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Differentiate Between Hsdpa and WiMAX PDF
Differentiate Between Hsdpa and WiMAX PDF
HSDPA
Abstract
HSDPA and Mobile WiMAX are high speed mobile technologies with different
backgrounds. HSDPA is a data enhancement for a voice-centric 3GPP system while
WiMAX is data-centric broadband technology that has an added feature of mobility.
To investigate how the technical advantages and limitations of those technologies affect
their feasibility as investment choices, first a general overview and comparison is given.
Thereafter the deployment cost and operating cost over 10 years is estimated for the case
of a new market entrant. This is done for the specific case of the city of Reykjavk.
Radio planning assumptions and link budget calculations are made. This affects the
network dimensioning, which in turn determines the infrastructure cost.
As Reykjavk is a city with few inhabitants but a large area, coverage had more affect on
the infrastructure cost than the capacity. Another factor that made the networks less
sensitive to capacity limitations was that the system model did not consider interference.
The 60% longer radius of HSDPA gave it an advantage in economic feasibility while 70
% higher throughput for Mobile WiMAX did not give any economic advantage under the
considered assumptions.
If the cell radius of the two technologies is set to be of the same length the outcome of
the business cases is very similar. Variations in cell radius has a big impact on the NPV
and IRR of both business cases while changing the average channel throughput has a
little impact.
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1.SminnandtheIcelandictelecommarket
1.2.ProblemDefinition
1.3.Approach
5.Results
5.1.NPV,IRRandcashbalancecurves
5.2Comparison
5.3.1Businesscasesensitivity
5.3.2Radioplanningandsystemmodelsensitivity
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6.1Conclusions
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6.2FutureWork
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References
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List of tables
Table 1. MCS levels and DL PHY data rates in Mobile WiMAX [5]............................. 17
Table 2. Some features of W-CDMA ............................................................................... 25
Table 3. HSDPA terminal capability categories [15] ...................................................... 30
Table 4. Peak data rates with number of codes fixed at 15 [15],[10] .............................. 30
Table 5. Differences between WCDMA (R99) and HSDPA ......................................... 32
Table 6. Comparison of some of the features of Mobile WiMAX and HSDPA ............. 36
Table 7. Model Parameters. ............................................................................................. 43
Table 8. Uplink link budget ............................................................................................. 45
Table 9. Downlink link budget ........................................................................................ 46
Table 10. Common system parameters for HSDPA and Mobile WiMAX...................... 49
Table 11. System specific parameters.............................................................................. 49
Table 12. SINR for different MCS levels, IEEE 802.16e [24], [31] ............................... 51
Table 13. HSDPA Rx sensitivity for different MCS levels. [27] .................................... 52
Table 14. Rx sensitivity for mobile WiMAX (5 and 10 MHz). [24], [38], [31]............. 52
Table 15. Cell radius, for HSDPA and Mobile WiMAX (5 MHz and 10 MHz)............. 53
Table 16. Distribution of modulation and coding schemes, HSDPA. ............................. 54
Table 17. Distribution of modulation and coding schemes, mobile WiMAX 10 MHz... 55
Table 18. Distribution of modulation and coding schemes, mobile WiMAX, 5 MHz.... 56
Table 19. WiMAX, peak data rates for different modulation and coding schemes.......... 56
Table 20. HSDPA peak data rates for different modulation and coding schemes........... 56
Table 21. A prediction of the mobile broadband market ................................................. 59
Table 22. Installation and site cost................................................................................... 60
Table 23. ARPU (Average Revenue/User) and data rate for 3 subscription types. [4] .. 60
Table 24. Cell radius and average throughput ................................................................. 61
Table 25. Nr. of BSs needed to fulfill coverage and capacity requirements. ................... 62
Table 26.Required investment capital, NPV and IRR for Mobile WiMAX 10 MHz ...... 65
Table 27.Required investment capital, NPV and IRR for Mobile WiMAX 5 MHz ........ 65
Table 28.Required investment capital, NPV and IRR for HSDPA .................................. 65
Table 29.Comparison of WiMAX with 5 MHz bandwidth and 10 MHz bandwidth ....... 67
Table 30. Comparison of HSDPA and mobile WiMAX (5 MHz BW). ........................... 68
List of figures
Figure 1. The layers of the OSI model, and the Data Link sublayers, LLC and MAC. .. 15
Figure 2. Network Architecture of Mobile WiMAX ........................................................ 20
Figure 3. UMTS network architecture ............................................................................. 33
Figure 4. Distribution of MCS, HSDPA........................................................................... 55
Figure 5. Distribution of MSC for WiMAX 10 MHz....................................................... 55
Figure 6. Distribution of MCS for mobile WiMAX 5 MHz............................................ 56
Figure 7. Example of a cash balance curve...................................................................... 64
Figure 8. Cash balance curve for mobile WiMAX 10 MHz............................................ 66
Figure 9. Cash balance curve for mobile WiMAX 5 MHz.............................................. 66
Figure 10. Cash balance curve for HSDPA ..................................................................... 66
Figure 11.Sensitivity on cell radius. ................................................................................. 69
Figure 12. Sensitivity on channel throughput .................................................................. 70
Figure 13. Sensitivity on penetration levels..................................................................... 71
List of abbreviations
AMC Adaptive Modulation and Coding
ARPU Average Revenue Per User
BS (BST) Base Station
BW Bandwidth
CAPEX Capital Expenditures
CPE Customer Premises Equipment
dB Decibel
dBi dB isotropic
dBm dB milliwatt
DL Down Link
DVB Digital Video Broadcasting
EIRP Effective Isotropic Radiated Power
FDD Frequency Division Duplex
H-ARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request
HSDPA High-Speed Downlink Packet Access
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IP Internet Protocol
IRR Internal Rate of Return
LOS Line of Sight
MAPL Maximum Allowable Path Loss
MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme
MMS Multimedia Messaging Service
MS Mobile Station
NLOS None Line of Sight
NPV Net Present Value
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
OPEX Operative Expenditures
PDA Personal Digital Assistant
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QoS Quality of Service
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
SNR Signal to Noise Ratio
TDD Time Division Duplex
UL Up Link
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol
WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
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1. Introduction
1.1. Sminn and the Icelandic telecom market
The work in this thesis has been requested by the Icelandic Telecom company, Sminn1.
Sminn has carried out studies on both fixed and mobile WiMAX in collaboration with
other European operators within Eurescom (The European Institute for collaborative
research and strategic studies) and has been deploying fixed WiMAX in summer cottage
areas in an experimental purpose. Recently Sminn started deployment of an UMTS
network with HSDPA included in Iceland.
The Icelandic market is in many ways interesting. It is small, but developed and there is
a high purchasing power. The consumers are open to new products and technologies. For
an example, Iceland has the highest ADSL penetration in the world and a year after
Sminn started its IPTV service 19 % of the Icelandic households were subscribing,
which is a world record [1]. Still the Icelandic market is difficult because of the
countrys small population and the relatively big size of the island. One of the main
purposes of a special law, Act8/20052 on Third Generation Mobile Telephony, is to
guarantee that the rural areas will not be left out when it comes to 3G. This act applies to
the allocation of frequency ranges 1900-1980 MHz, 2010-2025 MHz and 2110-2170
MHz [2] Two thirds of the Icelandic population lives in the Reykjavik area, which makes
it by far the best area from market perspective.
No frequency band has yet been assigned for TDD in Iceland but it is likely that the
Icelandic Post and Telecom Agency will follow other European countries and the CEPT 3
recommendations. Hence it is likely that the frequency band 2500-2690 MHz will be
allocated partly for TDD and there will be a change for operators to deploy WiMAX
there.
1.2. Problem Definition
The objective of this thesis is to provide a techno-economic comparison of two wireless
broadband technologies, Mobile WiMAX and HSDPA. The comparison is divided into
two parts. The first part is a general overview and comparison of the two technology
standards. In the second part the deployment cost and operating cost over 10 years in
terms of CAPEX, OPEX and estimated revenues is estimated, for the case of a new
market entrant. The investigations will be performed for the city of Reykjavk.
1
Sminn is the largest telecommunication operator in Iceland. Its range of services includes fixed and
mobile subscriptions, Broadband/DSL, Live TV and Centrex network solutions. Sminn has about 80%
market share in fixed line telephony, 65% in the mobile telephony and 56% market share as an ISP.
Sminn operates a GSM network reaching 98% of the population and since September 2007 an UMTS
network that covers Reykjavik, Keflavik and Akureyri. [1]
The law states how frequencies should be assigned and what conditions the operators have to fulfill to
get the frequency license. The country is divided into four areas and the service has to reach 60% of
each of them. The law also states how fast the operator has to obtain this coverage. A better coverage
gives discount. The duration of the right to use the frequencies is 15 years per each block.
The European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations.
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1.3. Approach
Methodology
This thesis is partly based on studies on Mobile WiMAX carried out by Sminn in
collaboration with a few other European incumbent operators within Eurescom.
The Eurescom project aimed to clarify the role and usefulness of mobile WiMAX by
performing a set of business case analysis. To perform the analysis first radio planning
assumptions and link budget calculations were done, as this affects the network
dimensioning, which in turn determines the infrastructure cost. [3], [4]
In this thesis we will use the similar methodology but only one business case will be
considered, the one for a new entrant and the analysis will be performed for two
technologies, Mobile WiMAX and HSDPA.
In the first part of the thesis the subject will be introduced by giving an overview of the
two wireless broadband standards, this is covered in chapter 2. In this overview the
technical characteristics of both standards will be studied and a comparison between them
given. Other aspects like market position and future development will be briefly
discussed.
The second part, the techno-economic analysis, is covered in chapters 3, 4 and 5.
In chapter 3, a framework for the comparison is established by introducing system
models and establishing radio-planning assumptions. Then these assumptions are used to
do the network dimensioning that will give us two important parameters for the technoeconomic analysis, the cell radius and average throughput per channel.
In chapter 4 a framework for the business analysis is established and in chapter 5 the
results are presented and further analyzed in a sensitivity analysis. In chapter 6 the
conclusions are presented and discussed.
Tool
The OPEX and CAPEX calculations will be carried out by adapting a spreadsheet-based
model created by Telenor and used in the Eurescom project that this study is partly based
on. The tool was created to calculate the economical feasibility of a Mobile WiMAX
Business Case. This tool has been chosen for several reasons. First of all it fits the
purpose of this thesis well as it provides the output parameters we are looking for and
takes into account all aspects that we are interested in. It is also simple to alter to fit our
needs.
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2.1.1 Background
WiMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access and is a wireless
broadband communication system defined in the IEEE 802.16 industry standards. The
WiMAX Forum is an organization formed to promote conformance and interoperability
of the IEEE 802.16 standards.
The IEEE 802.16-2004 (802.16.d) standard, also known as the fixed WiMAX standard,
was approved by IEEE in June 2004. It provides fixed, point-to-multi point broadband
wireless access service and is primarily used as a wireless metropolitan area network
(WMAN).
In 2005 IEEE approved the mobile WiMAX amendment, IEEE 802.16e-2005 (802.16.e).
In the 802.16e-2005 amendment the most important addition to the previous standards is
mobility with specifications of mobility management, extensible authentication protocol
(EAP) and handover.
Mobile WiMAX is based upon Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
(OFDMA).
Some of the features of Mobile WiMAX are:
High Data Rates: Can theoretically support peak download data rates up to 63
Mb/s per sector and peak upload data rates up to 28 Mb/s per sector in a 10 MHz
channel, when MIMO 2*2 is used and DL:UL ratio is 1:0 and 0:1 respectively.
Quality of Service (QoS): QoS measures for WiMAX include service
availability, data throughput, delay, jitter, and error rate.
Scalability: Mobile WiMAX has been designed to be able to work in different
channel bandwidths from 1.25 to 20 MHz.
Mobility: Optimized handover schemes with latencies less than 50 milliseconds
and flexible key management schemes are supported. Mobile WiMAX has been
tested for speeds up to 120 km/h.
[5]
These features make the technology suitable for a range of applications. Among the
applications that have been suggested for mobile WiMAX is to provide high speed data
services and other Internet services like VoIP for fixed, nomadic and mobile terminals, to
provide a wireless alternative to cable or DSL for last mile broadband access and to
connect hotspots with each other and the rest of the Internet. The only application we
will consider is the high speed Internet service to fixed, nomadic and mobile users.
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2.1.2 Technology
The IEEE 802 standards are a family of standards dealing with local area networks
(LANs) and metropolitan area networks (MANs). The standards mainly focus on the
lowest 2 layers of the Reference Model for Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)[6], the
Data Link layer and the Physical (PHY) layer. Furthermore, IEEE 802 splits the Data
Link Layer into two sub-layers, the Logical Link Control (LLC) sub layer and the Media
Access Control (MAC) sub layer. In broadband wireless networks, most of the things
happen in the MAC layer and the PHY (Air Interface) layer.
Figure 1. The layers of the OSI model, and the Data Link sublayers, LLC and
MAC.
The Physical layer
At the first level of the seven level OSI model there is the Physical layer, the most basic
network layer. Its main functions are providing an interface to physical transmission
media, modulation, coding, bit synchronization, flow control and circuit mode
multiplexing. [7]
Mobile WiMAX (802.16e-2005) uses a physical layer mode called scalable Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiple Access (sOFDMA PHY) mode.
OFDM
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is a multiplexing technique that divides the
input data stream into a large number of parallel substreams of reduced data rate and each
substream is modulated and transmitted on a separate orthogonal subcarrier. Each
subcarrier is modulated with a conventional modulation scheme. The reduced data rate
causes the symbol duration to increase and hence improves the robustness of OFDM to
delay spread. Because of the subcarriers orthogonality there will be no cross talk between
them, even though their spectra is very close or overlapping. By allowing the subcarriers
to overlap, the spectrum required is reduced and the bandwidth efficiency is increased.
OFDM signals are generated with efficient Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT), which
enables a large number of subcarriers (up to 2048) with low complexity. In the time
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domain the resources of an OFDM system are available by means of OFDM symbols and
in the frequency domain by means of subcarriers. For allocation to individual users the
time and frequency resources can be organized into subchannels. [5]
OFDMA
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access is a multiple-access/multiplexing
scheme that divides the channel in such a way that many users can share it. An
individual subcarrier or a group of subcarriers are assigned to different users and thus the
users can all use the same channel simultaneously.[8]
In other words OFDMA is a multi-user version of OFDM where subsets of subcarriers
can be assigned to different users. Different number of subcarriers can be assigned to
different users according to channel conditions and the type of service the user is
requesting. This is comparable to CDMA and how spreading codes can be used to assign
different users with different data rates.
Scalable OFDMA (S-OFDMA) is the modulation/multiple-access method used in
Mobile WiMAX to address the problem of different channel sizes in different countries.
With the scalability IEEE 802.16-2005 can support channel sizes ranging from 1.25 MHz
to 20 MHz. This is done by adjusting the FFT size based on channel size or bandwidth
while keeping the subcarrier frequency spacing fixed at 10.94 kHz.
Since the resource unit subcarrier bandwidth and symbol duration is fixed, the impact to
higher layers is minimal when scaling the bandwidth. [5]
To do the sub-channelization there are two types of subcarrier permutations:
1. Diversity permutation that draws subcarriers pseudo-randomly to form a
subchannel. This provides frequency diversity and inter-cell interference
averaging.
2. Contiguous permutations, which groups a block of contiguous subcarriers to form
a subchannel.
The diversity permutations include DL FUSC (Fully Used SubCarrier), DL PUSC
(Partially Used SubCarrier) and UL PUSC. The contiguous permutations include DL
AMC (Adaptive Modulation and coding) and UL AMC. AMC permutation enables
multi-user diversity by choosing the sub-channel with the best frequency response.
Diversity permutation is best suited for mobile applications, while contiguous
permutation works best for fixed, portable and low-mobility situations.
Time Division Duplex (TDD) frame structure
The 802.16-2005 PHY does support TDD and Full and Half-Duplex FDD operation but
TDD is the preferred duplexing mode and FDD will only be considered to address
specific market opportunities.
When using TDD only one channel is required for both downlink and uplink as opposed
to the two separate frequency channels of FDD. The advantages of TDD are that it
enables adjustment of the downlink/uplink ratio to efficiently support asymmetric
downlink/uplink traffic instead of fixed and equal DL and UL bandwidths. The ratio
between the uplink and downlink determines how time is split between them, for example
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the ratio 2:1 means that the UL gets two times more time for transmission than the
uplink. TDD also supports channel reciprocity, which is important when using MIMO
and other closed loop advanced antenna technologies. Transceiver designs are also
simpler for TDD implementations than FDD. On the other hand the discontinuous
transmission and reception of TDD reduces the average power of the system. [5], [9]
Modulation and Coding
In Mobile WiMAX support for QPSK, 16 QAM and 64 QAM is mandatory in the DL but
in the UL 64 QAM is optional.
Both Convolutional Code and Convolutional Turbo
Code are supported.
The coding and modulation schemes supported in Mobile WiMAX can be seen in table 1.
To show how it is possible to vary the data rates by choosing different MCS levels, the
different PHY DL data rates for different MCS levels are also shown in Table 1 (for
PUSC mode and 10 MHz channel).
Modulation
Code rate
QPSK
1/2 (CTC)
6,34 Mb/s
QPSK
3/4 (CTC)
9,50 Mb/s
16 QAM
1/2 (CTC)
12,67 Mb/s
16 QAM
3/4 (CTC)
19,01 Mb/s
64 QAM
1/2 (CTC)
19,01 Mb/s
64 QAM
2/3 (CTC)
25,34 Mb/s
64 QAM
3/4 (CTC)
28, 51 Mb/s
64 QAM
5/6 (CTC)
31,68 Mb/s
Table 1. MCS levels and DL PHY data rates in Mobile WiMAX [5]
Other features of the PHY layer
The term Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) is used to denote the matching of
the modulation, coding and other signal and protocol parameters to the conditions on the
radio link.
Hybrid Auto Repeat Request (HARQ) is a feature that enables fast response to packet
errors and asynchronous operation, with a variable delay between retransmissions.
Fast Channel Feedback (CQICH): A Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) channel is used
to provide channel-state information from the user terminals to the base station scheduler.
Relevant channel-state information that is fed back by the CQI channel includes: Physical
CINR, effective CINR, MIMO mode selection and frequency selective subchannel
selection.
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All combined HARQ, CQICH and AMC provide robust link adaptation in mobile
environments.
The MAC (Media Access Control) Layer:
At the second level of the OSI model there is the Data Link layer that can be divided into
two sub-layers, MAC and LCC. The MAC sub-layer serves as an interface between the
physical layer and the LCC sub-layer. It provides channel access control mechanisms
and addressing mechanisms (MAC address) that make communication between terminals
and/or networks possible. Also it provides the protocol and control mechanisms that are
required for several stations to share the same physical medium.
The MAC layer of the IEEE 802.16-2005 is quite complex and advanced. The main
features are the following:
Quality of Service (QoS):
Is a term that refers to control mechanisms that can provide different priority to different
users or data flows, or guarantee a certain level of performance in accordance with
requests from the application program.
For certain types of network traffic a defined QoS is required. For example:
Voice over IP (VOIP): Requires maximum latency tolerance, jitter tolerance and
maximum sustained rate.
Streaming multimedia: Minimum reserved rate, maximum sustained rate, latency
tolerance and traffic priority.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP): Maximum sustained rate, minimum reserved rate
and traffic priority.
Data transfer, web browsing: Maximum sustained rate, traffic priority.
In the Mobile WiMAX MAC layer, QoS is provided via service flows. First the base
station (BS) and the user-terminal establish a unidirectional logical link between the peer
MACs. The QoS parameters associated with the specific kind of data to be transmitted
define the transmission ordering and scheduling on the air interface. For whatever
service is in use the parameters can be dynamically managed through Media Access
Control (MAC) messages. This QoS mechanism applies to both DL and UL for a better
QoS in both directions. [5]
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Power Management
To enable power-efficient MS operation Mobile WiMAX supports Sleep Mode and Idle
Mode. In Sleep Mode the MS conducts pre-negotiated periods of absence from the
Serving Base Station air interface to minimize power usage and usage of the Serving
Base Station air interface resources. In Idle Mode the MS is periodically available for
DL broadcast traffic messaging without registration at a specific BS.
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Handoff
The IEEE 802.16e-2005 standard supports three types of handoff:
Hard Handoff (HHO): Is the mandatory mode and has been improved with the
goal of keeping Layer 2 delays to less than 50 milliseconds.
Fast Base Station Switching (FBSS): Is an optional mode. The set of BS that
support FBSS is called an Active Set and one of the BS is defined as the Anchor BS.
When operating in this mode the MS only communicates with the Anchor BS. At every
time the MS chooses the BS with the strongest signal to be the Anchor BS.
Macro Diversity Hand-over (MDHO). Is an optional mode. The BSs that
support MDHO are part of an Active Set maintained by the MS and BS. One of the BSs
in the Active Set is defined as the Anchor BS. As opposed to FBSS in MDHO the Ms
communicates with all BSs in the Active set, but the regular mode of operation is the
particular case when there is only one BS in the Active Set. In the DL diversity
combining is performed at the MS as two or more BSs provide synchronized
transmission of MS downlink data. In the UL selection diversity is performed as the
transmission from a MS is received by multiple BSs.
Network Architecture
The end-to-end network architecture is not part of the IEEE 802.16e-2005 standard. As
IEEE usually only defines the PHY and MAC layers. However operators and vendors
have formed working groups to define standard network reference models. In Figure 2 a
basic view of the all-IP Mobile WiMAX network can be seen.
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User Terminals: Mobile, portable and fixed devices with WiMAX support. This could
be for example cellular phones, MIDs (Mobile Internet Devices), UMPCs (Ultra Mobile
PCs), laptops or Desktops.
Access Service Network (ASN): Provides a way to connect user terminals using
OFDMA air interface to an IP backbone with session continuity (a session is not drop
when user moves between wireless environment). An ASN consists of BSs and Access
Gateways. The set of network functions in ASN include:
Network discovery and selection of the preferred CSN/NSP (Network Service Provider)
Network entry with IEEE 802.16e-2005 based layer 2 connectivity and AAA proxy.
Relay function for IP Connectivity.
Radio Resource Management.
Multicast and Broadcast Control.
Foreign agent functionality for inter-ASN mobility
Paging and Location Management.
Data forwarding.
Service flow authorization.
Quality of Service.
Admission Control and Policing.
Connectivity Service Network (CSN): is defined as a set of network functions that
provide IP connectivity services to the mobile subscribers. A CSN consists of network
elements such as routers, AAA(Authentication, Authorization, Accounting)
proxy/servers, user databases and Interworking gateway devices. A CSN is deployed by a
NSP. AAA or Home Agent residing in CSN allocates the IP address. AAA also performs
authentication, authorization, and accounting. Communication is through a RADIUS
protocol. The policy server residing in the CSN is responsible to store the policy and QoS
info of each subscriber, which is communicated to ASN during service flow creation.
CSN is also responsible to access other IP networks.
Spatial Multiplexing: To enhance the peak data transmission rate and overall
throughput by using multiple streams with multiple antennas.
Space-Time Coding: A transmission diversity method for enhancing transmission
robustness.
Beamforming: The received signal gain is improved and interference reduced
with better coverage, higher capacity and reduced outage probability.
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By using Adaptive MIMO Switching (AMS) between multiple MIMO modes, the MIMO
system can use the transmission techniques one at a time or all together as is best at each
time. In that way the spectral efficiency can be maximized with no reduction in coverage
area.
Fractional Frequency Reuse
To maximize spectral efficiency Mobile WiMAX support the frequency reuse of one. In
other words every cell/sector uses the same frequency. Normally, this can lead to heavy
cochannel interference (CCI) and reduction in connection quality, especially for users at
the cell edge. However, since in Mobile WiMAX each user operates on a subchannel
that only occupies a small fraction of the bandwidth, configuring subchannel usage can
significantly reduce the interference.
Multicast and Broadcast Service (MBS)
MBS is a technology that can be used to broadcast (or multicast) multimedia , similar to
DVB-H, MediaFLO and DMB. MBS uses a Single Frequency Network (SFN) to obtain
high data rate and coverage. It supports flexible allocation of radio resources, has low
MS power consumption and low channel switching time.
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2.2.1 Background
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is a third generation mobile
phone technology. The most popular variant of UMTS uses Wideband Code Division
Multiple Access (WCDMA) as the underlying air interface. In addition to the traditional
services like speech and sms, UMTS also offers bearer services to transmit data between
access points.
HSDPA is an UMTS based standard defined in 3GPPs Release 5.
The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is a collaboration agreement between
ETSI (Europe), ARIB/TTC(Japan), CCSA(China), ATIS(US) and TTA(Korea) and has
the aim to make a global 3G system specifications within the scope of ITUs IMT-2000
project. The 3GPP standards are structured as Releases. The first UMTS 3G networks
are specified in Release 99 and incorporate a WCDMA air interface. Release 5
introduces HSDPA, which offers significantly higher data capacity and data-user speeds
on the downlink compared to R99 releases.
HSDPA is in the family of HSPA protocols that are developed to improve and extend the
performance of existing UMTS protocols. HSPA was initially designed to support high
bit rate non-real time services but simulations show that HSPA provides capacity also for
low bit rate, low-latency applications like VoIP. Releases 6 and 7 further improve the
efficiency of HSDPA for VoIP and similar services.
Terminals need to support HSDPA but can coexist with R99 terminals. The HSPA
solution builds on top of the WCDMA radio network, reusing all network elements. The
first HSDPA networks were launched in the late 2005. [10]
Some of the new features of HSDPA are:
Scheduling functions are moved from the RNC to the BS, reducing latency and enabling
fast scheduling.
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2.2.2 Technology
3GPPs Release 99 specified the first UMTS 3G network. The technology used in R99
systems is called W-CDMA. HSDPA is a high speed data enhancement to WCDMA
systems like EDGE was for GSM/GPRS and will most often be deployed with an R99
system. That is WCDMA is used for voice and HSDPA for data on the same network,
they will thus have to share bandwidth and power. In this paper we will assume a
network that will only use HSDPA. However to understand HSDPA an understanding of
WCDMA (R99) is necessary. HSDPA is evolved from and backward compatible with
Release 99 WCDMA systems.
Basic Concepts of UMTS
W-CDMA (the air interface): Is an air interface based on Direct Sequence-Code
Division Multiple Access System (DS-CDMA). A signal structuring technique in which
a signal is transmitted on a bandwidth larger than the frequency content of the original
information. This technique decreases the potential interference to other receivers. Spread
spectrum generally makes use of a sequential noise-like signal structure to spread the
narrowband information signal over a wider band of frequencies. The receiver correlates
the received signals to retrieve the original information signal.
Pseudo-random number sequences are used to determine and control the spreading
pattern of the signal across the allocated bandwidth.
When transmitting the data is multiplied with a noise signal (pseudo-random sequence of
1 and -1) that is at much higher frequency than the data signal. Therefore the energy of
the original signal is spread into a much wider band. The resulting wideband signal is
very similar to white noise and is transmitted across a wireless channel to the receiving
end. There the original signal is reconstructed by multiplying it by the same pseudorandom sequence. This is called despreading and for this process to work correctly the
receiver needs to synchronize its sequence with the transmitter sequence.
The length of the spreading code (the PN sequence) determines the spreading factor or
how much the signal can be spread. This in turn determines the Processing Gain or the
ratio of the spread bandwidth to the unspread bandwidth.
If an undesired transmitter transmits on the same channel but with a different spreading
code, the despreading process results in no processing gain for that signal. This effect is
the basis for the code division multiple access (CDMA) property of DSSS, which allows
multiple transmitters to share the same channel within the limits of the cross-correlation
properties of their spreading codes.
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Scrambling
In addition to spreading, part of the process in the transmitter is the scrambling operation.
This is needed to separate terminals or base stations from each other. Scrambling is used
on top of spreading by using scrambling codes. It makes the signals from different
sources separable but doesnt affect the bandwidth or the symbol rate as the chip rate is
already achieved in spreading by the spreading codes.
Main features in W-CDMA systems (R99)
In Table 2 some of the main features of W-CDMA systems are listed. Those features and
others are better explained below.
Multiple access method
DS-CDMA
Duplexing method
Chip rate
3.84 Mcps
10 ms
Multirate concept
Modulation
QPSK
4 - 256
25
26
interleaving. In WCDMA (R99) the shortest TTI is 10 milliseconds but 20ms, 40ms
and 80ms are also supported.
Variable user data rates
W-CDMA supports highly variable user data rates, that is bandwidth can be obtained on
demand. The user data rate is kept constant during each 10 ms frame. However, the data
capacity among the users can change from frame to frame. This fast radio capacity
allocation will typically be controlled by the network to achieve optimum throughput for
packet data services.
One of the things used to support variable user rates is the Orthogonal Variable Spreading
Factor (OVSF). Different spreading factor means different code length. Different
messages with different spreading factors (different code length) are combined and the
orthogonality between them is kept. As the chip rate remains the same for all codes the
short ones will be transmitted at a higher information rate than longer ones.
Another thing used to support variable user rates is multicode transmission. Then each
user can have data sent over more than one channel (that is each user gets to use more
than one spreading or channelization codes).
Channelization Codes
Codes used to separate the different channels that may be present on a certain frequency
in a CDMA system.
To support a variety of data rates and spreading factors, it is necessary to chose
channelization codes that are orthogonal no matter what their length are. WCDMA uses
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes. Depending on the number of
physical channels used and their data rate, the number of available channelization codes
varies.
The number of voice channels per carrier can be approximated to 250. (256 available
orthogonal codes, minus some control channels).
Softer and Soft handover
During softer handover, a mobile station is in the overlapping cell coverage area of two
adjacent sectors of a base station. The communications between MS and BS take place
concurrently via two air interface channels, one for each sector separately. This requires
the use of two separate codes in the downlink direction, so that the MS can distinguish
the signals. The two signals are received by means of Rake processing; the fingers need
to generate the respective code for each sector for the appropriate despreading operation.
During soft handover, a mobile station is in the overlapping cell coverage area of two
sectors belonging to different BSs. As in softer handover, the communications between
MS and BS take place concurrently via two air interface channels from each BS
separately. Both channels are received at the MS by maximal ratio combining Rake
processing.
27
28
29
A higher modulation scheme, 16QAM, has also been added to the already existing QPSK
modulation used for the R99 channels. With also a lower encoding redundancy this
gives an increased instantaneous peak data rate.
The modulation to be used at each time is adapted to the link conditions. The code rate is
also adapted to the condition. HS-DSCH uses Turbo coding and supports the following
code rates: 1/4, 1/2, 5/8 and 3/4. In addition to the modulation scheme and code rate HSDSCH can also choose different number of multi-codes to provide different data rates to
different users. Table 3 shows the UE categories defined in release 5.
Category
Max
nr.
of
parallel codes
per HS-DSCH
Transport
Achievable
channel bits per maximum data
TTI
rate (Mb/s)
1,2
7298
1,2
3,4
7298
1,8
5,6
7298
3,6
7,8
10
14411
7,2
15
20251
10,2
10
15
27952
14,4
11
3630
0,9
12
3630
1,8
QPSK
1/4 (turbo)
1,8
QPSK
1/2 (turbo)
3,6
QPSK
3/4 (turbo)
5,3
16 QAM
1/2 (turbo)
7,2
16 QAM
3/4 (turbo)
10,2
16 QAM
4/4 (turbo)
14,4
30
31
HSDPA (R5)
QPSK
QPSK/16QAM
DS-CDM
DS-CDM/ TDM
Duplex Method
FDD
FDD
Channel Bandwidth
5 MHz
5 MHz
Frame Size
2 ms
Coding
Cc
Cc, Turbo
384kbps-2Mb/s
14 Mb/s
Modulation Scheme
Multiplexing
(Downlink)
Scheme
32
Core Network (CN): Provides switching, routing and transit for user traffic
and contains the databases and networking management functions.
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN): Provides the air
interface access method for UE.
User Equipment (UE): The handset that the user needs to connect to the
system. This can be for example a cellular phone or a laptop.
33
All those things have already been mentioned in the overview chapters. Both standards
support AMC. Both technologies have similar approach on HARQ and support the chase
combining (cc) method. The advantage of using HARQ CC is that since the
retransmissions are identical, it is easy to extend to different transmission techniques such
as MIMO.
In order to enable fast response to traffic and channel condition variations both standards
have included Fast Scheduling.
However there is a little difference in that WiMAX applies the fast scheduling on a per
frame basis and broadcasts the downlink/uplink scheduling in the MAP messages at the
beginning of each frame. While HSDPA supports dedicated scheduling, where only a
subset of UEs with pending data is selected to transmit over a given time interval with
selected rates restricted. The user devices periodically transmit an indication of the
downlink signal quality and the base station uses that information to decide which users
will be sent data on the next 2 ms frame and how much data should be sent to each user.
The network bandwidth allocated to HSDPA users is determined by the network and is
semi-static. It can be modified while the network is operating but not on a per frame
basis.
Neither WiMAX nor HSDPA supports the traditional mobile network soft handover.
Instead HSDPA uses Network initiated Hard Handover and WiMAX Network
Optimized Hard Handover. Both methods are more bandwidth efficient than the soft
handover where more than one BS in a mobile active set of base stations send
simultaneously in order to minimize the handover delay. [16,page 27-30]
34
Differences
HSDPA is based on a traditional mobile telephony while Mobile WiMAX is based on
fixed wireless broadband technology. The Mobile WiMAX physical layer is based on an
OFDMA while HSDPA is a CDMA based system. OFDMA has some advantages over
CDMA and it is likely that future systems will be based on OFDMA technology. For
exampleLTE, the next generation of UMTS systems, will be based on OFDM. [17], [15]
Some of the features of OFDMA that make it well suited for high speed wireless
networks are listed below:
Tolerance to Multipath and Self-Interference: Since the subchannels maintain their
orthogonality in a multipath channel the number of multipath components does not limit
the performance of the system as long as the multipath is within the cyclic prefix
window.
Scalable Channel Bandwidth:
Orthogonal Uplink Multiple Access: In OFDMA systems users are allocated different
portions of the channel where as in CDMA each user transmits over the entire channel.
This means that in OFDMA there is no multiple access interference (MAI) between
multiple users. In CDMA orthogonal spreading codes are used to avoid MAI but due to
the uplink synchronization issues, asynchronous CDMA is used in the uplink in most
practical CDMA systems and there will be interference and reduced spectral efficiency.
Frequency Selective Scheduling: As only a portion of the channel is occupied by the
WiMAX signals frequency selective scheduling can be used to choose sub channels with
the best condition at each time and hence improve QoS.
Advanced Antenna Technology: For smart antenna technologies the processing
complexity scales with the channel bandwidth. Since in CDMA the signals occupy the
entire bandwidth this becomes quite a problem when used in broadband wireless channels
and limits the options of using advanced Antenna Technology. OFDMA on the other
hand is well suited for these technologies.
From the beginning IEEE 802.16 was designed as an all-IP technology. It is based on an
advanced all-IP core network, which includes interworking with IP Multimedia
Subsystems (IMS) and with 2G, 3G and IP-based technologies.
HSDPA supports GERAN (GSM EDGE Radio Access Network) and UTRAN (UMTS
Terrestrial Radio Access Network) based access networks. GERAN and UTRAN can
carry many traffic types from real-time Circuit Switched to IP based Packet Switched.
This in turn means a high degree of compexity compared to an all-IP architecture. In the
3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) an All-IP Network is proposed as the future of
UMTS.
35
Other differences
Duplex method: Mobile WiMAX will most commonly use TDD while HSDPA
generally uses FDD. FDD is more efficient than TDD in the case of symmetric traffic but
TDD allow for assymetric traffic and as the downlink traffic is usually much heavier than
the uplink traffic, assymetric traffic can be very practical. TDD requires system-wide
frame synchronization to counter interference issues and the discontinous transmissions
reduce the average power. On the other hand TDD assures channel reciprocity and thus
better supports link adaptation, MIMO and other advanced antenna technologies.
Modulation: Mobile WiMAX supports QPSK, 16 QAM and 64 QAM modulation but
HSDPA only supports QPSK and 16 QAM (although in release 7 64 QAM has been
added). In other words Mobile WiMAX supports higer order modulation than HSDPA.
With 16 QAM 4 bits can be carried per symbol instead of 2 bits per symbol with QPSK.
With 64 QAM 6 bits can be carried per symbol and thus higher data rates can be reached.
Table 6, gives an overview of some of the features of Mobile WiMAX and HSDPA.
HSDPA
Mobile WiMAX
Base Standard
WCDMA
IEEE 802.16e-2005
Duplex Method
FDD
TDD
Downlink
CDM-TDM
OFDMA
CDMA
OFDMA
Channel Bandwidth
5 MHz
Frame size
DL=2 ms UL=2/10ms
5 ms TDD
Modulation DL
QPSK, 16QAM
Modulation UL
BPSK, QPSK
QPSK, 16QAM
Coding
CC, Turbo
CC, Turbo
14,4 Mb/s
H-ARQ
Scheduling
Fast scheduling in DL
Handoff
Network
Handoff
initiated
Hard
Network
Handoff
optimized
36
Hard
37
The next upgrade of the UMTS protocol (release 6) includes High Speed Uplink Packet
Access (HSUPA) that provides improved up-link performance of up to 5.76 Mb/s
theoretically. The standard is already established and a small number of networks have
already been launched. A new 3GPP technology, LTE will use scalable OFDM air
interface, MIMO, 64 QAM and have an all-IP network.
Performance studies
A few studies have been carried out to compare the performances of Mobile WiMAX and
HSDPA.
The WiMAX Forum published the study:Mobile WiMAX-Part II: A Comparative
Analysis in May 2006. [5] In this study Mobile WiMAX is compared to HSPA and
EVDO (Rev A & Rev B). The simulations results show a clear advantage of Mobile
WiMAX in both spectral efficiency and sector throughput. For Mobile WiMAX the net
information throughput per channel was found to be 14.1 Mb/s in the downlink using 10
MHz bandwidth, TDD 3:1 and MIMO and 9.1 Mb/s using SIMO. For HSDPA this
number was 3.9 Mb/s using 2 * 5 MHz FDD and single antenna Tx and dual antenna Rx
(1x2, SIMO) with RAKE receivers.
In the paper The Performance Comparison between WiBro and HSDPA a team of
Network Engineers at the Network R&D Center of SK Telecom in Korea published the
results of their performance comparison of WiBro and HSDPA. The two factors
compared where coverage and capacity.
The team concluded that the overall
performance of WiBro was better than HSDPA. The biggest difference was that WiBro
showed better robustness in multi-path fading channels. On the other hand the shorter
TTI of HSDPA, 2ms for HSDPA and 5ms for WiBro, made HSDPA more robust to the
dynamic channel variation. Another advantage of HSDPA, according to the Korean
Team, is that it uses the well-established WCDMA network. [13]
In may 2007 Ericsson published the paper HSPA, the undisputed choice for mobile
broadband. In the paper the performance of HSPA and Mobile WiMAX is said to be
comparable. Both technologies offer similar peak data rates, spectral efficiency and
network complexity. However, in this paper the coverage of HSPA is found to be better
than the coverage of Mobile WiMAX. [9]
38
39
In order to make the design of our system as realistic as possible we have chosen to use
the 2.5 GHz band as the operating frequency band for mobile WiMAX and as the
frequency ranges 1920-1980 MHz, 2010-2025 MHz and 2110-2170 MHz have already
been allocated to UMTS in Iceland we have chosen the 2.0 GHz band as the frequency
band for HSDPA.
40
In broadband wireless systems, the symbol rate is usually high. If the bandwidth of the
signal becomes greater than the coherence bandwidth we get frequency selective fading.
One way to avoid this problem is to use sub-channels. This is the method used in OFDM
and thus in the IEEE 802.16e standard. Then we get many narrowband flat fading subchannels instead of one broadband frequency selective fading channel.
Shadow fading distribution is usually modeled as a lognormal distribution that describes
the variation of the decibel value of the mean signal as a normal or Gaussian distribution.
Multipath fading is usually modeled using Ricean or Rayleigh distributions. The models
assume that the signal is sufficiently narrowband so that the fading is flat, i.e. not
frequency-selective.
OFDMA and CDMA systems both have quite effective but different methods to combat
multipath fading.
In OFDM systems, a wide frequency band is divided into multiple subcarriers, each of
which is assumed to experience flat fading.
In CDMA rake receivers are used that have several fingers that differ a little in time to
tune into the different components of the multipath signal. Then each component is
decoded independently and then they are combined to make use of path diversity.
In UMTS R99 the fast fade margin is defined as the headroom needed in the MS TX
power to maintain adequate closed loop fast power control. HSDPA does not use closed
loop fast power control and thus does not need this headroom.
As both systems are capable of significantly reducing the multipath fading and even
taking advantage of it, there is no need for a big fast fading margin.
In the link budget only one fading margin is given that is supposed to include both fast
and slow fading (a UE can not move both fast and slow at the same time but there can
always be obstacle of different sizes). The value will be the same for both HSDPA and
Mobile WiMAX. The value of the total margin is 9 dB.
The same value of log-normal shadowing standard deviation will be used for both
technologies: 8 dB. [5], [27]
41
(1)
where:
: Is the signal wavelength
f: Carrier frequency
r: The cell radius (distance between transmitter and receiver)
The free path loss model cannot be used in most practical situations. Instead empirical
models based on measurements and observations in real propagation environments are
used.
We will consider two different path loss model for our systems, both models predict
mean path loss as a function of various parameters, such as the cell radius, antenna height
and environment considered. Same values will be used for both the HSDPA and Mobile
WiMAX systems everywhere possible. The environment, the antenna heights, the
reference distance d0 have the same values. The only parameters that will not have the
same values are the carrier frequency, fc, and the frequency correction term (in Erceg).
COST 231-Hata
The first model considered is one of the most widely used path loss models, the COST
231-Hata model. This is a model that extends the Okumura-Hata model to cover a wider
range of frequencies.
The formula for this model is given by:
L=46.3+33.9log(fc)-13.82log(hb)+Alog(r)-B + G
Where:
A = 44.9-66.5log(hb),
B =(1.1*log(fc)-0.7)*(hm)-(1.56*log(fc)-0.8) (for small to medium cities)
G= 0 dB (for medium sized cities and suburban areas, would be 3 dB for metropolitan areas)
fc: Carrier frequency
hb: Height of BS antenna
hm: Height of MS antenna
r: The cell radius
L: Sum of all gains and losses from the receiver to the transmitter.
42
This model is valid for medium to small size cities, for frequencies around 2 GHz and
antenna heights between 30m-200m (BS) and 1m-10m (MS). [8, page 85-87]
Erceg
Another well known model is the Erceg model.
(5)
Where a,b and c are constants that represent different terrain categories. The
values of a, b and c for the different categories can be seen in Table 7.
Model parameter
Category A
Category B
Category C
(Intermediate)
4,6
3,6
0,0075
0,0065
0,005
12,6
17,1
20
43
In our calculations the following values will be used in the path loss models:
Height of BS antenna, hb: 30 m
Height of MS antenna, hm: 2 m
Shadow fading component: 8 dB
44
HSDPA
Mobile WiMAX
Mobile WiMAX
(5 MHz)
(10 MHz)
24
23
23
Tx loss (dB)
EIRP (dBm)
23
22
22
15
15
15
27
27
27
18
18
18
12
15
(17,8)
11 (28,8)
22
25
45
Parameter
HSDPA
Mobile
(5MHz)
WiMAX
Mobile WiMAX
(10MHz)
43
41
41
18
18
18
Tx loss (dB)
EIRP (dBm)
58
56
56
15
15
15
Total Margin
27
27
27
12
Rx loss (dB)
42
28
28
Transmission power: According to our references the output power for both
base station and mobile station is slightly lower for Mobile WiMAX than for
HSDPA. In the downlink the difference in the numbers we have assumed is 2 dB
but in the uplink 1 dB. HSDPAs advantage is possibly because the HSDPA
equipment has been tested and developed longer and further than the WiMAX
equipment. [5, table 10], [10, page 148], [29], [30]
Antenna gain: In our link budget we have assumed that both HSDPA and
Mobile WiMAX will have antenna gains of 18 dBi. This assumptions were made
after looking at for example the following references: [5, table 10], [10, page
130], [30]
Tx loss: Is the cable loss in the base station in the case of the downlink and the
body loss at the terminal in case of the uplink. We have assumed same values
for both technologies, 3 dB in the downlink and 1 dB in the uplink.
EIRP (the effective isotropic radiated power): can be found by using the
following equation:
EIRP = Tx Power (dBm) + Antenna Gain (dBi) - Implementation loss (dB)
And is the amount of power that would have to be emitted by an isotropic antenna
to achieve the peak power density in the direction of maximum antenna gain.
46
Penetration Loss: Is the loss the signal experiences when it travels through walls
and is added to the link budget to allow for indoor coverage. This value, 15 dB is
a typical assumption that applies to both technologies. It is assumed that 70 % of
the users are indoors and thus experience penetration loss.
Fading Margin: We have chosen to use total fading margin of 9 dB for both
technologies. This margin accounts for both multipath fading and shadowing. An
explanation of fading margins was given in chapter 3.1.2.
Rx loss: Is the cable loss in the base station in the case of the uplink. In the case
of the downlink it is the loss experienced when the terminal (UE) is close to the
users head. In UMTS this is called body loss. We have assumed same values for
both technologies, 1 dB in DL in 3 dB in uplink.
47
48
Cell configuration
3 sector/cell
BS Antenna height
30 m
MS Antenna height
2m
BS Antenna Gain
18 dBi
MS Antenna Gain
0 dBi
95%
8 dB
Penetration loss
15 dB
FadingMargin
9 dB
Interference Margin
3 dB (50% load)
Table 10. Common system parameters for HSDPA and Mobile WiMAX.
The system parameters that are different for the two technologies can be seen in Table 11.
System Parameters
HSDPA
Mobile WiMAX
Frequency
2000 MHz
2500 MHz
Duplexing method
FDD
BS transmitted power
43 dB
41 dB
MS transmitted power
24 dB
23 dB
Modulation schemes
16QAM/QPSK
64QAM/16QAM/QPSK
12 dB (5MHz)
15 dB (10MHz)
Processing gain
12 dB DL and 17,8 dB UL
5,10 and 15
49
Modulation scheme and coding rate: Higher order modulation schemes can improve
data rate when the radio conditions are good. HSDPA supports QPSK and 16QAM.
Mobile WiMAX supports QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM in DL and QPSK, 16QAM in UL.
Both technologies support both turbo coding and convolutional coding and both use
adaptive modulation and coding which means that the modulation scheme and coding is
changed on a per-user basis depending on signal quality and cell usage.
3.2 Network Dimensioning
(7)
The only parameter that is still not known in equation (7) is L, the maximum allowed
path loss.
To find L we first find the minimum signal that the receivers can detect, the Rx
sensitivity and the Rx signal strength.
L = Rx signal strength - Rx sensitivity
The Rx signal strength can be taken straight from the link budget calculations in chapter
3.1.4. In the chapter we have calculated the Rx signal strength for both the uplink and the
downlink. It is the limiting link that we will have to choose for the coverage planning.
Therefore it is the uplink Rx signal strength that we will use to calculate the cell radius.
To find the Rx sensitivity we need to know the SINR values at the receivers. For
Mobile WiMAX these values are defined in the IEEE 802.16 standards for different MCS
as in Table 12 below. For the HSDPA network we have in the downlink, different data
rates for different MCS levels but need to find the SINR values for each of those. To do
that we use that simulation results have showed that the performance of the HS-DSCH
channel is quite close to the Shannon limit of error-free data rate that can be transmitted
with a specified bandwidth in the presence of noise and interference. We thus use the
Shannon boundary shifted by 5 dB to find the SINR values for specific data rates. To do
that we use the following equation:
R=B*log2(1+SINR/a) (8)
where a=3,16 (5dB).
The results can be seen in Table 12.
50
MCS
HSDPA
QPSK 1/2
4,6
QPSK 3/4
7,04
16QAM 1/2
10,5
9,23
16QAM 3/4
14
12,7
64QAM 1/2
16
64QAM 3/4
20
Table 12. SINR for different MCS levels, IEEE 802.16e [24], [31]
We will now find the receiver sensitivity for both technologies
Rx sensitivity, HSDPA
To calculate the Rx sensitivity we will use the following equation:
Sin = KTBRF(dBm) + SINR(dB) - PG(dB) + NF (dB) (9)
where:
NF:
Receiver noise figure, referenced to the antenna port. The assumed values
are 4 dB for the BS and 7dB for the MS.
KTBRF:
K = Boltzmann's constant = 1.381 10-23 W/Hz/K,
T = 290K at room temperature and
BRF = RF carrier bandwidth (Hz)
So this will be -174dBm + 10*log(3.84MHz) = -108.1 dBm
SINR: Signal to interference plus noise ratio, for downlink see Table 12 for the
uplink the assumed value is 4.6 dB.
P.G: Processing gain, 17,8 dB for uplink, 12 dB for downlink.
references: [10],[32], [33], [34]
For QPSK modulation and effective rate of 1/2 the SINR is 4,6 dB and by using equation
(9) we get:
Rx sensitivity, HSDPA = (-108,1dB) + 4,6 dB -17,8 dB + 4 dB = -117,3 dB
The HSDPA Rx sensitivity for other MCS can be seen in Table 13.
51
Mobile WiMAX
We use the following equation to find the Rx sensitivity:
Rss = -114 +SNRRX-10log(R)+10log(Fs*Nused/NFFT) + NF(dB)
(10)
Rx Sensitivity (dBm)
QPSK 1/2
QPSK 3/4
16QAM 1/2
16QAM 3/4
-117,3
-114,9
-112,7
-109,2
Rx Sensitivity (dBm)
QPSK
1/2
QPSK
3/4
16QAM
1/2
16QAM
3/4
64QAM
1/2
64QAM
3/4
-98,4
-95,4
-92,9
-89,9
-87,4
-83,4
-95,4
-92,4
-89,9
-86,4
-84,4
-80,4
BW=5MHz
Rx Sensitivity (dBm)
BW=10MHz
Table 14. Rx sensitivity for mobile WiMAX (5 and 10 MHz). [24], [38], [31].
Now that we know both the Rx signal strength and the Rx sensitivity we can calculate L,
the maximum allowed path loss. Below we show how we calculate L for both
technologies and outdoor only coverage:
52
And now we can use equation (7) and the corresponding equation for Erceg to find the
cell radius.
The results are listed in Table 15 where the cell radius of both systems, for both Erceg
and COST-231 Hata path loss models, and for both outdoor only coverage and
indoor4coverage can be found. For the indoor coverage it has been assumed that 70 % of
the users are indoor and 30 % are outdoor.
Technology and path loss model
1800m
700m
2300m
1000m
900m
300m
1300m
600m
900m
300m
1300m
600m
Table 15. Cell radius, for HSDPA and Mobile WiMAX (5 MHz and 10 MHz).
Coverage planning conclusions
We have designed a system for fixed, nomadic and mobile users that can be situated
outside or inside.
The total difference between HSDPA and mobile WiMAX in the maximum allowable
path loss in the uplink (which determines the cell radius) is 8 dB. This 8 dB difference
and the lower carrier frequency, which has better propagation characteristics, results in a
400 m longer cell radius for the HSDPA system. The 8 dB difference in downlink path
loss is because of HSDPAs higher transmission power and because of the 17,8 dB
processing gain.
OFDMA offers no processing gain but instead there is a
subchannelization gain of 12 dB in the case of a 5 MHz channel and 15 dB in the case of
a 10 MHz channel. The processing gain is related to the data rate that the channel uses, a
lower data rate gives a higher processing gain. Here we have assumed an uplink channel
with data rate 64 kbps which results in 10*log(3840/64) = 17,8 dB processing gain. 64
kbps is not a very high data rate, if we had chosen for example data rate of 384 kbps the
PG would have been 10 dB and then the two systems would have had approximately the
same cell radius.
4
By indoor coverage it is meant that connectivity is at least provided within outer walls of buildings,
wherefore a signal attenuation of approximately 15 dB is allowed for in the received signal strength.
53
(11)
where:
a=(y-P,(R))/ st.dv.*sqrt(2)
b = 10*path loss exp. *log(exp)/st.dev*sqrt(2)
reference [39]
To get the best average throughput the highest MCS is used everywhere within its range,
then the next highest MCS will be used inside its range except where the highest MCS
will be used and so on. This will give us the distribution of MCS levels which in turn will
give us the average throughput when we have multiplied the date rate of each MCS with
the portion of the cell where it is used.
For HSDPA the distribution of MCS levels can be seen in Table 16 and Figure 4.
QPSK, 1/2
QPSK, 3/4
16QAM, 1/2
16QAM, 3/4
Area coverage
probability
99,78%
99,49%
98,97%
97,24%
Distribution of
MCS
0,29%
0,52%
1,74%
97,45%
54
QPSK, 1/2;
0.29%
16QAM, 1/4;
1.74%
16QAM,
3/4; 97.45%
QPSK 3/4
16QAM
1/2
16QAM
3/4
64QAM
1/2
64QAM
3/4
Area
coverage
probability
97,83%
95,34%
91,90%
84,42%
78,69%
64,58%
Distribution
of MCS
2,55%
3,52%
7,64%
5,86%
14,42%
66,01%
Table 17. Distribution of modulation and coding schemes, mobile WiMAX 10 MHz.
55
QPSK
1/2
QPSK
3/4
16QAM1/2
16QAM3/4
64QAM1/2
64QAM
3/4
Area coverage
probability
97,83%
95,34%
91,90%
91,03%
86,90%
75,45%
Distribution of
MCS
2,55%
3,52%
0,89%
4,22%
11,70%
77,12%
Table 18. Distribution of modulation and coding schemes, mobile WiMAX, 5 MHz.
QPSK, ;
3.52%
16QAM, ;
0.89%
16QAM, 3/4;
4.22%
64QAM, ;
11.70%
64QAM, ;
77.12%
QPSK
3/4
16QAM
1/2
16QAM
3/4
64QAM
1/2
64QAM
3/4
3,57
5,36
7,14
10,71
14,09
16,07
7,14
10,71
14,28
21,42
21.42
32,14
(Mb/s)BW=5MHz
Table 19. WiMAX, peak data rates for different modulation and coding schemes.
QPSK 1/2
QPSK 3/4
16QAM 1/2
16QAM 3/4
3,6
5,3
7,2
10,7
Table 20. HSDPA peak data rates for different modulation and coding schemes.
56
Average throughput:
HSDPA:
WiMAX 5MHz:
WiMAX 10MHz:
Once the average throughput per sector and the cell range has been found, we can find
the aggregate dowlink traffic that each base station can support. We have assumed three
sector sites for both technologies and the base stations used are 3 sector base stations
hence to find the throughput per site/base station the sector throughput is multiplied with
3. For Mobile WiMAX we first have to multiply the DL average throughput with 2/3 as
the channel is used for DL 2/3 of the time and UL 1/3 of the time.
Aggregate DL thoughput per site:
HSDPA:
Mobile WiMAX 5 Mhz:
Mobile WiMAX 10 Mhz:
As long as the simultaneous traffic demand per base station is less than the calculated
total downlink capacity per base station the system is coverage limited. When the
simultaneous traffic exceeds that capacity the system becomes capacity limited and new
base stations need to be added.
Capacity planning conclusions
For HSDPA we see that 97.45% of the users get the highest MCS which gives the highest
peak data rate, 10.7 Mb/s. This happens as there is a big difference in the downlink and
uplink link budgets. The uplink maximum allowable path loss is 10.2 dB less than the
downlink maximum allowable path loss.
It is the uplink that is the limiting link and decides the cell radius. However as the
downlink cell radius could be much bigger if we didnt have to worry about the uplink we
loose all users outside a small radiusthat would be included in the cell if the uplink
limitation wouldnt apply. Hence it turns out that only users that are so close to the base
station that they get the best modulation and coding scheme are included in the cell.
For the WiMAX cases the difference in uplink and downlink link budgets is not as big.
Hence the distribution of modulation schemes (Table 17) is more even. But the radius is
still relatively small and a high percentage of users (77% for 5 MHz and 66% for 10
MHz) get the highest bit rate.
57
30 % coverage
60 % coverage
100% coverage
The model was created by Arild Jacobsen, Borgar Olsen and Markku Lhteenoja at Telenor R&D
58
10
10%
15%
23%
32%
42%
53%
65%
77%
86%
92%
96%
0,5%
1%
2%
4%
8%
14%
23%
31%
39%
44%
47%
Nr of HSDPA users
1000
2058
4187
8333
15903
28230
45000
62989
77974
88043
93871
0%
1%
2%
3%
6%
11%
18%
25%
31%
35%
38%
Nr of WiMAX users
800
1664
3350
6667
12722
22584
36000
50391
62379
70435
75097
59
6,000
50,000
3,000
6,000
250
250
50
Silver
40
Bronze
30
0,5
Table 23. ARPU (Average Revenue/User) and data rate for 3 subscription types.
[4]
A constant distribution of Gold (20%), Silver (60%) and Bronze (20%) customers is
assumed.
60
Network dimensioning
For the network dimensioning the results from chapter 3 will be used. We use the cell
radius found when using the Erceg model and designing for possible indoor usage (15 dB
penetration loss).
HSDPA
Mobile WiMAX
(5MHz)
Mobile WiMAX
(10MHz)
Cell radius
1000m
600m
600m
Cell throughput
31.77 Mb/s
28.88 Mb/s
54.42 Mb/s
61
HSDPA
WiMAX 5 MHz
WiMAX 10 MHz
160
443
443
42
46
25
160
443
443
Table 25. Nr. of BSs needed to fulfill coverage and capacity requirements.
Cost assumptions
For WiMAX all equipment cost numbers is taken from the Eurescome study. In the case
of HSDPA Sminn has provided an estimation of the equipment cost. The frequency
acquisition costs for HSDPA are known official numbers and from those numbers we
made an estimation of what these costs could be for mobile WiMAX.
According to the cost assumptions we have used the mobile WiMAX base stations are
almost twice as expensive as the HSDPA base stations. This is probably because the
mobile WiMAX equipment is still in a developing phase while the HSDPA equipment is
more mature and has already been sold in big quantities. On the other hand the core
network cost is smaller for mobile WiMAX as it is much simpler than the quite
complicated architecture of an UMTS networks.
Backhaul: The traffic of a cellular network needs to be backhauled from its base stations
to a central point, like a RNC, MSC or a central server. This can be done in a few
different ways, for example by renting a leased line from the local incumbent, laying
optical fiber or using a microwave link.
Here the same backhaul solution is assumed for both technologies, a microwave link.
The OPEX costs include manpower costs for operations/maintenance, customer support
and sales/marketing. This ranges from 5 to 12 people. It also includes advertising costs
and OPEX variable cost (per customer per year).
Equipment cost
WiMAX BS of 3 sectors with 2nd order diversity in all sectors:
HSDPA BS of 3 sectors, 1 carrier frequency:
47.000
25.000
1.000.000
4.400.000
50.000
2.000.000
62
2.000.000
1.000.000
100.000
100.000
100.000
Backhaul
Microwave backhaul STM1 (155Mbit/s)
16.250
OPEX
OPEX variable cost
Salary cost including overhead
Installation cost for a new site
Site rental for a new site
50
100.000
50.000
6000
63
From or model we will get the NPV, IRR and the cash balance curve for both the mobile
WiMAX and the HSDPA business cases. The NPV is given in Euros and the IRR in
percentages. An example of a cash balance curve is given below.
64
5. Results
5.1. NPV, IRR and cash balance curves
In this chapter the results from using the spreadsheet based techno-economic analysis tool
described in chapter 4.1 are shown. The input parameters have all been listed in chapter
4.2.
Results
Discount rate
Required investment capital ()
10%
-52 047 260
NPV ()
-28 532 068
-4 094 340
Lifetime 7 year
Lifetime 10 years
IRR
-8%
9%
Table 26.Required investment capital, NPV and IRR for Mobile WiMAX 10 MHz
Results
Discount rate
Required investment capital ()
10%
-50 847 260
NPV ()
-27 238 647
-2 737 112
Lifetime 7 year
Lifetime 10 years
IRR
-8%
9%
Table 27.Required investment capital, NPV and IRR for Mobile WiMAX 5 MHz
Results
Discount rate
Required investment capital ()
10%
-20 784 629
NPV ()
3 605 235
29 884 828
Lifetime 7 year
Lifetime 10 years
IRR
14%
27%
65
66
Figures 8, 9 and 10 show the accumulated cash flow of our business cases.
Other results
HSDPA
Total revenue:
Total CAPEX:
Total OPEX:
Total CAPEX + OPEX:
WiMAX 5 MHz
Total revenue:
Total CAPEX:
Total OPEX:
TOTEX (CAPEX + OPEX):
WiMAX 10 MHz
Total revenue:
Total CAPEX:
Total OPEX:
Total CAPEX + OPEX:
As we have here assumed exactly the same number of users for all our cases and same
ARPU all cases have the same total revenue. On the other hand HSDPA has lower
CAPEX and OPEX, and thus has a better cash flow.
5.2 Comparison
WiMAX 5 MHz vs WiMAX 10 MHz
NPV
IRR
TOTEX
67
capacity and not the coverage. The slightly better TOTEX of the 5 MHz system is
because of lower frequency license costs.
WiMAX vs HSDPA
Mobile WiMAX 5 MHz
HSDPA
NPV
-2 737 112
29 884 828
IRR
9%
27%
TOTEX
74 361 082
68
Sensitvityoncellradius
NPV,HSDPA
NPV,WiMAX5MHzBW
50000000.000
NPV,WiMAX10MHzBW
40000000.000
NPV[euros]
30000000.000
20000000.000
10000000.000
.000
10000000.000
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
20000000.000
30000000.000
Cellradius[km]
69
If the outcome of the techno economic analysis is studied it shows that theWiMAX 10
MHz BW network has so high throughput that even for cell radius of 1.8 km the network
will be coverage limited for the whole 10 years and the capacity will not be a limiting
factor. For HSDPA and cell radius of 1.5 km the network will get capacity limited after 9
years and of course sooner for longer radiuses. For WiMAX 5 MHz the network
becomes coverage limited after 10 years when the radius is 1.4 km.
The cell radius definitely has a great impact on the feasability of our business cases. It
has even a slightly bigger impact on the WiMAX cases as the Bases Station cost is a
bigger part of the total cost, both because the WiMAX BSs are more expensive and
because other expenses (core network and frequency license (for 5 MHz BW case) are
lower.
Channel throughput
In Figure 12 the impact of different channel throughput on the busniess cases NPV is
shown. Only the channel throughput has been changed, cell radius is according to Table
24.
Sensitivityonchannelthroughput
NPV[euros]
40,000,000
30,000,000
NPV,HSDPA
20,000,000
NPV,WiMAX5MHzBW
10,000,000
0
10,000,000
12
16
20
NPV,WiMAX10MHz
BW
Channelthroughput[Mb/s]
70
If we had used 0.6 km radius for HSDPA the decreased throughput would not have had
any impact.
Penetration (S-curves).
First we will look at the impact of using two different penetration curves for HSDPA. In
the first case we have assumed same penetration as we have assumed for WiMAX but in
the second case we use the penetration rate given in Table 21 which was the predicted
rate for HSDPA according to the EURESCOM study.
Case 1: Same penetration
Case 2: Penetration according to Table 21
Sensitivityonpenetrationlevels
400
Euros(milliions)
350
300
250
200
150
Case2
100
Case1
50
0
50
10 11
Year
71
72
Implementation loss
The implementation loss depends very much on the equipment used and is thus quite hard
to estimate. Because of this we chose to use the same TX loss and RX loss for both
technologies and no other implementation loss. Some references indicate that the
WiMAX equipment might have somewhat bigger implementation loss. To add a few
decibels to the link budget because of a bigger implementation loss would impact the cell
radius negatively and thus also the feasibility of the business case.
73
6.1 Conclusions
As Reykjavik is a city with few inhabitants but a large area the results are quite different
from what they had been if a medium sized city with an average population density
would have been studied. The impact of this on the network design and investment cost
mainly lies in that the networks will be coverage limited for a longer time before they
become capacity limited. Another factor that made the networks even less sensitive to
capacity limitations was that the system model did not consider interference. However
the assumed needed capacity is calculated by using assumed user data rates and number
of users. If the demand of much higher data rates increases in the near future, which is
very possible, the channel throughput demand will increase significantly and capacity
could become the limiting factor for both technologies.
For a similar cell radius the business cases of the two technologies become very similar
(see Figure 11). The 60% longer radius of HSDPA in our study gave it an advantage in
economic feasibility but the longer cell radius came with the cost of a low bit rate on the
uplink (64 kb/s).
When we look at the average channel throughput calculated in chapter 3.2.2. it is
important to remember that the model did not include interference. Hence the results
show significantly higher throughput than we can hope to see in reality. However we see
that WiMAX with 10 MHz bandwidth gives 70 % higher throughput than HSDPA
(54.4s= Mb/s vs 31.77 Mb/s). Even though this did not give WiMAX any advantage in
our coverage limited business case, being able to provide high capacity will be a key
factor for wireless broadband technologies to survive in the future.
74
Include an analysis of how the technologies will be used in the future and how the
capacity requirements will change.
75
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