DGA - Method

in the Past and

for the Future
Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG

Page 2

May 2012

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

1970

Doerenburg introduced the differentiation between electrical

and thermal failure mode and introduced ratios for fault gases
with similar solubility.

1973

Halstead developed the theoretical thermodynamic theory. The ratios

are temperature dependent. With increasing the hotspot the amount
of gases increases in the order: methane-ethane-ethylene.

1975

The evaluation scheme of the modern Gas-in-Oil Analysis is

developed by Rogers, Mueller, Schliesing, Soldner (MSS).

1995

Development of In-Line Monitoring

Page 3

May 2012

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

Different phenomena in oil take place like:

dielectric
thermal
Change/Ageing

dynamic
chemical

! Gas-in-Oil Analysis (DGA = Dissolved Gas Analysis)

Page 4

May 2012

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

The measurement of dissolved gases

allow the knowledge on

Type

Complexity

Seriousness

of event
Page 5

May 2012

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

Sampling

Page 6

May 2012

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

Sampling Container

! Perfectly cleaned & Dried

! Free from dust & moisture
! Airtight
! Glass or Metal cans, syringes

Page 7

May 2012

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

! Protect sample from direct light

! Avoid moisture & dust contamination
! Use the sampling containers exclusively
for transformer oil sampling

Page 8

May 2012

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

1 Handwheel
2 Sealing cap
3 Safety chain
4 Polyamid gasket
5 Nut
6 Drain valve
7 Hose and screw connector
8 Sampling bottle
9 Overflow vessel

Page 9

May 2012

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

Page 10

May 2012

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

Required information concerning oil sample(example)

Requested analysis:
Colour

ISO 2049

Appearance

IEC 60422

Neutralisationvalue

IEC 62021-1

Breakdownvoltage

IEC 60156

Water content

IEC 60814

Loss factor at50Hz

IEC 60247

Interfacial tension

ISO 6295

PCB-content

EN 12766-2

Furananalysis (DGA)

IEC 61198

Gas-in-oil-analysis

IEC 60567

Please fill in the following data:

Manufacturer:

FTNR (ManufacturingNo.):

Customer:

WNR (Order No.):

Location:

SampleNo.:

Year ofmanufacture:

Datesampletaken.:

Type:

Typeofoil

Power:

Quantity ofoil:

Rating:

Oiltemperaturein thesampletaken:

Sampletaken from:

Oil samplevalve

Oil drainagedevice
A 22/31/40DIN 42551

Others

Tank:

Top

Middle

Bottom

conservator

Transformer

OLTC

Bushing

OLTC

OLTC tank

Bushing
Others:
Reason for sampletaking:
Dateofoperationfault:
Dateofrepair :
Dateofoil treatment/reclaiming
Routinecheckup:
Further informations andprevious history:

Sampletaker:
Date
Lab information:

Page 11

Consecutiveno.:
Datesamplereceived:
Datesampleanalysed:
Typeofsamplecontainer:

May 2012

Nameinblock letters

Company/Department

Phone

specialfeatures:

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

Extraction of Gases
from the Oil

Page 12

May 2012

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

DGA. Toepler Pump

Page 13

May 2012

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

DGA. Partial Degassing

Page 14

May 2012

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

DGA. Headspace at Ambient Temperature

Page 15

May 2012

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

DGA. Headspace at 70C

Page 16

May 2012

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

Gaschromatographic Analysis

Page 17

May 2012

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

Gaschromatographic Analysis

Sample
injection

Carrier
Gas

Page 18

May 2012

Detector

Detector
gas

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

Failures which can be identified by DGA

! Partial discharges
! Electrical discharges
! Charcoal coating of contacts
! Accelerated cellulosic degradation
! Local overheating
! Untightness of OLTC tank
! Catalytic reactions of materials
! Additional information from BHR gas

Page 19

May 2012

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

Failures which can not be identified by DGA

! Incipient Failures
! Long lasting temperatures < 150 C

Page 20

May 2012

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

Interpretation Schemes

Page 21

May 2012

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

Duvals Triangle

Page 22

May 2012

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

Patterns
Electrical Discharges

Page 23

May 2012

Thermal Problem

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Partial Discharges

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

MSS Scheme
Ratio ranges

<0.3
0.3 to < 1.0
1.0 to < 3.0
3.0 to < 10.0
! 10.0
Diagnosis
Normal ageing of insultans
Discharge of high energy
Discharge of low energy
Partial discharge with high energy
Partial discharge with low energy
Local overheating up to 300 C
Local overheating from 300 C to 1000 C
Local overheating over 1000 C
Local overheating and discharge
Local overheating and partial discharge

[C2H2]
[C2H6]
0
1
1
2
2
0
2
2
1
1
0
0
1
1
0

n.i. = not indicative

Page 24

May 2012

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Ratio numbers
[H2]
[C2H4]
[C2H4]
[CH4]
[C2H6]
[C3H6]
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
2
1
3
3
1
3
Number sequences
0
0
0
1
1
2/3
2
1
2/3
3
0
n.i.
3
0
n.i.
0
0
1
0
1
2
0
1
2/3
1
1
2
3
1
2

[CO2]
[CO]
1
1
1
0
2
0
1
1
0
0
2
2
2
2
2
Siemens AG
Energy Sector

IEC Scheme

Page 25

May 2012

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

In case of quotient information it must be clear, that quotients

are only representative, if following values of the fault gases
(in ppm) are exceeded:

Page 26

May 2012

C2 H 2

!1

H2

! 15

" [CXHY] x=1;2;3

! 50

CO

! 80

CO2

! 200

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

DGA
Example thermal Problem
MSS-Code

00120

Fault gas

ppm

Hydrogen

H2

1967

Methane

CH4

8008

Ethane

C2H6

2013

Ethylene

C2H4

8323

Acetylene

C2H2

57

Propane

C3H8

401

Propylene

C3H6

4824

Carbon monoxide

CO

253

Carbon dioxide

CO2

1903

Oxygen

O2

18222

Nitrogen

N2

61662

Page 27

May 2012

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

MSS-Code

00120

Fault gas

ppm

Hydrogen

H2

Methane

CH4

1041

Ethane

C2H6

295

Ethylene

C2H4

1726

Acetylene

C2H2

25

Propane

C3H8

83

Propylene

C3H6

1012

Carbon monoxide

CO

1047

Carbon dioxide

CO2

6158

Oxygen

O2

11805

Nitrogen

N2

58084

Page 28

May 2012

Manufacturing year 1970

360 MVA
Carbon deposits on PLTC Contacts

537

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

Gas-in-Oil Analysis
Turn-to-Turn Fa
MSS-Code

21121

Fault gas

ppm

Hydrogen

H2

4973

Methane

CH4

1758

Ethane

C2H6

243

Ethylene

C2H4

2813

Acetylene

C2H2

8236

Propane

C3H8

58

Propylene

C3H6

1320

Carbon monoxide

CO

1196

Carbon dioxide

CO2

2431

Oxygen

O2

6743

Nitrogen

N2

44120

Page 29

May 2012

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

DGA
Thermal Problem with Partial Discharges
MSS-Code

00101

Fault gas

ppm

Hydrogen

H2

1060

Methane

CH4

2481

Ethane

C2H6

703

Ethylene

C2H4

2187

Acetylene

C2H2

Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide

CO
CO2

Page 30

May 2012

Manufacturing year 1991

234 MVA, 330 kV
Defective welding joint

450
995

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

DGA
Catalytical Effects
MSS-Code

?3??0

Fault gas

ppm

Hydrogen

H2

Methane

CH4

Ethane

C2H6

<1

Ethylene

C2H4

<1

Acetylene

C2H2

<1

Propane

C3H8

<1

Propylene

C3H6

<1

Carbon monoxide

CO

67

Carbon dioxide

CO2

222

Oxygen

O2

5180

Nitrogen

N2

23700

Page 31

May 2012

Manufacturing year 1977

Closed type
Color 0,5 / Acidity 0,01

488
1

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

DGA
Untight OLTC
MSS-Code

22122

Fault gas

ppm

Hydrogen

H2

Methane

CH4

25

Ethane

C2H6

Ethylene

C2H4

81

Acetylene

C2H2

288

Propane

C3H8

Propylene

C3H6

50

Carbon monoxide

CO

143

Carbon dioxide

CO2

1920

Oxygen

O2

24600

Nitrogen

N2

52000

Page 32

May 2012

128

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

DGA
Diagnostic Importance in Service

Page 33

May 2012

Ratios

Gas
increase
rates

Absolute
Values

Trend

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

Absolute Values

IEC 60599 (VDE 0370-7)

C2H2
All transformers

No OLTC

2
"
20

Communicating
OLTC

60
"
280

Page 34

May 2012

H2

CH4

C2H4

C2H6

CO

CO2

50
"
150

30
"
130

60
"
280

20
"
90

400
"
600

2800
"
14000

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

Ratios

a) Eliminates the effect of the oil volume

b) Eliminates some effects of sampling
c) Especially interesting is the ratio formation for fault
gases which exhibit similar solubilities, but their
development is temperature dependent
e. g. the thermodynamic considerations of Halstead.

Page 35

May 2012

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

Thermodynamcal considerations of Halstead

Page 36

May 2012

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

Gas Increase Rates

information on seriousness of failure

C2H2
All
0,01
transformers

H2

CH4

C2H4 C2H6

CO

CO2

0,36

0,33

0,40

2,9

27

0,25

! 90% gas increase source: Cigre TF11 in ppm/day

Gas increase rates are temperature and volume dependent

Page 37

May 2012

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

Trend Analysis
Development of the Fault Gases After Two Months of On-Line Monitoring
100

600

500

80
70

400

ppm CO 2

60
50

300

40
200
30
20
100

ppm H 2, CO,CH 4, C2 H4, C2 H6, top oil (C)

90

Carbon Dioxide
Hydrogen
Methane
Carbon Monoxide
Ethane
Ethylene
top oil temp C

10
0
1.7.08

0
11.7.08

21.7.08

31.7.08

10.8.08

20.8.08

30.8.08

9.9.08

Sa m pling da te

Page 38

May 2012

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

Trend Analysis

40

35
5

top oil (C)

25

20

15
2

40

Ratio C 2H 4/C 2H 6, CH 4 /H2

30

10
1

35
5

30

top oil (C)

20

15
2

1.7.08

Ratio C 2H 4/C 2H 6, CH 4 /H2

4
25

0
11.7.08
Top oil Temperature (C)

21.7.08

31.7.08

10.8.08

20.8.08

30.8.08

9.9.08

Sa m pling da te

C2H4/C2H6
CH4/H2

10

! Trendanalysis is important not only with absolute values,

but also with the ratios.
1

1.7.08

11.7.08

21.7.08

31.7.08

10.8.08

20.8.08

30.8.08

9.9.08

Sa m pling da te

Page 39

May 2012

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

Top

C2H

CH

On-Line Monitoring

# Early failure recognition

# Diagnosis is only possible with the sofisticated types where IEC
ratios can be built
Cigre TF 15 DGA did a comparison between On-Line monitoring
systems and Off-Line analyses. The brochure is on the way.
Evaluated are:
" Precision
" Longterm stability
" Repeatability
In case of
" Routine concentrations, d.h. 5 * Detection Limit
" Low Concentrations, d. h. 2-5*Detection Limit
Page 40

May 2012

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

Recommendation of Cigre A2.27

for On-LineMonitoring

# Necessary in case a problem has been identified

# Often, however, difficult to maintain
# Interfaces can lead to problems
# Able to deliver important information
in a short time
# Does not automatically lead to higher reliability

Page 41

May 2012

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

What can be measured on-line:

! Temperature
! Current, Voltage
! OLTC
! Oil level
! Gas-in-l Analysis
! Humidity in oil
! Bushings
! Acoustic Signals
! Magnetic Circuit
! Coolers
Page 42

May 2012

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

More Data does not mean automatically

more Information
Data Explosion1) (Total Exabytes)
200
150
100
50
0
2002

2003

2004

2005

1) Exa = 1016 = 10 Mil of Billions

Page 43

May 2012

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

2006

2007
Siemens AG
Energy Sector

Transformer Failure Rate

$ Failure rate

Failure at
Comissioning

Failure because
of aging

Constant failure rate

Page 44

May 2012

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Aging / years %
Siemens AG
Energy Sector

Future Developments

# Further development of the On-Line analysis

with decision criteria
# Gas-in-oil analysis in OLTC
# Gas-in-oil analysis in alternative insulation fluids
and high temperature insulating materials

Page 45

May 2012

Ivanka Atanasova-Hhlein

Siemens AG
Energy Sector

Thank you
for your attention!

Siemens AG