Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Enggineering Chemistry
Enggineering Chemistry
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
CLASS NOTES
NAME
:____________________
USN
:____________________
BRANCH : ____________________
SECTION : ____________________
1. Dr. CHANDRASEKHAR. N
H.O.D of chemistry
2. Miss. SUJATHA.K
3. Miss. SHWETHA S. RAO
CONTENTS
UNIT
PAGE
NO
TITLE
04-24
II
ELECTROCHEMICAL
SYSTEMS
25-43
III
IV
CORROSION SCIENCE
57-71
METAL FINISHING
72-84
VI
LIQUID
CRYSTALS
APPLICATIONS
VII
HIGH POLYMERS
VIII
WATER TECHNOLOGY
116-132
133-140
IX
ENERGY
AND
OF
THEIR
44-56
85-98
99-115
Syllabus
PART A
Unit - I
Electrode Potential and Cells
Introduction, Differentiation between galvanic and electrolytic cells,
Construction of galvanic cell, EMF of a cell , Origin of single electrode
potential, Sign convention and cell notation, Standard electrode
potential, Derivation of Nernst equation for single electrode potential.
Types of electrodes: Reference electrodes Primary and secondary ,
Limitations of standard hydrogen electrode, Construction and working of
calomel electrode and Ag AgCl electrode, Measurement of single
electrode potential, Numerical problems on electrode potential and EMF
of a cell, Ion selective electrode: Glass electrode Construction ,
Determination of pH of a solution using glass electrode.
7 Hours
Unit - II
Batteries and Fuel Cells
Basic concepts, Battery characteristics, primary, secondary, reserve
batteries and super capacitors with examples.
Classical batteries: Construction, working and applications of Zn MnO2
battery, Lead acid storage battery and Ni Cd battery.
Modern batteries: Construction and working and applications of Zn air,
Ni metal hydride and
Li MnO2 batteries
Fuel cells Differences between battery and fuel cell, construction and
working of H2 O2 and
CH3OH O2 fuel cells
6 Hours
Unit - III
Corrosion and its control
Electrochemical theory of corrosion, Galvanic series, Types of corrosionDifferential metal corrosion, Differential aeration corrosion(Pitting and
water line corrosion) , Stress corrosion (caustic embrittlement in boilers),
Factors affecting the rate of corrosion.
Corrosion control: Inorganic coatings Anodizing and phosphating,
Organic coating painting,
Metal coatings Galvanizing and Tinning, Corrosion inhibitors, Cathodic
protection.
7 Hours
Unit IV
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, S.I.E.T., TUMKUR.
6 Hours
Unit - VII
Polymers
Types of polymerization Addition and Condensation, Mechanism of
polymerization Free radical mechanism taking ethylene as example.
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, S.I.E.T., TUMKUR.
U N IT I
CHEMICAL ENERGY SOURCES:
FUELS
1.1 Define a fuel. Explain the classification of fuels with examples.
5 Marks
A fuel is defined as naturally occurring or artificially
manufactured combustible carbonaceous material which serves
particularly as source of heat and light and also in few cases as a source
of raw material.
Classification of fuels Fuels are classified into a two types.
1) Based on their origin they are classified into
a) Primary fuels
b) Secondary fuels.
a) Primary Fuels: There are naturally occurring fuels which serves as
source of energy without any chemical processing.
Ex: Wood, Coal, Crude oil, Natural gas, Peat, Lignite, Anthracite..
b) Secondary Fuels: - They are derived from primary fuels & serves as
source of energy only after subjecting to chemical processing.
Ex: Charcoal, Coke, produsergas, Petrol, Diesel etc.,
2) Bases on their physical state fuel are classified into
a) Solid
b) Liquid
c) Gaseous fuels.
SOLID
LIQUID
Primary Fuels
Wood,
Coal,
Crude oil
Peat, Anthracite
Secondary Fuels
Coke, Charcoal
GASEOUS
Natural gas.
LPG,
Petrol, Gasoline,
produsergas,
Diesel
Coal gas.
GCV = W x S x
t J/Kg
M
= 2 x 4.187 x 4.8
0.001
= 40195.2
KJ/Kg.
J/kg.
txS
M
= (1150+350) x10-x3 3.02 x 4.184
0.75 x 10-3
GCV = 25271. 36 KJ/Kg
NCV = GCV 0.09 x H x 587 x 4.184
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, S.I.E.T., TUMKUR.
KJ/Kg
Buoys Calorimeter
The calorific value of a gaseous fuel is determined by burning known
volume of gas in steady flow calorimeter. Water is allowed to pass
through the tubes surrounding the combustion chamber till the
temperatures measured by the thermometers T1 & T2 are the same. The
gaseous fuel under steady is introduced into the burner through the gas
inlet at a steady rate recorded by the gas meter. The gas is burnt in the
combustion chamber and the combustion products are passed over the
tubes through which water flows at a constant rate of 6-10 cm3 / sec.
When a temperature of the apparatus reaches a constant value (i.e when
T2 shows a constant reading the heat released by the combustion of the
fuel in an certain interval of time will be equal to the heat absorbed by
water during the same interval of time. Calorific value Q is given by the
equation
Q = mass of water x rise in temp. x specific heat
Volume of gas burnt
The rise in temperature should be of the order of about 20 K. Vapors
cooled by circulating water are further cooled in condenser tubes to
condense water form during the combustion of hydrogen and
hydrocarbons in the fuel. Amount of condense water collected in the
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, S.I.E.T., TUMKUR.
10
kJ/m3
Numericals:
1)Calculate gross and net calorific value of a gaseous fuel from the
following data obtained from boys experiment:
i) Volume of gaseous fuel burnt at STP
----- = 0.09 m3
ii) Weight of water used for cooling
----- = 25.0 kg
iii) Temperature of inlet water
----- = 25.00 C
iv) Temperature of outlet water
----- = 40.00 C
v) Weight of water produced by steam condensation ---- = 0.02 kg
vi) Latent heat of steam
----- = 587 k cal kg
Solution:
W x (t2-t1)
Higher calorific value of the given gaseous sample =
x 4.187
V
11
=
0.09
= 546.17 kJ m3
= HCV latent heat of steam
= 17445.8 546.17
= 16899.63 kJ m3
2)Calculate the gross and net calorific value of a gaseous fuel at STP from
the following data
Volume of gas burnt
=0.02m3
Temperature of the gas
=293 K
Mass of water passing through calorimeter =4.5 kg
Rise in temp
=18.5 K
Absolute pressure of gas
=101990 N/m2
Specific heat of water
=4.18J/g/K
Amount of water collected
=7.5 cm3
Latent heat of steam at 288K =2.454 kJm3
Solution:
i)Heat absorbed by cold water
=mass of water x specific heat x rise in temp
=4.5 kg x 4.18 J/g/K x 18.5 K
=4500 g x 4.18 J/g/K x 18.5 K
=348000 J or 348 kJ
ii)Reduce the volume of the gas to that at STP using combined gas law
P1 V1
P2 V2
=
T1
T2
2
3
101990 N/m x 0.02 m 101325 N/m2 x V
=
293 K
273 K
V=0.0188 m3
iii) Calorific value, Q=Heat absorbed by cold water
Volume of gas
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, S.I.E.T., TUMKUR.
12
= 979 kJ/m3
Therfore Net Q = 18510 -979 = 17531 kJ/m3
Cyclo hexane
14
Cyclo hexane
Benzene
15
Leaded Petrol:
The petrol containing TEL or TML as anti knocking agents is
called leaded petrol. TEL or TML are the very good anti knocking agents
but has some disadvantages as follows.
a) After combustion lead is deposited as lead oxide on piston
and engine walls it leads to mechanical damage.
b) Lead is a poisonous air pollutant.
c) It spoils the catalyst used in catalytic converter.
Unleaded Petrol:
The petrol, which contains antiknocking agent other than lead, is
known as unleaded petrol.
Ex: MTBE is used, as an antiknocking agent in place of TEL or
TML and the petrol is known as unleaded petrol.
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, S.I.E.T., TUMKUR.
16
AIR
OXIDATION
STAGE II
Pt-H+NO
PtHC,CO,NO
O+N2+NH3
From exhaust
gases
Pt-O+HC+CO
H+CO2+H2O
Pt-
Released to atmosphere
N2
CO2
H2 O
Pt-H=Platinum hydrogen compound
Pt-O= Platinum Oxygen compound
HC=Hydrocarbon, CO=Carbon monoxide
NO=Nitrogen oxide, N=Nitrogen
NH3=Ammonia
Flow chart of Catalytic converters for treating auto missions
i)In the first converter, nitrogen oxides are reduced to nitrogen and
ammonia in the presence of finely divided catalyst Pt
ii)In the second converter, air is introduced to provide an oxidizing
atmosphere for complete oxidation of CO & HC into CO2 and H2O in the
presence of Pt catalyst
17
18
19
20
SOLAR ENERGY
1.16 What is solar energy? Mention the advantages &
4 Marks
disadvantages of solar energy.
The radiations reaching earth from the sun and converting them in to
different useful forms of energy is called solar energy.
The utilization of solar energy is of two types Direct solar power and
indirect solar power.
Advantages:
The Solar power is pollution free.
It can operated with little maintenance or intervention after initial
setup.
The Solar power is becoming more and more economical as costs
associated with production decreases, and the technology becomes
more effective in energy conversion.
The Solar power can be viewed as a local resource because of
original climatic variances.
Disadvantages:
The Solar power is only practical in certain areas with a favorable
climate and latitude. That is, areas near the tropics and which are
relatively cloud free.
The Solar power is not available at night.
The Solar power decreases during cloudy.
The Solar power must be converted into some other form of energy
to be stored.
Solar cell technologies produce DC power which must be converted
to the AC power.
2 Marks
1.17 What are photovoltaic cells?
Photovoltaic cells or Solar cells are the semiconductor devices
which converts sunlight into direct current electricity on illumination.
1.18 Explain the working of photovoltaic cells?
6 Marks
The Solar cells or Photovoltaic cells are made out of
semiconductors which have the capacity to absorb light. When n-type
and p-type semiconductor are bought together a semiconductor diode is
formed. The semiconductor diode separates and collects the carriers and
conducts the generated electrical current preferentially in a specific
direction.
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, S.I.E.T., TUMKUR.
21
22
23
24
The tri chloro silane is then passed through fixed bed columns
containing quaternary ammonium ion exchange resins catalysts.
25
26
27
d) kJ/Kg
15)In Fischer- tropsch process of preparation of synthetic petrol -------is used as raw material
a) CO+H2
b) CO2+H2
c) CO+H2O
d) CO2+H2O
28
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Define a fuel. Explain the classification of fuels with examples.
2. Define calorific Value. Explain the types of calorific value.
3. Mention the SI units of calorific value.
4. Describe the Bomb calorimetric method of determination of calorific
Value of solid fuel.
5. What is petroleum cracking? Explain the process of fluidized bed
Catalytic cracking method
6. What is reformation of Petroleum? Give the reactions involved in
reforming.
7. What is Knocking? Explain its Mechanism
8. Define octane number.
09. Define cetane number.
10. What are anti knocking agents? Explain leaded and unleaded petrol.
11. What is synthetic petrol? Explain the production of synthetic petrol
12. What is power alcohol? Give its advantages as fuel.
13. What are photovoltaic cells?
14. Explain how a photovoltaic cell works?
15 Explain the Chemical properties of silicon relevant to Photovoltaic
16 Explain the Physical properties of Silicon relevant to Photovoltaic
17. Explain the production of semiconductor grade silicon
18. Explain the Doping of Silicon?
29
U N IT II
ELECTRO CHEMICAL ENERGY SYSTEMS
ELECTRODE POTENTIAL AND CELLS
2.1 What is an electrochemical cell Explain the classification with
examples
5 Marks
An electrochemical cell is a device, which is used to convert
chemical energy into electrical energy and vise versa.
These electrochemical cells are classified into two types as follows.
1) Galvanic or Voltaic cells: These are the electrochemical cells, which
converts chemical energy into electrical energy.
Ex. Daniel cell, Dry cell, etc.
2) Electrolytic cell: These are the electrochemical cells, which are used
to convert electrical energy into chemical energy.
Ex: Lead acid battery, Nickel cadmium battery etc.,
Galvanic or Voltaic cells:
Galvanic or Voltaic cells are again classified into three types as follows
a) Primary cells: These are the cells which serve as a source of energy
only as long as the active chemical species are present in the cell.
The cell reactions are irreversible. These are designed for only single
discharge and cannot be charged again.
Ex: Dry Cell, Zn Hgo cell, Zn-Ag2o cell etc.
b) Secondary cells: These cells are chargeable and can be used again
and again. The cell reactions are reversible and are often called as
reversible cells. During discharging the cells acts like voltaic cell
converting chemical energy into electrical energy. During charging the
cell acts like electrolytic cell by converting electric energy into chemical
energy, hence these batteries are called as storage battery.
Ex: Lead acid Battery, Ni-cd cells. Lithium ion cells etc.
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, S.I.E.T., TUMKUR.
30
The Daniel cell consisting of two half cells in which zinc and copper
electrodes are immersed in zinc Sulphate and copper Sulphate solution
respectively. The two half cells are internally connected by a salt bridge
and externally by a metallic wire. The zinc electrode undergoes oxidation
and looses electron. The electron liberated migrates to another half cell.
Oxidation
Zn (s)
Zn2 + +
2e-
Cu (s)
31
Cell Conventions
i) The half cell which undergoes oxidation is always written towards left
side of the salt bridge.
ii) The half cell which undergoes reduction is always written towards
right side of the salt bridge.
iii) If the direction of arrow mark indicates from left to right. The
electrons flow from anode to cathode and the cell reactions are
spontaneous and if the direction of arrow mark indicates from right to
left, then electrons flow from cathode to anode. Then cell reactions are
non spontaneous.
iv) The term electrode potential always refers to the reduction potential.
32
4 Marks
33
2 Marks
2 Marks
34
6 Marks
35
Where,
E = Electrode potential
E0 = standard electrode potential
n = no. of electrons
[Mn+] = Concentration of metal ions
R = Universal gas constant
T = Temperature(In Kelvin).
36
[Fe++]
(0.01)
37
(0.5)
[Zn++]
(1.3 x 10
38
Ni++ + 2eNi
Pb++ + 2e- Pb
39
: Cu (S)
40
41
42
Limitations of SHE
i)
The construction of SHE is difficult.
ii)
It is very difficult to maintain the concentration of H+ as 1M and
pressure H2 gas at 1atm
iii)
Platinum electrode is poisoned by the impurities of the gas
iv)
It can not be used in the presence of oxidizing agents.
2.13 Explain the construction and working of Calomel electrode
6 Marks
43
2Hg + 2Cl-
44
2.14. What are Ion Selective Electrodes? Explain the Glass electrode
6 Marks
These are the electrodes, which responds to specific ions only and
develops a potential against that ions while ignoring the other ions
present in the solution.
Ex: Glass electrode.
45
unknown pH
46
d) all
48
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
49
U N IT III
CONVERTION AND STORAGE OF
ENERGY
ELECTROCHEMICAL
BATTERY TECHNOLOGY
3.1 What is a Battery? Explain the classification with examples.
6 Marks
Battery is a collection of cells connected either in series or in
parallel to get required amount of energy.
Classification of Batteries
Batteries are classified into three types as follows.
a) Primary
b) Secondary
c) Reserved.
a) Primary Batteries: These are the batteries which serve as a source of
energy only as long as the active chemical species are present in the
battery or in the cell. The cell reactions are irreversible. These are
designed for only single discharge and cannot be charged again.
Ex: Dry Cell, Zn Hgo cell, Zn-Ag2o cell etc.,
b) Secondary Batteries: These batteries are chargeable and can be used
again and again. The cell reactions are reversible and are often called
reversible batteries. During discharging the cell acts like voltaic cell
converting chemical energy into electrical energy. During charging the
cell acts like electrolytic cell by converting electric energy into chemical
energy, hence these batteries are called as storage battery.
Ex: Lead acid Battery, Ni-cd battery etc.
c) Reserved Batteries: The batteries which can be stored in an active
state and made ready for use by activating them prior to the
applications (usage) are called as reserved batteries. The key
components of the batteries such as electrolyte etc., is separated from
the battery. And the battery is stored for a longer time. The electrolyte
if filled before its usage. The advantages of the reserved batteries are,
50
Where,
C Capacity of battery (in Ah)
W Weight of the active material
n number of electrons.
F Faradays constant.
M Molar mass.
51
52
During charging lead and lead oxide is again deposited on anode and
cathode respectively and charging reaction is.
Applications:
1) Lad acid battery is used for starting motors
2) Used in UPS Systems and research centers etc.
3) Used in marketing areas etc.
4) Used in security and alarm systems.
3.4 Explain the construction and working of Nickel-Cadmium
Battery. Mention the electrode reactions and advantages
6 Marks
Ni-Cd Battery consisting of anode and cathode compartments. The Anode
compartments consisting of 78% cadmium, 18% Iron, 1% Nickel and
cathode compartment consisting of 80% of Nickel oxy hydroxide, 18% of
graphite & traces of Barium and cobalt. 6MKOH is used as electrolyte.
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, S.I.E.T., TUMKUR.
53
Applications:
1) Used in electronic devices such as earphones, security and alarm
systems.
2) Used in pocket calculators, emergency lights.
3.5 Explain the construction and working of Zinc -air battery.
6 Marks
54
Advantages:
i) High energy density.
ii) Low cost and compact
iii) Does not produce harmful products.
Applications: Used in Military radio receivers, transmitters, hearing
aids.
3.6 Explain the construction and working of Nickel - metal hydride
battery.
6 Marks
55
6 Marks
56
fuel cell
Fuel cell
1.A fuel
electricity
reactants
externally
cell
creates
through
stored
57
Uses: The H2-O2 cells are used in Space vehicles, military and mobile
power systems.
3.10 Explain the construction and working of Methanol Oxygen
fuel cell.
58
Uses:
1) Used in Military applications.
2) Used for large scale power production stations.
59
Objective questions:
01. Battery is a
a) Collection of cells connected in series
connected in parallel
c) Both a & b
02. Which of the following is a primary battery
a) Li-MnO2 battery b) Lead acid battery
b) Collection of cells
d) none
c) Nicd battery
d) None
60
d) Addition
d) None
d) All
d) Li
61
62
U N IT IV
CORROSION SCIENCE
4.1 Define corrosion
2Marks
Mn+
ne-
Metal ions
Fe2+ + 2e_
63
H2
2OH
+ H2
4OH-
2Fe (OH) 2+ O2 + 2H 2O
2Fe (OH)
E0(v)
-3.05
-2.93
-2.90
-2.87
-2.71
-2.37
-1.66
-0.76
-0.44
Mn+/ M
Cd2+/Cd
Sn2+/Sn
Pb2+/Pb
H+/H2
Cu2+/Cu
Ag+/Ag
Hg2+/Hg
Pt2+/Pt
Au3+/Au
E0(v)
-0.40
-0.14
-0.13
0.00
0.34
0.80
0.85
1.20
1.38
64
Mn+
+ ne-
OH-
Example: Iron metal in contact with Copper metal, Brass tap in contact
with Iron pipe etc.
65
Fe++ + 2e_
Fe
2Fe++ + 4OH
2Fe (OH) 2+ O2 + 2H 2O
2Fe (OH)
66
3. Stress corrosion.
Stress corrosion is seen in metals suffering from stress which may
result from mechanical operations such as design riveting, cold working,
welding, bending, pressing, quenching etc. In an corrosive environment
the stressed portion act as anode and undergoes corrosion. The other un
stressed part of the metal acts as cathode.
Example: Caustic embritlement in boilers or intercrystalling corrosion.
It is a form of stress corrosion that takes places in boilers
operating at high pressure between 10 to 20 atmospheres. The stressed
portion contains fine hair like cracks. Boiler water contains of alkali,
which enters into the cracks. The water evaporates leaving behind
caustic soda. An electrochemical cell is set up between the iron under
stress and iron in the main body. The iron surrounded by dilute NaOH
act as cathode and iron under stress act as anode and gets corroded
resulting in failure of boiler.
67
68
69
70
6 Marks
Anodizing is a process of artificially converting protective passive
oxide film on the surface of metals such Al, Zn, Mg, Ti, Zr, Ta, Cr, etc by
electrochemical oxidation.
ANODIZING OF ALUMINUM.
Aluminum when it is made as cathode it allows the passage of
electrons but it ceases to conduct when made as anode. It exhibits
anodic passivity in the medium like chromic and sulphuric acids. This is
known as anodic oxidation or anodizing.
Process of anodizing aluminum.
71
72
2Na2 SO4
73
Mg (OH)2
74
75
76
77
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Define corrosion? Explain electrochemical theory of corrosion.
2. Mention the different types of corrosion
3. Explain differential metal corrosion with suitable example.
4. Explain differential aeration corrosion with suitable example.
5. Explain stress corrosion with suitable example.
6. Explain 5 factors that affect on the rate of corrosion
7. Mention the Corrosion control methods:
8. What is galvanization? Explain the process of galvanization.
9. What is Tinning? Explain the process of Tinning
10. What is anodizing? Explain anodizing of Aluminium
11. What is Phosphating? Explain the process of Phosphating.
11. What is Phosphating? Explain the process of Phosphating.
12. What are organic coatings explain their role in preventing corrosion?
13. What are corrosion inhibitors? Explain anodic and catholic
inhibitors.
14. What is Cathodic protection explain with examples.
15. Explain the corrosion control by Anodic Protection method.
78
U N IT V
METAL FINISHING
5.1 What is metal finishing? Mention the Technological importance
of metal finishing.
6 Marks
It is a process of modifying surface properties of metals by deposition
of a layer of another metal or polymer on its surface, by the formation of
an oxide film.
Technological importance of metal finishing.
The main technological importance of metal finishing include
1. Imparting the metal surface to higher corrosion resistance.
2. Imparting improved wear resistance.
3. Providing electrical and thermal conducting surface.
4. Imparting thermal resistance and hardness.
5. Providing optical and thermal reflectivity.
6. In the manufacture of electrical and electronic components such as
PCBs, capacitors contacts etc
7. In electro framing of articles, electrochemical machining, electro
polishing and electro chemical etching.
8. To increase the decorativeness of metal surface.
9. In electrotyping and to build up material or restoration.
10. To improve wear resistance or solder ability.
5.2 Explain the term Polarization.
3 Marks
79
80
81
82
83
100X (x - y)
% throwing power =
(x + y)-2
Where x = C1/C2 (When C1> C2)
y = W2/W1
84
6 Marks
Chromic acid and H2SO4 in 100:1 proportion.
45-600C.
100-200mA/Cm2.
Insoluble anodes Pb-Sb or Pb-Sn coated with
PbO2.
Object to be plated.
85
2 Marks
1.
Does
not
require
electrical power source and
accessories.
3. requires Levelers
4.
Plating
baths
have
excellent throwing power.
86
H2PO2- + H2O
Ni2+ + 2eNi2+ + H2PO2- + H2O
Uses:
i)Used to plate on industrial components such as pumps and valves,
shafts, gears, reaction vessels and other tools.
ii) To coat on steel, plastic, PCBs etc.
5.13 Explain the Electro less plating process of copper.
6 Marks
Electroless plating of copper on PCBs is carried out as follows.
Plating bath Solution:
Reducing Agent:
Complexing agent:
PH :
Temperature:
Electrode Reactions:
At Anode:
2HCHO + 4OH- 2HCOO- + 2H2O + H2 + 2eAt Cathode:
Cu2+ + 2e
Cu.
Overall reactions: 4OH- +Cu2+ + 2HCHO- Cu + 2HCOO- + 2H2O +H2
APPLICATIONS:
87
b) Insoluble anodes
d) both b & c
b) Temperature
d) All
88
d) all
d) copper
89
90
U N IT V I
PHASE RULE
6.1 what is phase diagram?
2 mark
A single graph depicting the overall relationships among the
various phases (solid, liquid and vapour phases) of a substance is known
as a phase diagram. A phase diagram summarizes the conditions at
which a substance exists as a solid, liquid or gas.
Phase diagrams are of considerable commercial and industrial
significance, particularly for semiconductors, ceramics, steels, polymers,
composites and alloys. They are also the basis of separation procedures
in the petroleum industry and cosmetic preparations.
6.2 what is Gibbs Phase Rule? Explain the terms.
4 Marks
The number of degrees of freedom (F) of a heterogeneous system at
equilibrium at a definite temperature and pressure is related to the
number of components (C) and of phases (P) by the phase rule equation,
P+F = C+2
or
F = C-P+2
Where P=No of phases in the system
C= No of Components of the system
F= No of degrees of freedom or variables of the system(T,P and
Composition or concentration)
6.3 Define PHASE .
2 Marks
A phase is defined as any homogeneous physically distinct and
mechanically separable part of a system which is separated from other
parts of the system by definite boundary lines.
Eg. 1) A mixture of Ice, liquid water and water vapour is a two-phase
system.
2) Two miscible liquids -is one phase system. e.g. Ethanol and
water is a one phase system.
3) Two immiscible liquids- is two phase system.e.g. Chloroform and
water constitutes a two-phase system. Ether and water constitutes
a two-phase system.
4) An aqueous solution of a solid substance such as sodium
chloride or sugar is a one-phase system.
5) All gases mixture freely to form a homogeneous mixture.
Therefore, any mixtures of gases, say oxygen and nitrogen is a onephase system
6)Decomposition of calcium carbonate to calcium oxide and CO2 is
a three phase system with two solid phases and one gaseous
phase.
CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
91
92
6 Marks
93
94
6 Marks
Pressure
Water
Ice
1 atm
0.006
atm
O
A'
Water vapor
A
0 0.01 100
o
Temperature ( C)
Curves:
In the phase diagram, the curve OA represents the vapour pressure
curve of liquid water. Along this curve two phases co-exist.
Water (l)
Water vapour (g)
The point N on the curve OA indicates the B.P. of water is 100 oC at 1
atms.pressure. Keeping pressure constant at 1 atms. rise in temperature
behind 100 oC brings about a change in the phase from water to water
vapour along the line NH. And decrease in temperature below 100 oC
reverse is the phase change. The curve OA terminates at A which is the
critical point (Critical pressure = 218 atms.pr. & Critical temperature =
374 oC). Behind the critical point water phase merge into vapour phase.
The curve OB is known as sublimation curve and it shows the variation
of vapour pressure with temperature for the solid ice. The vapour
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, S.I.E.T., TUMKUR.
95
96
6 Marks
97
B 961
Temperature ( C)
Liquid Melt
o
327
Liquid + Solid Ag
A
Liquid +
Solid Pb
D
303 Solid Pb
+ Eutectic
100 % Pb
0 % Ag
E
Solid Ag + Eutectic
2.6% Ag
100%Ag
0% Pb
Composition (%)
The various features of the phase diagram or P-T graph are illustrated
here under.
The phase diagram consists of curves, areas and eutectic point.
Curves (OA & OB)
Pure lead melts at 327 oC and the addition of silver lowers its freezing
point along AO. This is called freezing point curve for the lead. Along AO
the melting point of lead gradually falls on the addition of Ag till lowest
point O (303oC) is reached where liquid melt gets saturated with respect
to Ag and the melting point of Pb does not fall further. On cooling further
whole mass (Eutectic composition) crystallize out. Pure silver melts at
961 oC and the addition of lead lowers its freezing point along BO and is
called freezing point curve of silver. This curve indicates that the melting
point of Ag falls gradually on adding Pb, along BO till the lowest point O
(303oC) is reached Where liquid melt gets saturated with respect to pb
and m.p. of Ag does not fall further .On cooling further whole mass
(eutectic composition) crystalize out.
The phase diagram has the following two curves.
Curve OA - Along this curve, solid lead and liquid mixture of Pb + Ag coexist i.e. P = 2.
Curve OB- Along this curve solid silver and liquid mixture of Ag +Pb coexist i.e. P = 2.
Applying reduced phase rule,
F = C-P+1
= 2-2+1
=1
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, S.I.E.T., TUMKUR.
98
2 Marks
At the point O, where the curves AO and BO meet, both the solids Pb and
Ag are in equilibrium with the liquid melt and is called the eutectic point.
The point O is the lowest temperature at which any liquid mixture of
silver and lead will freeze and consequently represent the lowest melting
point of any mixture of solid lead and solid silver.
At eutectic point,
F = C-P+1 = 2-3+1 = 0
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, S.I.E.T., TUMKUR.
99
by
Desilverisation
of
lead
by
4 Marks
B 961
Temperature ( C)
Liquid Melt
P
327
Liquid + Solid Ag
P'
Liquid +
Solid Pb
303 D
Y
Solid Pb
+
Eutectic
100 % Pb
% Ag
E
Solid Ag + Eutectic
2.6% Ag
100%Ag
0% Pb
.
Lead continues to separate out and is removed constantly by means of
ladles. The melt continues to be richer and richer in silver until the point
Y is reached when the percentage of silver rises to 2.6. Thus the original
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, S.I.E.T., TUMKUR.
100
3 Marks
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Instrumentation.
Potentiometer consists of a reference electrode, an indicator
electrode & a potential measuring device. The indicator electrode
responds rapidly to the changes in the concentration of the analyte i.e.
the solution under study. A simple arrangement of Potentiometric
titration is depicted in diagram. A is a reference electrode, B is the
indicator electrode & C is a mechanical stirrer. The solution to be titrated
is taken in the beaker.
A known volume of analyte is taken & its potential is
determined. The titrant is added in increment of 1ml & the emf is
measured each time. At the approach of equivalence point, the emf tends
to increase rapidly. At this point, small increments, say, 0.1ml of titrant
are added. A few readings are taken beyond the end point. Thus the
changes in potential at different volumes of titrant are recorded.
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, S.I.E.T., TUMKUR.
101
The potential of the solution will be around 0.75V (since the contribution
to the potential by the second term is negligible). At the equivalence point
the potential is determined by both E and Eo is given by
E0
Fe2+
+ E0 Cr2O720.75V + 1.33V
Ecell =
=
= 1.04 V
2
2
Beyond the equivalence point the potential is determined by Cr2O72-/
Cr3+ system given by the equation.
0.0591
[Cr2O72-]
Ecell = Ecr2 = E0Cr2O72- / Cr3+ +
log
6
[Cr3+]
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, S.I.E.T., TUMKUR.
102
[Cr2O72-]
0.0591
= 1.33V +
log
6
[Cr3+]
Advantages.
1. Turbid, fluorescent, opaque or colored solutions can be titrated.
2. Mixture of solutions or very dilute solutions can be titrated.
3. The results are more accurate because the actual end point is
determined graphically.
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
measurement
of
absorbance
c) Visible range
using
d) All
d) Zn
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. what is phase diagram?
2. what is Gibbs Phase Rule? Explain the terms.
3. Define Phase.
4. Define Component.
5. Define Degrees of freedom OR variance.
6. Derive phase rule.
7. Explain the application of phase rule to one
component system
8. Explain Lead silver system:
9. What is Eutectic point ?
10. What is meant by Desilverisation of lead by Pattinsons process?
11 What is Instrumental Methods of Analysis ?
12 Explain the instrumentation and theory of Potentiometric
Titrations.
13 Explain the instrumentation and theory of Conductometric
estimation.
14 Explain the Colorimetric estimation of copper.
15.Explain the instrumentation and theory of Flame photometer
111
U N IT V II
HIGH POLYMERS
7.1 What are Polymers? Explain the Classification of polymers with
examples
5 Marks
Polymers are the high molecular weight compounds obtained by
repeated union of simple molecules. (Monomers).
Ex: Starch, Polyvinyl chloride, Polyethylene, Nylon 6, 6 and etc.
Classification of polymers.
Polymers are classified into two types as follows:
i) Natural Polymers.
ii) Synthetic (artificial) polymers.
i) Natural polymers: These are the polymers obtained naturally by
plants and animals.
Ex: Silk, wool, natural rubber, protein, starch, cellulose, etc.
ii) Synthetic Polymers: These are artificially prepared polymers also
known as man made polymers.
Ex: PVC, Nylon 6.6, Polythene, Phenol, Formaldehyde, Resin etc.,
7.2 What are Monomers? Give examples
2 Marks
112
2 Marks
(CH2 CH2) n
Polythene
2 C6H5* + 2CO2
phenyl free radical
C6H5 - CH2 - CH2*
Reactive monomer
other
C6H5 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2* + *CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 C6H5
growing polymer chain
growing polymer chain
C6H5 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 C6H5
Dead polymer chain
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, S.I.E.T., TUMKUR.
114
Advantages:
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, S.I.E.T., TUMKUR.
115
Uses: This method is used for preparing PVC, PVA (Polyvinyl acetate),
styrene, divinyl benzene (ion exchanger)
iv) Emulsion Polymerization method: In this method the monomers &
water soluble initiators forms the emulsion with water. The surfactants
such as soap, detergents, etc are add which hold the monomers &
initiators (H2O2 or per sulphate) in the form of a micelles. Polymerization
takes place inside the micelle on exposing to heat or radiation. Filtration
& deemulsifying agents can isolate the obtained polymer.
Advantages:
The rate of polymerization is high
Viscosity build up is negligible
Better heat transfer can be achieved.
High purity product is obtained
Isolation is easy.
This method is used to prepare PVC, adhesive etc.,
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, S.I.E.T., TUMKUR.
116
viscoelastic state
(Rubbery)
Tg
Tm
Viscofluid state
(Polymer melt)
Significance of Tg :
It is used as a measure for evaluating the flexibility of a polymer
and the type of response the polymeric material would exhibit to
Tg is very useful in choosing the right processing temperature for
fabrication (moulding, calendaring and extrusion )
Tg is very useful in determining the coefficient of thermal
expansion, heat resistant, refractive index, electrical property, etc.,
Factors affecting glass transition temperature
1. Chain Flexibility: Linear polymer chains have high degree of freedom
for rotation ie., more chain flexibility and low Tg.
Aromatic or cyclic groups on the back bone of carbon atoms hinder the
freedom of rotation ie., chain flexibility decreases and causes an increase
in Tg.
2. Cross-linking and branching: A small amount of branching will tend
to lower Tg and a high density of branching reduces chain mobility and
elevates the Tg.
The cross linking brings the polymer chain closer, lowers free
volume and restricts molecular motion and hence rises Tg.
3. Intermolecular forces: The presence of large number of polar groups
in the molecules lead to strong intermolecular cohesive forces which
restrict the segmental motion. As a result Tg increases.
4. Molecular mass: Higher the molecular mass more is the restriction in
the molecular freedom. However, Tg is not significantly affected by
molecular masses if the degree of polymerization is above 25o;
5. Presence of plasticizers: Addition of plasticizers reduces the Tg vale;
for example, addition of di-isooctyl phthalate to pvc reduces its Tg from
80o C to below room temperature.
5. Stereo regularity of the polymer: A syndiotactic polymer has a
higher Tg than atactic polymer, which in turn has higher Tg than its
isotactic stereoisomer.
117
Isotactic Polystyrene
Atactic Polystyrene
118
119
ii) Plasticizers
Plasticizers are the substances, which are added during compounding to
increase the plasticity of a polymer. These decrease the Tg and helps in
converting a hard, brittle polymer into a soft, flexible polymer.
Ex: Tricrysyl phosphate, Tri phenyl phosphate, dioctyl phthalate, fatty
acids etc,
iii) Stabilizers
Polymers have tendency to undergo degradation by air and light. The
Stabilizers are added to minimize the degradation of polymers.
Ex: Phenyl salicylate, aryl and alkyl phosphates, tri phenyl phosphates.
iv) Colorants
These are added to impart required color to the polymer. These increases
the attractive and decorativeness of a polymer. The colorants include
organic and inorganic pigments.
Ex: Titanium oxide, lead chromate, BaSo4, carbon black, azo dyes etc,
7.12 Plastic Manufacturing Methods
120
5. ROTATIONAL MOULDING
Plastic powder is scooped into a mould. The mould is rotated over a big
gas burner. As the mould gets hot, the plastic melts and sticks to the
mould. This method is used for making big hollow things like water
tanks and barrels.
6. COMPRESSION MOULDING
This is used for thermoset resins. Dry powder is put in a mould which is
squeezed and heated until the plastic is cured. This is used for making
ashtrays, cups and plates, and some electrical switches.
7. REACTION INJECTION MOULDING
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, S.I.E.T., TUMKUR.
121
Uses:
It is used for insulating motors, cables, and generators transformers,
capacitors.
Used for nonstick cooking utensils
Used for gaskets, belts pump and valves packing etc.
Used as a dry lubricant.
122
Properties:
i.
Plexi glass is a white transparent thermoplastic
ii.
It has got high optical clarity
iii.
It is resistant to chemical action
Applications:
i.
It is used in the preparation of aircraft windows.
ii.
Attractive sign boards.
iii.
Manufacturing of transparent moulded articles & tubes.
iv.
Lenses for automobiles, artificial eyes etc.,
7.15 Give the manufacture and applications of Polyurethanes.
4 Marks
Ployurethanes are produced by the polymerization of disocyanate
and diol or triol (or the addition reaction between 2, 4-tolylene
diisocyanate with glycol). In the production of polyurethanes foams,
glycol, toylene diisocyanate, catalyst tertiary amines), water and
surfactants are mixed together and heated.
Properties:
i. These can be obtained in the form of foams, fibers, Elastomers,
Coatings etc.
ii. The foams are available in both rigid & flexible forms.
Uses:
i. Flexible foams are used for cushions in automobiles & furniture.
ii. Rigid foams are used to reinforce hallow structural units.
iii. Fibers of Polyurethanes are used in lightweight garments and swim
suits because of their stretching property.
iv. These are used to coat gymnasium floor and dance floor.
v. These are used in tyre treads and industrial wheels.
123
Properties:
i.
Nova lacks are linear polymers.
ii.
These have got good electric insulating property
Uses:
i.
Used for sealing metal holders to the glass bulbs.
ii.
Bounding sheets of paper, wood, card boards etc.,
ii) Resol Resins.
These are phenol formaldehyde resins obtained by the
condensation of phenol & formaldehyde. In presence of alkali as catalyst
when phenol to formaldehyde ratio is less than one.
Properties.
i.
These are cross linked polymers
ii.
These are non conductor of electricity
iii.
Resols can be converted into bakelite by adding additives
such as wood, dies etc.,
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, S.I.E.T., TUMKUR.
124
125
Uses.
i. Butyl rubber is widely used for preparation of inner tubes for
tiers.
ii.It is also used for insulating high voltage wires & cables.
7.22 Silicone rubber:
Synthesis: Silicone rubber is a rubber-like material composed of silicone
itself a polymer containing silicon together with carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen. During manufacture heat is required to vulcanize (set or
cure) the silicone into its rubber-like form. This is normally carried out in
a two stage process at the point of manufacture into the desired shape,
and then in a prolonged post-cure process. It can also be injection
molded.
126
USES.
i. It can be used to bind cardboard, boats, glass for laminating
purposes.
ii.Used in shrinkage proof garments.
7.25 Polymer composite:
Polymer composite is any material made of more than one component.
Polymer composites are composites made from polymers, or from
polymers along with other kinds of materials.
7.26 Kevlar fibers:
Kevlar is synthesized in solution from the monomers 1,4-phenylenediamine (para-phenylenediamine) and terephthaloyl chloride in a
condensation reaction yielding hydrochloric acid as a byproduct. The
result has liquid-crystalline behavior, and mechanical drawing orients
the polymer chains in the fiber's direction. Hexamethylphosphoramide
(HMPA) was the solvent initially used for the polymerization, but for
safety reasons, DuPont replaced it by a solution of N-methyl-pyrrolidone
and calcium chloride
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, S.I.E.T., TUMKUR.
127
128
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
vii)
129
Partial oxidation
Ammoniumperoxy
di sulphate (NH2 S2 O8)
Base
poly-
form
of
aniline
Protonation
Aq. HCl ( 1 M)
130
d) PVC
d) Nylon
131
d) all
b) resist abrasion
d) all
d) all
132
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
133
U N IT V III
WATER TECHNOLOGY
8.01 Discuss the different types of Impurities present in natural
water with examples.
6 Marks
Impurities in water may be broadly classified into four categories:
i) Dissolved impurities
ii) Suspended impurities
iii) Dissolved gases &
iv) Organic matter.
i) Dissolved impurities.
The soluble salt impurities present in water include salts of Ca,
Mg, Na in various soluble salt forms oxides of Mn, Fe, Pb & Ar may also
present in water.
ii) Suspended impurities.
Suspended impurities are the dispersion of solid particles,
which can be removed by filtration or settling.
They are of 2 types: Inorganic: Includes clay silica, oxides of Fe & Mn etc.
Organic: Includes wood pieces, disintegrated particles of dead
animals, leaf, fishes, Bacteria, Algae, and Protozoa etc.
iii) Dissolved gases.
Most water contain dissolved gases such as O2,CO2,SO2,NH3 &
oxides of N all of which are derived from atmosphere.
iv) Organic matter.
Organic compounds derived from the decay of vegetables &
animal matter including bacteria, water also gets contaminated with
sewage & human excreted matter etc.
8.02 What is water analysis
2Marks
134
The di sodium EDTA molecule (H2Y) has two easily replaceable hydrogen
atoms and the resulting ion after ionization may be represented as H2Y2-.
The later forms complexes with metal ions as fallows.
2+
M + H2Y2MY2- + 2H+. (1)
2+
2+
2+
Where M is Ca and Mg in water. Reaction (1) can be carried out
quantitatively at a PH of 10 using Erichrome black-T indicator. Since the
reaction involves the liberations of H+ ions a buffer mixture has to be
used to maintain a PH of 10. The buffer mixture used in the titration is
NH3 NH4 Cl. The hardness of water is usually expressed in terms of
ppm (Parts per million) of CaCO3. Since EDTA (free acid) is sparingly
soluble, its disodium salt, Na2H2Y, is used for preparing the reagent.
Procedure:
Part A: Preparation of a Standard EDTA Solution Weigh accurately the
given EDTA crystals using an electronic weighing balance. Note the
weight, transfer the crystals carefully into a funnel placed over a 250 cm3
volumetric flask and note down the empty weight of the weighing bottle.
Add few drops of ammonia and pour ion exchange water through the
funnel allowing all the crystals to run down into the flask. Wash the
funnel with ion exchange water and remove the funnel. Dissolve the
crystals by swirling the flask gently. Add some more water if needed.
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, S.I.E.T., TUMKUR.
135
Calculations:
Volume of EDTA consumed =.cm3
1000 cm3 1 M EDTA = 100 g CaCO3 (Molecular mass of CaCO3 = 100)
cm3 of .M EDTA = ..cm3 x M x 100
g of CaCO3
1000 x 1
25 cm3 of the water sample contains
g of CaCO3
ppm of CaCO3
= pm of CaCO3
Result: The Hardness of the given water sample = ppm of
CaCO3
8.04. What is meant by Alkalinity?
4 Marks
Alkalinity in water arises due to the substances that can cause the
formation of hydroxyl ions & in turn can react with strong acids.
Substances that cause the alkalinity in water are of three types.
Hydroxides (NaOH, Ca(OH) etc)
Carbonates (Na2CO3, CaCO3, etc)
Bicarbonates (NaHCO3, Ca (HCO3)2etc.)
When a sample of alkaline water is treated with a strong acid such as
HCL, the following reactions occur.
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, S.I.E.T., TUMKUR.
136
137
when phenolphthalein is used , only after the two reactions (I&II) before
the III reaction occur, the color change observed & that indicate the end
point.
Alkalinity with phenolphthalein = Alkalinity due to hydroxyls + 1/2
Alkalinity due to Carbonates.
Procedure.
Pipette out 100ml water sample into a clean conical flask. Add
two drops of Methyl Orange indicator. Titrate against standard (say
0.02N) HCL till the color of the solution changes sharply from yellow to
orange. Let the volume of HCL consumed be Xml.
To another 100ml sample of water, add two drops of Phenolphthalein.
Titrate against standard (say 0.02N)HCL till the color of the solution
changes sharply from pink to colorless. Let the volume of HCL consumed
be Yml.
Calculations.
a) Alkalinity due to methyl orange.
1000ml of 1N HCl is equivalent to 50 g of CaCO3 (50 being the
equivalent weight of CaCO3).
1ml of 1 N HCL is equivalent to 50/1000 g of CaCO3
Xml of 0.02 N HCL is equivalent to 50XxX 0.02/1000 g of CaCO3
10 6ml of water sample contains 50XxX0.02X106/1000X100 g of CaCO3
= Xg of CaCO3
i.e. Alkalinity of methyl orange = 10X PPM of CaCO3 equivalent
b) Alkalinity due to Phenolphthalein.
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, S.I.E.T., TUMKUR.
138
139
140
8Marks
141
Procedure
1 Transfer 200ml of water sample to a beaker
2 Add conc. Hydrochloric acid drop wise till to become just acidic.
& add three drops in excess.
3 Boil the sample to reduce the volume to 50ml.
4 Add hot barium chloride solution (10 %) slowly with constant
stirring until all the sulphate is precipitated.
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, S.I.E.T., TUMKUR.
142
Calculation:
Weight of BaSO4 be W g
233.3 g BaSO4 contains 96.0g of SO42W g of BaSO4 contains 96.3 X W g of SO42- = mg
233.3
Sulphate = m X 1000 mg/L
200
8.11. Define biological oxygen demand
2Marks
6 Marks
144
145
2 Marks
Water that fit for human consumption & meets the stringent
microbiological & chemical standards of quality to prevent waterborne
diseases & health risks from toxic chemicals is called potable water.
8.15 Define Desalination and explain the methods of desalination.
6 Marks
The process of partial or complete demineralization of highly saline
water such as the sea water is referred to desalination.
Methods of desalination.
Reverse Osmosis.
146
Source
Ill effects
Cadmium
Chromium
Plating wastes
Lead
Discharges
Carcinogenic
from Severe
dysfunction
of
147
Mineral
processing
operations,organomercury
fungicides,discarded
batteries,amalgams,toothfi
llings.
Arsenic
Radioactive
wastes
Erosion
of
natural Skin
damage,prolems
with
deposits,runoff
from circulatory systems, increased
otchards,runoff from glass risk of getting cancer.
& electronics production
wastes.
Pesticides
Agricultural practices
Cyanide
Headache,
dizziness.
Large
quantities may damage central
nervous system.
Objective Questions:
1) The indicator used for the estimation of total hardness of a given water
sample by EDTA method is
a) Starch b) EBT c) Ferroin d) Methyl orange
2) Temporary hardness of water is caused due to the presence of
a) Calcium carbonate b) Calcium chloride
c) Magnesium bi carbonate d) None
3) The method used for desalination of water is
a) zeolite process b) Lime soda process c) Ion exchange process
d) Distillation
4) The indicator used in the determination of chloride content of water
sample by Mohrs method.
a) Phenolphthalein b) K2Cr2O4 c) Starch d) Ferroin
5) Permanent hardness of water is caused due to the presence of
a) Calcium carbonate b) Calcium chloride
c) Magnesium bi carbonate d) All
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, S.I.E.T., TUMKUR.
148
149
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Discuss the different types of Impurities present in natural
with examples
2. What is water analysis?
3. Explain the method of Determining the Total Hardness of
Water
4. What is meant by Alkalinity?
5. Explain the method of Determining the Alkalinity in water
6. Explain the method of determining the Chloride content in
water
7. Explain the method of determining the Fluoride content in
water.
8. Explain the method of Determining the Nitrate in water.
9. Explain the method of determining the Sulphate content in
water by colorimetric method
10.Explain the method of determining sulphate content in water by
gravimetric method.
11.Define biological oxygen demand
12.Define COD.
13.Explain the Sewage Treatment
14.Define Potable water
15.Define Desalination and explain the methods of desalination.
16.What are Hazardous chemicals? Explain the ill effects of
Hazardous chemicals
150
151
PART B
5. a. What is electroplating? Give the technological importance of metal
finishing.
(04 Marks)
b. Explain the following factors influencing the nature of deposit:
i) Complexing agents ii) Brighteners iii) Levellers and iv) wetting
agents.
(08 Marks)
c. Discuss the electroless plating of copper on PCB.
(04 Marks)
d. Write a note on over voltage governing the metal finishing(04 Marks)
6. a. Explain the following with examples
i) Thermotropic liquid crystal and ii) Lyotropic liquid crystal(06 Marks)
b. What is homologues series? Explain the liquid crystalline behaviour
of homologues of MBBA.
(06 Marks)
c. Discuss the instrumentation and applications of conductometric
estimation.
(08 Marks)
7. a. What are adhesives? Explain the synthesis and applications of
epoxy resin.
(06 Marks)
b. What are elastomers? Mention the advantages of synthetic
elastomers.
(04 Marks)
c. Give the synthesis and applications of butyl rubber.
(04 Marks)
d. Discuss the mechanism of conductance in Polyacetylene. (06 Marks)
8. a. What is potable water? Discuss the purification of water by reverse
osmosis process.
(05 Marks)
b. Explain the method of determining sulphate content in water by
gravimetric method.
(05 Marks)
c. Explain the determination of dissolved oxygen by Winkler method.
Give the involved.
(06 Marks)
d. Describe the secondary treatment of sewage by activated sludge
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, S.I.E.T., TUMKUR.
152
(06 Marks)
(05 Marks)
(05 Marks)
(04 Marks)
153
PART B
5. a. What is electro less plating? Mention its advantages.
(04 Marks)
b. Discuss the following factors influencing the nature of deposit:
1) Throwing power ii) pH of the electrolytic bath and
iii)Temperature.
(06 Marks)
c. Discuss the electroplating of gold and mention its applications.
(05 Marks)
d. Explain electrolessplating of copper and its applications. (05 Marks)
6 a. Distinguish between Thermotropic and Lyotropic liquid crystals with
examples
(06 Marks)
b. Explain the working of a liquid crystal in display systems.(06 Marks)
c. What are the advantages of instrumental methods?
(03 Marks)
d. Explain the estimation of amount of strong acid in a given solution
conductmetrically.
(05 Marks)
7 a. Define polymerization. Explain solution and suspension
polymerization techniques.
(05 Marks)
b. Give the synthesis properties and uses of: i) Teflon ii) Butyl
rubber.
(10 Marks)
c. What are conducting polymers? Give the structure of polyaniline and
mention its applications.
(05 Marks)
8 a. Discuss the types of impurities present in natural water. (04 Marks)
b. Explain the determination of hardness of water by complexometeric
method.
(06 Marks)
c. Explain the electodialysis method of desalination of water.(04 Marks)
d.Discuss determination of chloride by Argentometric method.
(06 Marks)
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, S.I.E.T., TUMKUR.
154
155
Part B
5. a. What is electroplating? Explain how the following factors influence
the nature of electrodeposit: i) Metal ion concentration. ii Wetting
agents.
(05 Marks)
b. Discuss the electro plating of chromium.
(05 Marks)
c. Mention the technological importance of metal finishing. (05 Marks)
d. Explain electroless plating of Nickel and its applications. (O8 Marks)
6 a. Discuss the instrumentation and applications of colorimetric
estimation.
(08Marks)
b. What are liquid crystals? Explain the molecular ordering in the
following liquid crystal phases: i) Nematic crystal phase ii) Chiral
Nematic phase iii) Smectic phase.
(08 Marks)
c. Distinguish between thermotropic and lyotrophic liquid crystals with
examples.
(04 Marks)
7 a. What are polymers? Explain the free radical mechanism of addition
polymerization, taking ethylene as an example.
(06 Marks)
b. What is glass transition temperature? Mention its significance.
Discuss any two factors affecting glass transition temperature.
(06 Marks)
c. Explain the manufacture of the following polymers and mention their
uses:
i) Phenol-formaldehyde ii) Polymethyl methacrylate.
(08 Marks)
8 a. Discuss the different types of impurities present in natural water
with examples.
(04 Marks)
b. Write a note on reverse osmosis.
(05 Marks)
c. Explain the method of determining sulphate content in water by
gravimetric method.
(06 Marks)
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, S.I.E.T., TUMKUR.
156
157
Part B
5 a. Define polarization, decomposition potential and over voltage.
Mention their significance with reference to electrode position.
(08 Marks)
b. How do the following affect the nature of electroplating?
i) Current density ii) temperature iii) pH iv) organic additives.
(08 Marks)
c. What is electro less plating? Mention any two advantages.
(04 Marks)
6 a. What are liquid crystals? Distinguish between thermotropic and
lyotropic liquid crystals with examples.
(06 Marks)
b. Explain the working of liquid crystals in display systems.
(06 Marks)
c. What are the advantages of conductometric titrations over
conventional titrations?
(03 Marks)
d. Explain the determination of concentration of an unknown
solution by colorimetric method.
(05 Marks)
7. a. Define polymerization. Explain different types of polymerization
processes with suitable examples.
(05 Marks)
b. Give synthesis and uses of the following polymers
i) Teflon ii)Neoprene
(06 Marks)
c. Write a note on compounding of resins.
(04 Marks)
d. Write preparation, properties and uses of epoxy resins. (05 Marks)
8. a. Explain temporary and permanent hardness of water. (04 Marks)
b. Define B.O.D and C.O.D and mention various steps involved in
sewage treatment.
(04 Marks)
c. Describe the argentometric method of estimation of chloride
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, S.I.E.T., TUMKUR.
158
159