 1992
the CA dismissed the petition for having been filed by a private
counsel in violation of law and jurisprudence, but without prejudice
to the filing of a similar petition by the Municipality of Pililla through
the proper provincial or municipal legal officer. The Municipality
filed an MR.
Issue: WON Atty. Mendoza has authority to file a petition in behalf
of and in the name of the Municipality of Pililla. NO.
The matter of representation of a municipality by a private
attorney has been settled in Ramos vs. Court of Appeals, et
al., and reiterated in Province of Cebu vs. Intermediate
Appellate Court, et al., where we ruled that private
attorneys cannot represent a province or municipality in
lawsuits.
221
222
223
3.
4.
224
October 1994, the President promulgated AO. 153 which meted out
suspensions to the petitioners.
OP Case 5469:
Because of the refusal by the NPC to pay real property taxes
assessed by Albay covering the period from 11 June 1984 up to 10
March 1987 amounting to P214,845,184.76, the Province sold at
public auction the properties of NPC consisting of geothermal
power plants, buildings, machinery and other improvements
located at Tiwi and Daraga, Albay. The Province was the sole and
winning bidder at the auction sale. NPC failed to redeem its
properties. It later filed a petition with the Supreme Court
questioning the validity of the auction sale conducted by the
Province. NPC claims, inter alia, that its properties are not subject
to real property tax. On 17 May 1989, the Province, through Atty.
Romulo Ricafort, the legal officer of the Province, filed it; comment
on the NPC petition with the Supreme Court. On 2 June 1989, the
Albay Sangguniang Panlalawigan adopted Resolution No. 129-89
authorizing respondent Governor to engage the services of a
Manila-based law firm to handle the case against NPC. On 25
August 1989, Atty. Jesus R. Cornago entered his appearance with
the Supreme Court as collaborating counsel for the Province in G.R.
No. 87479. The entry of appearance of Atty. Cornago bore the
conformity of respondent Governor. On 14 November 1989, Atty.
Antonio Jose F. Cortes of the Cortes & Reyna Law Firm sent
respondent Governor a letter informing him that Atty. Jesus R.
Cornago, as collaborating counsel for the Province, has filed a
memorandum with the Supreme Court, suggesting that a retainer
agreement be signed between the Province, on the one hand, and
Atty. Cornago and Cortes & Reyna Law Firm. On 8 January 1990, the
Albay Sangguniang Panlalawigan passed Resolution No. 01-90
authorizing respondent Governor to sign and confirm the retainer
contract with the Cortes & Reyna Law Firm. Salalima signed the
retainer agreement. On 4 June 1990, the Supreme Court issued a
decision dismissing the NPC petition and upholding the validity of
the auction sale conducted by the province to answer for NPC's tax
liabilities. Payments amounting to P7,380,410.31 were made by the
Province to Atty. Antonio Jose Cortes and Atty. Jesus R. Cornago.
Issue: WON respondents have incurred administrative liability in
entering into the retainer agreement with Atty. Cornago and the
Cortes & Reyna Law Firm and in making payments pursuant to said
225
226
2.
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
Reyes v. COMELEC
Facts: Reyes was the incumbent mayor of the municipality of
Bongabong, Oriental Mindoro, having been elected to that office on
May 11, 1992. On October 26, 1994, an administrative complaint
was filed against him with the Sangguniang Panlalawigan by
Manalo. It was alleged, among other things, that petitioner exacted
and collected P50,000,00 from each market stall holder in the
Bongabong Public Market; that certain checks issued to him by the
National Reconciliation and Development Program of the
Department of Interior and Local Government were never received
by the Municipal Treasurer nor reflected in the books of accounts of
the same officer; and that he took twenty-seven (27) heads of
cattle from beneficiaries of a cattle dispersal program after the
latter had reared and fattened the cattle for seven months. In its
decision, dated February 6, 1995, the Sangguniang Panlalawigan
found petitioner guilty of the charges and ordered his removal from
office. It appears that earlier, after learning that the Sanggunian
had terminated the proceedings in the case and was about to
render judgment, petitioner filed a petition for certiorari, prohibition
and injunction with the Regional Trial Court of Oriental Mindoro,
Branch 42, alleging that the proceedings had been terminated
without giving him a chance to be heard. A TRO was issued by the
court on February 7, 1995, enjoining the Sangguniang Panlalawigan
from proceeding with the case. As a result, the decision of the
Sangguniang Panlalawigan could not be served upon Reyes. But on
March 3, 1995, following the expiration of the temporary restraining
order and without any injunction being issued by the Regional Trial
Court, an attempt was made to serve the decision upon petitioner's
counsel in Manila. However, the latter refused to accept the
decision. Subsequent attempts to serve the decision upon
petitioner himself also failed, as he also refused to accept the
decision. On March 23, 1995, the Presiding Officer of the
Sangguniang Panlalawigan, Vice Governor Pedrito A. Reyes, issued
an order for petitioner to vacate the position of mayor and
peacefully turn over the office to the incumbent vice mayor. But
service of the order upon petitioner was also refused.
Meanwhile, on March 20, 1995, petitioner filed a certificate of
candidacy with the Office of the Election Officer of the COMELEC in
Bongabong. On March 24, 1995, private respondent Rogelio de
Castro, as registered voter of Bongabong, sought the
235
236
2.
237
238
239
240
241
4.
242
243
244
245
2.
246
3.
247
4.
his answer nine (9) months after the first notice. Indeed,
this was more than sufficient time for petitioner to comply
with the order to file answer.
The speedy disposition of administrative complaints is
required by public service. The efficiency of officials under
investigation is impaired when a case hangs over their
heads. Officials deserve to be cleared expeditiously if they
are innocent, also expeditiously if guilty, so that the
business of government will not be prejudiced.
WON the DILG erred in recommending to the Disciplining
Authority his preventive suspension during the investigation
in view of Josons inexcusable failure to file an answer.
Preventive suspension is authorized under Section 63 of the
LGC, viz: (a) Preventive suspension may be imposed: (1) By
the President, if the respondent is an elective official of a
province, a highly urbanized or an independent component
city; (b) Preventive suspension may be imposed at any time
after the issues are joined, when the evidence of guilt is
strong, and given the gravity of the offense, there is great
probability that the continuance in office of the respondent
could influence the witnesses or pose a threat to the safety
and integrity of the records and other evidence; Provided,
That, any single preventive suspension of local elective
officials shall not extend beyond sixty (60) days: Provided,
further, That in the event that several administrative cases
are filed against an elective official, he cannot be
preventively suspended for more than ninety (90) days
within a single year on the same ground or grounds existing
and known at the time of the first suspension.
Preventive suspension may be imposed by the Disciplining
Authority at any time (a) after the issues are joined; (b)
when the evidence of guilt is strong; and (c) given the
gravity of the offense, there is great probability that the
respondent, who continues to hold office, could influence
the witnesses or pose a threat to the safety and integrity of
the records and other evidence.
Executive Secretary Torres found that all the requisites for
the imposition of preventive suspension had been complied
with. Petitioner's failure to file his answer despite several
opportunities given him was construed as a waiver of his
right to file answer and present evidence; and as a result of
this waiver, the issues were deemed to have been joined.
5.
248
249
250
251
252
Evardone v. COMELEC
Facts: Evardone is the mayor of the Municipality of Sulat, Eastern
Samar, having been elected to the position during the 1988 local
elections. He assumed office immediately after proclamation. On 14
February 1990, Apelado, Aclan and Nival filed a petition for the
recall of Evardone with the Office of the Local Election Registrar,
Municipality of Sulat. COMELEC issued a resolution approving the
recommendation to hold on 14 July 1990 the signing of the petition
for recall against incumbent Mayor Evardone of the said
Municipality. Evardone filed before this Court a petition for
prohibition with urgent prayer for immediate issuance of restraining
order and/or writ of preliminary injunction. SC issued TRO ordering
the respondents to cease and desist from holding the signing of the
petition for recall.
Central Office got it on the same day, but field agent got it 3 days
later, a day after the completion of the signing process sought to
be temporarily stopped by the TRO.
253
2.
254
255
2.
256
4.
257
258
259
260
261
2.
262
3.
263
264
2.
265
266
2.
267
Osea v. Malaya
Facts: On November 20, 1997, petitioner filed a Protest Case with
the Civil Service Commission. She averred that she was appointed
as Officer-in-Charge, Assistant Schools Division Superintendent of
Camarines Sur, by then Secretary Ricardo T. Gloria of the
Department of Education, Culture and Sports, upon the
endorsement of the Provincial School Board of Camarines Sur; that
despite the recommendation of Secretary Gloria, President Fidel V.
Ramos appointed respondent to the position of Schools Division
Superintendent of Camarines Sur; that respondent's appointment
was made without prior consultation with the Provincial School
Board, in violation of Section 99 of the LGC of 1991. Hence,
petitioner prayed that respondent's appointment be recalled and
set aside for being null and void. On March 31, 1998, the Civil
Service Commission issued Resolution No. 980699, dismissing
petitioner's protest-complaint. The Civil Service Commission found
268
2.
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
Ganzon v. Kayanan
Facts: On August 25, 1956, Rosales lodged a verified complaint
against Ganzon for taking advantage of his public position. On
September 13, 1956, the Executive Secretary, by authority of the
President, designated Kayanan to conduct the investigation of said
complaint pursuant to the provisions of Section 64(c) of the RAC
granting Kayanan all the powers given to an investigating officer by
Sections 71 and 580 of the same Code. On September 18, 1956,
respondent served a copy of the complaint on petitioner and set
the investigation of the charges on September 20, 1956. Petitioner,
having filed a motion for postponement, respondent definitely set
the investigation for September 25 and 26, 1956. On September
24, 1956, Ganzon instituted in the CFI an action for prohibition with
preliminary injunction questioning the authority of the President to
order his investigation and praying that respondent be enjoined to
suspend and desist from proceeding with the investigation and
that, pending decision of the case on the merits, a preliminary
injunction be issued against respondent. On September 26, 1956,
the lower court declined to issue the writ and instead set the case
for hearing on the merits on September 28, 1956. At the hearing,
both parties agreed to admit all the facts set forth in the pleadings
and submitted the case for decision. And on October 2, 1956, the
lower court rendered decision dismissing the petition. His motion
for reconsideration having been denied, petitioner took the present
appeal.
Issues: 1. WON the President of the Philippines has the power and
authority under our Constitution and the laws at present in force in
this jurisdiction to investigate the mayor of a city and, if found
guilty, to take disciplinary action against him as the evidence and
law may warrant.
Iloilo charter does not contain any provision as regards the
procedure by which he may be removed. Nevertheless, as
this Court has once said, "the rights, duties, and privileges
of municipal officers (including city officials) do not have to
be embodied in the charter, but may be regulated by
provisions of general application specially if these are
incorporated in the same code of which the city organic law
forms a part". The code herein referred to is the Revised
Administrative Code. The charter does not say that he shall
hold office at the pleasure of the President unlike similar
provisions appearing in other city charters. The idea is to
give the mayor a definite tenure of office not dependent
upon the pleasure of the President. If this were the case, he
could be separated from the service regardless of the cause
or motive. But when he was given a definite tenure, the
implication is that he can only be removed for cause. An
inferential authority to remove at pleasure can not be
deduced, since the existence of a defined term, ipso facto,
negatives such an inference, and implies a contrary
presumption, i.e. that the incumbent shall hold office to the
end of his term subject to removal for cause.'
64(b) To remove officials from office conformably to law and
to declare vacant the offices held by such removed officials.
For disloyalty to the (United States), the Republic of the
Philippines, the (Governor-General) President of the
Philippines may at any time remove a person from any
position of trust or authority under the Government of the
(Philippine Islands) Philippines. (c) To order, when in his
opinion the good of the public services requires, an
investigation of any action or the conduct of any person in
the Government service, and in connection therewith to
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
Bito-Onon v. Fernandez
for the 1997 Liga ng mga Barangay election issued by the DILG on
August 11, 1997 in its Memorandum Circular No. 97-193, providing
for review of decisions or resolutions of the BES by the regular
courts of law is an ultra vires act and is void for being issued
without or in excess of jurisdiction, as its issuance is not a mere act
of supervision but rather an exercise of control over the Liga's
internal organization.
On June 22, 1999, the RTC denied Onon's motion to dismiss. In its
order, the RTC ratiocinated that the Secretary of the Department of
Interior and Local Government2 is vested with the power "to
establish and prescribe rules, regulations and other issuances and
implementing laws on the general supervision of local government
units and the promotion of local autonomy and monitor compliance
thereof by said units."3 The RTC added that DILG Circular No. 97193 was issued by the DILG Secretary pursuant to his rule-making
power as provided for under Section 7, Chapter II, Book IV of the
Administrative Code.4 Consequently, the RTC ruled that it had
jurisdiction over the petition for review filed by Quejada. Motion for
reconsideration of the aforesaid Order was denied prompting the
petitioner to file the present petition.
296
297
petitioner David, and so the election for the officers of the LigaCaloocan was held as scheduled. Petitioner David was proclaimed
President of the Liga-Caloocan, and thereafter took his oath and
assumed the position of ex-officio member of the Sangguniang
Panlungsod of Caloocan. On 17 July 1997, respondent Rayos filed a
second petition, this time for quo warranto, mandamus and
prohibition, with prayer for a writ of preliminary injunction and/or
temporary restraining order and damages, against David, Nancy
Quimpo, Presiding Officer of the Sangguniang Panlungsod of
Caloocan City, and Secretary Barbers.7 Rayos alleged that he was
elected President of the Liga Caloocan Chapter in the elections held
on 14 June 1997 by the members of the Caloocan Chapter pursuant
to their Resolution/Petition No. 001-97.8 On 18 July 1997, the
presiding judge granted the TRO, enjoining therein respondents
David, Quimpo and Secretary Barbers from proceeding with the
synchronized elections for the Provincial and Metropolitan Chapters
of the Liga scheduled on 19 July 1997, but only for the purpose of
maintaining the status quo and effective for a period not exceeding
seventy-two (72) hours. Eventually, on 18 July 1997, at petitioner
Davids instance, Special Civil Action (SCA) No. C-512 pending
before Branch 126 was consolidated with SCA No. C-508 pending
before Branch 124. Before the consolidation of the cases, on 25 July
1997, the DILG through respondent Secretary Barbers, filed in SCA
No. C-512 an Urgent Motion, invoking the Presidents power of
general supervision over all local government units and seeking
that the DILG pursuant to its delegated power of general
supervision, be appointed as the Interim Caretaker to manage and
administer the affairs of the Liga, until such time that the new set
of National Liga Officers shall have been duly elected and assumed
office.
Issue: WON the Liga ng mga Barangay is subject to DILG
supervision.
Bito-Onon v. Fernandez: Court ruled that the Presidents
power of the general supervision, as exercised therein by
the DILG Secretary as his alter ego, extends to the Liga ng
mga Barangay.
Does the Presidents power of general supervision extend to
the liga ng mga barangay, which is not a local government
unit? We rule in the affirmative. In Opinion No. 41, Series of
1995, the Department of Justice ruled that the liga ng mga
298
299
300
Batangas v. Romulo
Facts: The Province of Batangas, represented by Governor
Mandanas, filed the present petition for certiorari, prohibition and
mandamus under Rule 65 of the Rules of Court, as amended, to
declare as unconstitutional and void certain provisos contained in
the General Appropriations Acts (GAA) of 1999, 2000 and 2001,
insofar as they uniformly earmarked for each corresponding year
the amount of five billion pesos (P5,000,000,000.00) of the Internal
Revenue Allotment (IRA) for the Local Government Service
Equalization Fund (LGSEF) and imposed conditions for the release
thereof.
Issue: WON the provisos in the GAAS of 1999-2001 relating to the
LGSEF, as well as the Oversight Committees Resolutions issued
pursuant thereto are unconstitutional and void
Article II of the Constitution, the State has expressly adopted
as a policy that: Section 25. The State shall ensure the
autonomy of local governments.
Consistent with the principle of local autonomy, the
Constitution confines the Presidents power over the LGUs to
one of general supervision. This provision has been
interpreted to exclude the power of control. The distinction
between the two powers was enunciated in Drilon v. Lim: An
officer in control lays down the rules in the doing of an act.
If they are not followed, he may, in his discretion, order the
act undone or re-done by his subordinate or he may even
decide to do it himself. Supervision does not cover such
authority. The supervisor or superintendent merely sees to it
that the rules are followed, but he himself does not lay down
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
3.
309
310
311
312
fact that the sum of P19,339.56 due him as payment for the value
of crushed adobe stone and gravel delivered to the municipality
had not yet been paid and that as the fiscal year 1949-1950 had
already expired, he requested that the sum be included in the
appropriations for the incoming fiscal year 1950-1951 as an
outstanding obligation. On 2 August 1950, the principal clerk,
acting in behalf of the municipal treasurer, informed the petitioner
that "The Municipal Council (had) agreed to put said amount as
standing obligation of the municipality authorizing payment and
authorizing the Municipal Treasurer to pay as soon as funds are
available." On 16 October 1951 the municipal council passed
Resolution No. 68 ratifying the public bidding called by the
municipal treasurer for the supply of road construction materials,
and the contract entered into by the municipal mayor in behalf of
the municipality on 31 August 1949. On 30 October 1951 the
petitioner filed a complaint against the municipality of Malolos in
the Court of First Instance of Bulacan to collect the sum of P19,235
for the value of crushed adobe stone and gravel delivered by the
petitioner under the contract. On 8 May 1952 the petitioner
amended his complaint. On 8 January 1954 the Court dismissed the
case without prejudice. On 11 January 1954 the petitioner sought
the intervention of the Presidential Complaints and Action
Committee, which forwarded the petitioner's claim through proper
channels to the Office of the Auditor General. On 14 January 1955
the Deputy Auditor General denied the petitioner's claim on the
ground that as there was no sum of money appropriated to meet
the obligation incurred before the execution of the contract, as
required by section 607 of the Revised Administrative Code, the
said contract is void, as provided in section 608 of the same Code;
and that even if there was such sum appropriated to meet such
obligation, the alleged deliveries of crushed adobe stone and gravel
could no longer be verified by the Provincial Auditor of Bulacan or
his representative. On 1 March 1955, the petitioner requested the
Deputy Auditor General to reconsider his decision. On 5 March
1955, before the said officer could take action on the request for
reconsideration, the petitioner filed his notice of appeal with the
Office of the Auditor General, and this petition for review in this
Court. On 9 March 1955, on motion of the petitioner, this Court
resolved to suspend the service of notice upon the Auditor General
pursuant to section 4, Rule 45, and granted the petitioner five days
from receipt of notice of the action taken by the Auditor General on
his request for reconsideration, within which to file a supplement to
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
2.
Liability is not conceded by the mere fact that the state has
allowed itself to be sued. When the state does waive its
sovereign immunity, it is only giving the plaintiff the chance
to prove, if it can, that the defendant is liable."
WON the municipality is liable for the torts committed by its
employee, the test of liability of the municipality depends on
whether or not the driver, acting in behalf of the
municipality, is performing governmental or proprietary
functions.
Torio v. Fontanilla: the distinction of powers becomes
important for purposes of determining the liability of the
municipality for the acts of its agents which result in an
injury to third persons.
City of Kokomo v. Loy: "Municipal corporations exist in a dual
capacity, and their functions are twofold. In one they
exercise the right springing from sovereignty, and while in
the performance of the duties pertaining thereto, their acts
are political and governmental. Their officers and agents in
such capacity, though elected or appointed by them, are
nevertheless public functionaries performing a public
service, and as such they are officers, agents, and servants
of the state. In the other capacity the municipalities exercise
a private, proprietary or corporate right, arising from their
existence as legal persons and not as public agencies. Their
officers and agents in the performance of such functions act
in behalf of the municipalities in their corporate or individual
capacity, and not for the state or sovereign power.
It has already been remarked that municipal corporations
are suable because their charters grant them the
competence to sue and be sued. Nevertheless, they are
generally not liable for torts committed by them in the
discharge of governmental functions and can be held
answerable only if it can be shown that they were acting in a
proprietary capacity. In permitting such entities to be sued,
the State merely gives the claimant the right to show that
the defendant was not acting in its governmental capacity
when the injury was committed or that the case comes
under the exceptions recognized by law. Failing this, the
claimant cannot recover.
In the case at bar, the driver of the dump truck of the
municipality insists that "he was on his way to the Naguilian
river to get a load of sand and gravel for the repair of San
320
321
322
323
2.
324
325
326
327
328
Facts: The widow of Tan Toco sued the municipal council of Iloilo for
the amount of P42,966.40, being the purchase price of two strips of
land, one on Calle J. M. Basa consisting of 592 square meters, and
the other on Calle Aldiguer consisting of 59 square meters, which
the municipality of Iloilo had appropriated for widening said street.
The Court of First Instance of Iloilo sentenced the said municipality
to pay the plaintiff the amount so claimed, plus the interest, and
the said judgment was on appeal affirmed by this court. On account
of lack of funds the municipality of Iloilo was unable to pay the said
judgment, wherefore plaintiff had a writ of execution issue against
the property of the said municipality, by virtue of which the sheriff
attached two auto trucks used for street sprinkling, one police
patrol automobile, the police stations on Mabini street, and in Molo
and Mandurriao and the concrete structures, with the
corresponding lots, used as markets by Iloilo, Molo, and Mandurriao.
After notice of the sale of said property had been made, and a few
days before the sale, the provincial fiscal of Iloilo filed a motion
which the Court of First Instance praying that the attachment on
the said property be dissolved, that the said attachment be
declared null and void as being illegal and violative of the rights of
329
330
Municipality of Makati v. CA
Facts: The Municipality of Makati initiatied expropriation
proceedings against Admiral Finance Creditors Consortium, Inc.,
Home Building System & Realty Corporation and one Arceli P. Jo.
Attached to Makatis complaint was a certification that a bank
account had been opened with the PNB Buendia Branch under
petitioner's name containing the sum of P417,510.00, made
pursuant to the provisions of PD 42. RTC appraised property at
P5,291,666.00 and ordered petitioner to pay amount minus the
advanced payment of P338,160.00 which was earlier released to
Admiral. Admiral moved for the issuance of a writ of execution. RTC
granted and issued writ. A Notice of Garnishment dated January 14,
1988 was served by sheriff Pastrana upon the manager of the PNB
Buendia Branch. However, he was informed that a "hold code" was
placed on the account of petitioner. Admiral filed motion, praying
that an order be issued directing the bank to deliver to sheriff the
amount equivalent to the unpaid balance due under the RTC
decision. Petitioner filed a motion to lift the garnishment, on the
ground that the manner of payment of the expropriation amount
should be done in installments which the respondent RTC judge
failed to state in his decision. Admiral filed its opposition to the
motion. Pending resolution of the above motions, petitioner filed on
July 20, 1988 a "Manifestation" informing the court that private
respondent was no longer the true and lawful owner of the subject
property because a new title over the property had been registered
in the name of Philippine Savings Bank, Inc. (PSB) RTC issued an
order requiring PSB to make available the documents pertaining to
its transactions over the subject property, and the PNB Buendia
Branch to reveal the amount in petitioner's account which was
garnished by respondent sheriff. In compliance with this order, PSB
filed a manifestation informing the court that it had consolidated its
ownership over the property as mortgagee/purchaser at an
extrajudicial foreclosure sale held on April 20, 1987. After several
conferences, PSB and private respondent entered into a
compromise agreement whereby they agreed to divide between
themselves the compensation due from the expropriation
proceedings. RTC approved the compromise agreement and
ordered PNB Buendia to release to PSB the sum of P4,953,506.45
which corresponds to the balance of the appraised value of the
subject property. Petitioner's motion to lift the garnishment was
denied. Petitioner filed MR, which was duly opposed by private
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338