: .

2 117


/ ,
/ .
,
.

,
.

.
,
.

,
. ,
,
,
.

3 117

 4 117

...................................................................................................................... 7
1. .............................................................. 9
1.1 ................................................. 9
1.2 .......................................................... 17
1.3 ..................................................................... 49
1.4 ........................................................................ 51
1.5 .................................................................. 53
1.6 ........................................................................ 55
2. (Air-condition).............................................................. 57
2.1 ........................................................................................................ 57
2.2 .................................................................................................... 79
2.3 () / ............................................................... 83
2.4 / .................................................. 87
2.5 ......................................................................................................... 97
2.6 .................................................................... 99
2.7 ................................................................................. 103
3. ........................................ 105
.......................................................................................................... 115
............................................................................................................. 117

5 117

 6 117



,
. 14
(

,
,

.

,
,
.
,
,

.
,
.

.

7 117

 8 117

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1.1
,
.
.

. ,
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.

.
.

.
, ,
, .

!
,

. , ,


.

9 117

Chrysler Imperial 1953

AIRTEMP (: Wikipedia)

.
.
,
.
,
.

, .

.
. ,
, .
.
1939 Packard
, .
, , ,
. .
Packard :
.
(
)
.
10 117

1940-1941
,

Cadillac

( ),
.

. 1954-1955 NashKelvinator .
, ,
.

, ,
.

.
.
,
. ,
, ,

. ,
. ,
,
, ,
.

Computer Aided Design (CAD), Computer Aided
11 117

Engineering (CAE) Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM). CAD

.


. ()
.
,
.. STL ().

(CAM). CAD
. CAD
CAE. Solidworks CAD
Cosmos Works, (Finite
Element Analysis FEA) (Computational
Fluid Dynamics CFD). FEA , CFD
( )
.

, (FEA)
(CFD). ,

.

1.1
/
CAD (

) (:
Visteon )

12 117

1.2 CFD (: Visteon)

. .
, ,
, .
.
, ( ) .
.
CFD
( ),
. CFD
.
, ,
,
.
,
, , , .
.

13 117

CFD

.

1.3 (:Visteon)

. ,

CFD, .
, .
(), (
).

.
,
. ,

, 158 (75
/ ) 300 (141,6 /
) .

14 117

1.4 (: Visteon )

1.5 (: Visteon )

1.6 (: Visteon )
15 117

(heating ventilation air conditioning: HVAC)
. 1
2
2 3. ,

. ,

. ,
,
CAD.

HVAC ( ).
,
.
(CFD) ,
,
.
10-15%.

1.7 HVAC (: Visteon )

16 117

1.2

.
, ,
.
,
() .

.

.
.

.
,
.
.

H ,
.
.

( ).

.
,
,
.

17 117

. ,

,
.

1.8 (: Toyota)

1.9

18 117

, (
) .
( )
.

( 1.9), ,
( 1.8).
,
. () (
) ( )
.

.
,
.

.
, :
1. .
2. .

19 117

( 1.10). ( 1.11)
,
.
,
. ,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
.

1.10 (: Toyota)

20 117

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1.11 (: Ford)


(damper),
.
, ,
.
,
( 1.12).
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.

.

21 117

1.12 (: Toyota)

.
:
1. .
2. ( ).

. ,
,
.
,
,
.
,

22 117

, .
:

(+) :
(-) :

1.13 (: Toyota)

1. ,
.
2. ,

( ) .
,
.
,
( 1.13).

23 117

1.14 (a)

(b) Ford Fiesta

1.14a

. (2).
, (1).
, , .

( 1.15)
.

, , .
,
, .
,
.
,
( 1.15).

24 117

1.15 (a) . (b) Ford Fiesta

(:Ford)

,
.

(, ).
,
.
. 1.8
() .

1.16a

25 117

.
.

. .
.

( ) ( 1.17).

.
, ,
.
,
.
CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics),

,

.

.

1.16b

26 117

Turbo

Sirocco

1.17

,
( 1.14a b).
.
. ,
.
, ,
.

27 117

/ (
) , .

. ,
.
.
.

.
.
:
1. /
, .
2.
.
3. 2000 ,
.
4. .


.
, (H 2 O 2 )
(OH).

.
.

28 117

. .

1.18 ,
(: Toyota)

(Air Quality Sensor AQS)
HVAC.
,
AQS

HVAC

29 117

.
.
,
.
,
.

(a)
1.19 (a) ,
. (b) (:
Peugeot)

.

/ . , ,
.
,

(
). .
.
:
. ,
, .
30 117

.
,
, /
. .

,
.

()
&

1.20

1.21 ,
,
.

( ). ,
31 117

.
:




1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
1.21

1.22

32 117

.
, .. .
( 1.22),
.
,

.
.
.

1.23

( 1.23)
.

.


.
1.24 ,
.


.
33 117

,
, .

1.24

1.25

7 C.
,
.




( 1.25).
34 117

.
' ,
,
- . ,
,
.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13 ) ( A/C)
1.26

1.26
. ,
. A/C ,
2 6

C (35 42

F).

,
.
()
, ().
, ,
, .

35 117

: ,
.

,
: , , .
,
.

, ()

()

,
.
, :

. ,
.

.
1/4 1/2
.
1 6
,
.

36 117

A / C .
,

.

1.27 (: Toyota)

( 1.27), ( ) .

.

.

37 117

1)
2)
3)

1.28 (: Ford)

( 1.28)
.
, .
.
(1).

( )
.
.

,
.
()
( ). ,
.
,
( 1.26). -
. ,

, .

38 117

,
.

.
:
1. ,
.
2. ,
.
3. ,
.
,
.

1.29


/ ( 1.29).
,
.

39 117

. ,
,
.

.
.

HVAC
,
.
,

.

1.30 HVAC
HVAC
,
.
.
,

, .
40 117

1.31 HVAC
HVAC

.
: , .
HVAC, .

(MPV: Multi Passenger Vehicles) - .

1.32 HVAC


:
1. .
2.
, .
3. (MPV).
4. .
41 117

:
1. .
2. ,

.
3. .

,
/
( ).


, (
) .

( ).

.

. .
:





,
(1), . 1.33 1.34 .
,
.
42 117

,
0,8
. ,
.

(PTC: positive temperature coefficient).

.
, , .
, .
.
20 .
.
(
)
, (ohm)
. ,
,
. ,
.
. ,

.
. ,
.
165 C.
1)
2)
3)
1.33

(: Ford)

43 117

1)
2)
3)
1.34
(: Ford)

(<15 C,
)
(<73 C,
)
. ,
.

. ,
.

.
1 kW .
,
.

Diesel

,
.

(..
1.35, 1.36a &
1.36b) 1 3 kW, 0,38 /
-40 +80 C.
44 117

80 C, .
,
.

.

1)
2)
3)

1.35a Diesel (: Ford)

1)
2)
3) diesel
4)
5)
6)
1.36a (: Ford)

1.36b Diesel

45 117

(,
) .
- , ,
. 1.36c (B) ()
,
.
, (3),
(2) .
()
(7).
, .
(1) .
,
.
,
,
.

.

, ..
.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5) .
6) (ECU)
7)
)
)
C)
D)
E)
1.36c (: Ford)
46 117

(6)
.
,
HVAC (,
).
, :
1. ( 90)
2.
3. (125 C)
4.
5. , ,
.

.
.

,


. Volvo,

40%. ,
C30 Electric
(
E85).
. C30 Electric, ,

.
.
C30 Electric 150 km.
80 km.
47 117

Volvo C30 Electric

,
-33C

; .
.
(
). 10C

50%. ,
,
.

1.37

. (: V.W.)

A / C,
,
,
.
A/C
.
48 117

1.3


.
(ECU),
, .. , , , .
ECU (
) . ,
ECU
,
.
,

.

:
9C.
5 .
4C (
).
40C 105C.

( ..).
,
.

ECU.

49 117

,
, A/C
/C. A/C
(ECU) ,
A/C,
,
.

( )
( 1.38).

A/C

1.38 (: Rover)

50 117

1.4
( 1.39).
.

R-134a

-
:

1.39 (: Toyota)
2 bar 16 bar,
, 0
80 C.
( 57 C).
.
.
.
, , 80 C
57 C, ,
51 117

.
( )
.
, ,
,
/ .
.
( ) (
) .

. /

.
( ) ( )
.
, .
.
,
.

.
: O
,
.

52 117

1.5
( 1.40).

2 bar 16 bar,
, 0
80 C.
, 57 C.
.
.
.
, , 80 C 57 .
,

.

.

.
() ,

( ).
.
/
,
( - ).

.
(
) (
) ()
.
(: O
, , .)
53 117

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. A/C
7.
.
.
C.
D.

1.40 (: Ford)

1.
2.
3. /
4.
A/C
5.
6.
7. A/C
8.
9.
10.

11.
12.
. &

D. &

. &

C. &

F.

1.41 (: Ford)

54 117

1.6

( 1.41 1.42)
.
1.41

.
,
( ).

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

1.42

7.

8.

(: Ford)

9.

55 117

56 117

2. (Air-condition)
2.1

.
.
, , ,
.
().
. 80%
.

,
.

(. 1.38).
,
.
(
) ( ).
/ ,

.
,
.
2 bar 22 bar.
0 C 110 C.
, 1,2 bar 3 bar,

57 117

,
28 bar 125C .
22,5 bar 57C,

57C. ,
.

2.1

2.2 &

58 117

()

,
.
.
.
.
10
cm3 ,
,
.
, (
),
,
( )
.

.
,
.

:
1. (swash plate).
2. (Rotary Vane) (Turbocompressors)
3. (Screw Type):

59 117

2.3 (: Toyota)
()
(. 2.3)
.
"V". ,
.
( )
.
.

2.4 (: Toyota)
60 117

(. 2.4).
.
: .
,
,
.
.

( )
.

1. ( )
2.
3.
4.
5. (

)
.
.
C.
2.5
(swash plate) (: Ford)
(swash plate*)
( 2.5)
.
(4)
61 117

. ,
.
.
,

.
*

swash

plate

, ( 2.6):
swash plate
.


.
swash plate ( + )
( ). ,

( ). ,
( ) ,
.
.

2.6 Swash plate (: Wikipedia)

62 117

1.
2.
3.
4.
.
.
2.7 (: Ford)

swash plate (3 2.5)
.
swash plate
. swash plate
. ,
.
,
. swash plate
, .
(5
2.5).
,

:

swash plate.
63 117

(a)

(b)

1.

2.

. ,

3.

4.

5.

6.

C.

7.

8.
2.8 (a)
(b) (: Ford)

swash plate,

,
( 2.8a 2.8b):
64 117

. .
. (

).
C. .
To
(). P
swash plate
.

,

. ,
:

,
.

, ( C 2.8a).
,
,
. (6)
()
(C).
.

65 117

,
( C 2.8b),
.
,

. ,
() . ()
.
,
,
.
swash plate ,
,
.
, ,

swash plate
. ,
5% ,
.

F
F
F

2.8

66 117

,
F,
(F). ,

. F,
0 ( ),
. ,
.

,
,
.
. ,
F F. F (
)
0 ( ). ()
.
,

.
,
(swash plate) .

.
.

67 117

X. bar
. bar
.

.
C.

2.10
swash plate (: Peugeot)

. ,
.
:
1. .
2. .

2.11
(:Toyota)

2.12
(:Toyota)

68 117

.
,

, .

.
,
.
, .
,
.

.

.

2.13 (:Toyota)
69 117

.
.

( ).

( 2.14)
,
.

.

70 117

1.
2.
3.
4.

2.14

( 2.15) ,
. .

. ,
.
.

1.
2.
2.15 () (:Ford)

71 117

A. .
.

. ( )
.
B.
.
.
C.
,
.

.
, .

.
.
.
,
.

() .
,
.
,
. 10
, , ,
, .

72 117

2.1

Proto.F653DC Brushless

(cc)

20,1

(rpm)

12.000

(kW)

6,5

(V)

345

HFC134a / SE 10

(mm)

120

(mm)

194

(kg)

6.0

,
,
.
. ,
.
3,5 - 4,0 MPa.

( 2.17),
.

( 150 C),
.

73 117

1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

2.16 ( 140 150 C)

2.17 (:Toyota)


.
(4) ( 2.18 & 2.19).
,
.
74 117

(5)
.
,
( )
.
1.
2.
()
3.
4.

5.
2.18 (:Ford)

2.19
(:Toyota)
( 2.20).
F G .
R P &

75 117

2.20 (:Toyota)

() ,
.

.
.
,
.

76 117

.
swash plate
(Pulse Width Modulated PWM),
(Electronic Climate Control ECC).

. .
,
.
:

.

.
.

1. swash plate
2.

3.
4.
5. PWM
swash plate
6.
7.

2.21 swash plate (: Opel)

77 117

()

.
.
. R12
R134a , ,

.

( ):
.
.
.

78 117

2.2

.

.
, .
.


. ,
,
( )
, .


. ,

.
() .

2.22

79 117

.

- .
:
.
: ,

2.23 (:Toyota)

2.24
(:Toyota)

R12,
R134a. ( ),
.

80 117

2.25

.
,
.
, .

( 2.26) ( 2.27).
() (-)
.
, .
.
/
.

( 2.28),
/ () . ,

.
.

.

81 117

1) (80 oC), 2) , 3) (57 oC)

( )
2.26

2.27
(: Ford)

/
()

2.28 (: Toyota)
,
.
.
,
.
82 117

2.3 () /

( 2.29)
,
:
1. ,
.
2. ,

.
3.
.
4. .
5. .

83 117

2.29
(: Toyota)

. ,

, .
. ,
,
, .
R134a,
.

,

.
100-110 C
,
.

2.30
(
)

(: Toyota)

.
. ,
,

84 117

.
.
2.31

) (: Toyota)

,
:
1.
.
2. ,
.
3. ,

.
4.
.
5.
.
6. / .

&
. (3)
(4). ,
. (4),
. U
(6).
(3% )
85 117

. ,
.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5. U
6.
7.
8.

2.32 (: Toyota)

:
.
R134a R12
.
()
:

3 .
.
.

.
: / ()
. ,

(UV).
86 117

2.4 /
,
. :

.

.
.

, .

.
.

, .

.
.

10 C
. , ,

:
87 117

.
.
.

( 2.33)
:

.
.
.

:
1.
(Pe).
2. ( )
(Ps).
3. , ,
(Pf).

2.33 (: Toyota)
88 117

.
(Pf) (
Pe Ps).
,
.
, (
)
.
,
(Ps)
(Pe).
.
.

.
Pf ,
Ps
Pe ,
.


.
.

.
V
,
.

89 117

.


,
.
,
.

( 2.34)

, .
.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5. ( )
6. ,
7.
8.
9.
10.

2.34 (: Ford)

90 117

(1).
(8).
. /
.
.
(7).

(7).

.

,
.

(7) . ,

,
.
.
,
.
,
.
, ,
.

.

( )
( 2.35)
. ,
,

91 117

.

.

( 1,5 2,9 bar ).

, ,
. ,

.

,
. ,
,
.

.

.

,
(3%),
.
1. ( )
2.
3.

4.

5.
( )
2.35 (: Ford)

92 117

(1,19 mm - 1,70 mm)
(. 2.2).
2.2

1,70 mm

1,57 mm

1,45 mm

1,35 mm

1,19 mm

( 2.35)
,
( ).
,
,
, ,
.
,
, .
,
.
.

.
.
,
.
93 117

.

.

().

.
.

.

,
( , ).

.

1.

2.
3.
4. 1,6
mm (..
- )
5. 1,3
mm (..
)
6. 1,1 mm ( )
7. 1,4 mm
8.

2.36 (: Ford)

94 117

2.37
, .

2.38

,
.

95 117

2.39 (: Toyota)

2.40

96 117

2.5
.
,
.
,
.

( 2.39)
,
.

.
,
.
( ) (
).


. ,

. ,
.
, ,
.

.

, /
.

97 117

, ,
,
.
,
.

2.41 (: Toyota)

98 117

2.6
( 2.41 2.42)
( ).

. (2 bar),

.
0 C,
.
,
.
.
, .

, .

, .

2.42 (: Toyota)
99 117

( )

.

NTC (negative temperature coefficient =
),
. ,
. (0 C)
1 C,

. 2,5 C,
, , .

1.
2.

2.43 (: Ford)

(
) ,
(
)
.

1C,

100 117

, 2,5C.

(
)
0 C,

, . ,
( 2.46)
,
. ,
1,5 bar, ,
.
2,9 bar,
.
, . ,
1,5 bar
.

2.44

101 117

102 117

2.7

,

1,5 bar. ,

.

.
.
20,7 bar
17,2 bar.
.

, 30 35 bar.
.

.

1,4 bar ().
103 117

.
30 bar,
.
(
) ,
. 18 bar.
.

.
.

.
.
, ,
.
.
2.3
Bar

Voltage

0.4

10

1.6

15

2.35

20

3.1

25

3.85

104 117

3.
o
, . , ,
.. (CFCs,
)

.
CFCs
, , (
HCFCs), ( - HFCs).
,
, (
)
. ,
,


. , /

.
.

( ), ,
, .
( .. ,
20 ,
, , ). ,
(, , ,
, , ) CFCs
HCFCs HFCs.

105 117

2037/2000
, :

CFCs & HCFCs

1/1/2001

1/7/2002
1/1/2004
1/1/2010
1/1/2015

CFCs
CFCs
HCFCs
> 100 kW
HCFCs
< 100 kW
HCFCs inverter

HCFCs

HCFCs

.
, CFCs,
HCFCs
. , HCFCs
,

(HFCs).

(, ) ,
30/5/2002
31/5/2002.
HFCs
. 1990
, 37.500 1998
129.000 2012.
, F-gases (HFCs, PFCs SF6,
) 15%
106 117

 &

2040 40% 2100.

3% 2050,
3-5%
(3,3% 2000)
4% 2012 ( 2% 1995).

(),

,
.

HFCs

R134a
(HFC-134a)
R407c
( HFC-32, HFC125, HFC134a)
R410a
( HFC-32 & HFC125)
R413a

(
100 )

R12
(CFC-12)

1.300

R22
(HCFC-22) 1.653

1.653

1.975

&
.

R12
(CFC-12)

1.760

R12
(drop-in)

R417a
( HFC-134a, HC600a)

R22
(HCFC-22)

1.950

R22
(drop-in)

Forane FX90
( HFC-125, HFC134a, E170)

R22
(HCFC-22)

2.400

R22
(drop-in)

Isceon 39TC
( HFC-134a,
R227ea)

R12
(CFC-12)

1.940

R12
(drop-in)

( FC-218, HFC134a, HC-600a)

107 117

(R600a) (R290),
, <20.
HFCs.

100 )

HFCs

1.300

HFC-23

11.700

1.180
815

1.300

2.700

2.200

2.600

1.300

1.300

( )

2.500

2.900
810

, HFCs
,
. ..
(TFA),
HFCs.
, ,
, HFCs
CFCs
HCFCs.
HFCs
108 117

 &

. ,
HFCs
.
R134a
(R600a).

HFCs

1%

10%

10-25%

30%

8-30%

* .

,
HFCs. 2003
, ,
F-gases,
HFCs 2012.

CFCs,
HCFCs, HFCs, .
(
.. ),
(.. )
( Stirling,
, , , ).
,
109 117

. , , (R717),
(R744), (R718), (R729), ..
(
),
.



.

.
, CFCs.
1990,
Greenpeace
.
(Greenfreeze), Greenpeace 1997
.
,
.


.
.

.
, .
,
,
. ,
.
.
.. 40-120
110 117

 &

(
), . ,
300 15
. ,
, . ,
(split-unit), ,
300 ( 2,4 KW 8.000 Btu), 340
( 3,55 KW 12.000 Btu) 1.500
20 KW (70.000 Btu).

.
,
150 , ,
, . ,

( ).
(
). , . , ,

.
:
(R600a)
(R290)
R12
, R290/R600a
( 50-50%).

, , ,
(drop-in) R12, R22, R134a, ..
R290/R600a .. R12 R134a,
(R1270) R22, ..

.
111 117

...

R600a

/
,

R12, R134a

R600a/R290

/
, ,

R12, R134a

CARE 40

R290

//
,

,
,

R22, R404a,
R407c, R507

CARE 45

R1270

//
,
,

R22, R404a,
R407c, R502

R290/R170

//
,

,
,

R22, R404a,
R407c, R507

CARE 10

CARE 30

CARE 50

,
(R744) .
, , .
,
. ,

.

, , ,
112 117

 &

..
, ,
HFCs.

HFCs
, 90
CFC-12. R134a (HFC-134a).
800 R134a .
,
( 400 R290 R290/R600a) . ,
,
. Daimler Chrysler

2005.
, .. Toyota, Ford, Renault, VW
BMW. , HFCs
2012.
,

, HFC-134a, R404a R507a
R410a. CFCs
2010,
4.300
CFCs 17.000 HCFCs 25% .
,
,
. Thermoking,
, 2001.

113 117

114 117



.



.
( ),
(CO 2 ).
,
, ,

.
.

,
.
,
,
, .

115 117

116 117


1) STEVEN DALY (2006), Automotive Air-conditioning and Climate Control
Systems, Elsevier Ltd.
2) WILLIAM WHITMAN, WILLIAM JOHNSON, JOHN TOMCZYK, EUGENE
SILBERSTEIN (2009), Refrigeration & Air-conditioning Technology
3) (2003), &
, Greenpeace.
4) SANDEN Compressor Service Guide, 2 .
5) (1996),

117 117