Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BattleStaff4 Sample1
BattleStaff4 Sample1
Battle Staff
p
SMARTbookle
&
Plan
Design
Prepare
Execute
Assess
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Military Decisionmaking
Process & Troop Leading
Procedures (MDMP & TLP)
Integrating Processes
& Continuing Activities
(Intel, IPB, Targeting)
Plans & Orders
(WARNOs, OPORDs
and FRAGOs)
Mission Command,
Command Posts & Liaison
Rehearsals &
After Action Reviews
Operational Terms
and Military Symbols
THE
Battle Staff
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SMARTbook
Norman M. Wade
www.TheLightningPress.com
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ISBN: 978-1-935886-21-1
All Rights Reserved
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No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or other means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval
systems, without permission in writing by the publisher. Inquiries should be addressed to
The Lightning Press.
Notice of Liability
CHANGE 1 to BSS3
ADP/ADRP 5-0, The Operations Process (May 12), provides a discussion of planning, preparing, executing, and assessing operations. ADRP 5-0 updates doctrine on
the operations process to include incorporating the Armys operational concept of
unified land operations (ADP 3-0) and the principles of mission command (ADP 6-0).
Overall, the doctrine in ADRP 5-0 remains consistent with FM 5-0, The Operations
Process (2010); the most significant change is the restructuring of doctrinal information.
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ADP/ADRP 6-0, Mission Command (May 12), presents the Armys guidance on
command, control, and the mission command warfighting function. It describes how
commanders, supported by their staffs, combine the art of command and the science
of control to understand situations, make decisions, direct action, and accomplish
missions. As with other Doctrine 2015 publications, the significant change from FM
6-0 (2003), is the restructuring of doctrinal information.
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ADP/ADRP 1-02, Operational Terms and Military Symbology (Aug 12), contains
a compilation of Army operational terms, definitions, abbreviations, and acronyms
as reflected in the latest editions of Army doctrinal publications. These terms are
commonly used for the conduct of operations. These terms form the basis for the
language of the land operations and should be understood by all professionals.
ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Officer Guide (Sept 11), includes many of the
appendices previously found in FM 5-0 (2010) and FM 6-0 (2003) that addressed the
how to of mission command. It provides leaders with a single consolidated reference to assist them with the tactics, techniques and procedures (TTP) associated
with planning, preparing for, executing, and continually assessing operations.
ADP/ADRP 2-0, Intelligence (Aug 12), is the Armys reference publication for Army
intelligence. It provides a common construct for intelligence doctrine from which
Army forces adapt to conduct operations.
Keep your SMARTbooks up-to-date! The Lightning Press will provide e-mail
notification of updates, revisions and changes to our SMARTbooks. Updates and their
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Preface-1
References
The following references were used to compile The Battle Staff SMARTbook. All references
are considered public domain, available to the general public, and designated as approved
for public release; distribution is unlimited. The Battle Staff SMARTbook does not contain
classified or sensitive material restricted from public release.
Aug 2011
Joint Operations
JP 5-0
Aug 2011
ADP/ADRP 2-0
Aug 2012
Intelligence
ADP/ADRP 3-0
May 2012
ADP/ADRP 3-09
Aug 2012
Fires
ADP/ADRP 3-90
Aug 2012
ADP/ADRP 5-0
May 2012
ADP/ADRP 6-0
May 2012
ATTP 5-0.1
Sept 2012
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ADP/ADRP 1-02
Field Manuals (FMs) Including Previous Editions and Doctrine 2015 Adaptations
Aug 2006
FM 6-01.1
Jul 2012
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FM 5-19
May 1996
The Targeting Process
FM 6-20-10*
(superseded)
FM 34-8-2*
May 1998
Intelligence Officers Handbook
(out-of-print)
FM 34-130*
Jul 1994
Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield
(superseded by FM 2-01.3)
CAC-TMD
Aug 2012
Leaders Guide to After Action Reviews (AAR)
(US Army Combined Army Center - Training
Management Division)
BCBL*
1995
Battle Command Techniques and Procedures
(out-of-print)
CALL 93-3*
1993
The Battalion and Brigade Battle Staff
(out-of-print)
CALL 96-12*
1996
Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield
(out-of-print)
2-References
Chap 1
Table of Contents
The Operations
Process
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I. Understand.....................................................................................................1-13
- Operational and Mission Variables (PMESII-PT & METT-TC)...................1-16
- The Military Aspects of Terrain (OAKOC).............................................1-17
- Civil Considerations (ASCOPE)...........................................................1-17
- Principles of War and Joint Operations......................................................1-26
II. Visualize........................................................................................................1-14
III. Describe.......................................................................................................1-14
A. Commanders Intent................................................................................1-18
B. Planning Guidance..................................................................................1-18
C. Commanders Critical Information Requirements (CCIR)........................1-19
- Priority Intelligence Requirement (PIR)................................................1-19
- Friendly Force Intelligence Requirement (FFIR)..................................1-19
D. Essential Elements of Friendly Information (EEFI)..................................1-19
IV. Direct............................................................................................................1-15
- Operational Framework.............................................................................1-20
- Area of Operations, Area of Influence, Area of Interest........................1-20
- Deep-Close-Security, Decisive-Shaping-Sustaining.............................1-21
- Main and Supporting Efforts.................................................................1-21
- Elements of Combat Power.......................................................................1-22
- The Six Warfighting Functions...................................................................1-23
- Integrating Processes and Continuing Activities........................................1-24
V. Lead...............................................................................................................1-15
VI. Assess..........................................................................................................1-15
Table of Contents-1
A. Planning......................................................................................1-27
Army Planning Methodologies...........................................................................1-27
The Value of Planning........................................................................................1-29
Problem Solving Steps......................................................................................1-30
Joint Operation Planning...................................................................................1-32
- Deliberate and Crisis Action Planning (CAP).............................................1-33
I. Army Design Methodology..............................................................................1-34
- Operational Art and Planning.....................................................................1-35
- Elements of Operational Design and Operational Art...........................1-35
- Activities of the Army Design Methodology................................................1-36
A. Frame an Operational Environment...................................................1-37
B. Frame the Problem.............................................................................1-38
C. Develop an Operational Approach.....................................................1-40
- Army Design Methodology and the Military Decisonmaking Process........1-46
II. The Military Decisionmaking Process (MDMP).............................................1-41
III. Troop Leading Procedures (TLP).................................................................1-46
Key Components of a Plan................................................................................1-42
Guides to Effective Planning..............................................................................1-44
B. Preparation.................................................................................1-47
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I. Preparation Activities......................................................................................1-47
II. Guides to Effective Preparation.....................................................................1-52
A. Secure and Protect the Force..................................................................1-52
B. Improve Situational Understanding..........................................................1-52
C. Understand, Refine, and Rehearse the Plan...........................................1-52
D. Integrate Organize, and Configure the Force..........................................1-52
E. Ensure Forces and Resources are Ready and Positioned......................1-52
C. Execution....................................................................................1-53
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D. Assessment................................................................................1-65
2-Table of Contents
Chap 2
Military Decision
Making (MDMP &TLP)
I. MDMP Overview...............................................................................................2-1
II. Running Estimates..........................................................................................2-4
III. The Role of Commanders and Staff...............................................................2-6
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Table of Contents-3
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1. Commanders Decision.................................................................................2-51
2. Issue Final Commanders Planning Guidance..............................................2-51
3. Issue Final Warning Order.............................................................................2-52
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4-Table of Contents
Chap 3
Integrating
Processes
I. Integrating Processes.......................................................................................3-1
II. Continuing Activities........................................................................................3-2
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Chap 4
Plans &
Orders
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I. Administrative Instructions..............................................................................4-15
A. Acronyms and Abbreviations...................................................................4-15
B. Place and Direction Designations............................................................4-15
C. Naming Conventions...............................................................................4-16
D. Classification Markings............................................................................4-16
E. Expressing Time......................................................................................4-16
F. Expressing Unnamed Dates and Times...................................................4-17
G. Attachments (Annexes, Appendixes, Tabs, and Exhibits)........................4-18
H. Identifying Pages.....................................................................................4-20
I. Numbering Pages.....................................................................................4-20
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Chap 5
Mission
Command
I. Mission Command............................................................................................5-1
II. The Exercise of Mission Command.................................................................5-2
III. Principles of Mission Command.....................................................................5-4
IV. Information......................................................................................................5-6
6-Table of Contents
IV. Liaison........................................................................................5-27
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Chap 6
I. Liaison Fundamentals....................................................................................5-27
A. The Liaison Officer...................................................................................5-27
B. Liaison Elements.....................................................................................5-28
II. Liaison Duties................................................................................................5-29
III. Liaison Responsibilities................................................................................5-30
- Sending Unit..............................................................................................5-30
- Receiving Unit............................................................................................5-31
IV. Liaison During Unified Action........................................................................5-32
I. Rehearsals.....................................................................................6-1
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I. Rehearsal Techniques......................................................................................6-2
A. Full-dress Rehearsal..................................................................................6-2
B. Reduced-force Rehearsal..........................................................................6-2
C. Terrain-model Rehearsal...........................................................................6-2
D. Sketch-map Rehearsal..............................................................................6-3
E. Map Rehearsal..........................................................................................6-3
F. Network Rehearsal.....................................................................................6-3
II. Rehearsal Responsibilities..............................................................................6-4
III. Rehearsal Types.............................................................................................6-6
A. Backbrief....................................................................................................6-6
B. Combined Arms Rehearsal........................................................................6-6
C. Support Rehearsal.....................................................................................6-6
D. Battle Drill or SOP Rehearsal....................................................................6-6
IV. Conducting the Rehearsal..............................................................................6-7
A. Before the Rehearsal.................................................................................6-7
B. During the Rehearsal ..............................................................................6-10
- The Rehearsal Script..............................................................................6-9
C. After the Rehearsal..................................................................................6-12
Table of Contents-7
Chap 7
Operational Terms,
Acronyms & Graphics
A. Framed Symbols...........................................................................................7-10
- Amplifiers for Framed Symbols..................................................................7-12
B. Unframed Symbols........................................................................................7-14
C. Echelon Amplifiers (Field 6)..........................................................................7-15
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8-Table of Contents
Ref: ADP 5-0, The Operations Process (Mar 12) and ADRP 5-0, The Operations
Process (Mar 12), chap. I.
The Armys framework for exercising mission command is the operations processthe
major mission command activities performed during operations: planning, preparing,
executing, and continuously assessing the operation (ADP 5-0). Commanders, supported by their staffs, use the operations process to drive the conceptual and detailed
planning necessary to understand, visualize, and describe their operational environment; make and articulate decisions; and direct, lead, and assess military operations.
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Ref: ADRP 5-0, The Operations Process, fig. 1-1, p. 1-2.
The activities of the operations process are not discrete; they overlap and recur as
circumstances demand. Planning starts an iteration of the operations process. Upon
completion of the initial order, planning continues as leaders revise the plan based
on changing circumstances. Preparing begins during planning and continues through
execution. Execution puts a plan into action by applying combat power to seize,
retain, and exploit the initiative to gain a position of relative advantage. Assessing is
continuous and influences the other three activities.
Both the commander and staff have important roles within the operations process. The
commanders role is to drive the operations process through the activities of understanding, visualizing, describing, directing, leading, and assessing operations as depicted earlier. The staffs role is to assist commanders with understanding situations, making and
implementing decisions, controlling operations, and assessing progress. In addition, the
staff assists subordinate units (commanders and staffs), and keeps units and organizations outside the headquarters informed throughout the conduct of operations.
(The Operations Process) I. Fundamentals 1-1
Operations
Process
Chap 1
I. Fundamentals of the
Operations Process
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ADRP 5-0 is a new publication that expands on the principles of the operations process
found in ADP 5-0. Overall, the doctrine in ADRP 5-0 remains consistent with Field
Manual (FM) 5-0, The Operations Process. The most significant change from FM 5-0
is the restructuring of doctrinal information. The principles of the operations process
are now found in ADP 5-0 and ADRP 5-0. A new field manual (currently under development) will address the specific tactics and procedures associated with planning, preparing,
executing, and assessing operations. In the interim, ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff
Officers Guide, contains these details.
ADRP 5-0 updates doctrine on the operations process to include incorporating the
Armys operational concept of unified land operations found in ADP 3-0 and the principles of mission command found in ADP 6-0. While the major activities of the operations
process have not changed, the following is a summary of changes by chapter.
ADRP 5-0 provides a starting point for conducting the operations process. It establishes
a common frame of reference and offers intellectual tools Army leaders use to plan,
prepare for, execute, and assess operations. By establishing a common approach and
language for exercising mission command, doctrine promotes mutual understanding and
enhances effectiveness during operations. The doctrine in this publication is a guide for
action rather than a set of fixed rules. In operations, effective leaders recognize when
and where doctrine, training, or even their experience no longer fits the situation, and
adapt accordingly.
Chapter 1 describes the nature of operations in which commanders, supported by
their staffs, exercise mission command. Next, this chapter defines and describes the
operations process. A discussion of the principles commanders and staffs consider for
the effective execution of the operations process follows. The chapter concludes with
discussions of the integrating processes, continuing activities, battle rhythm, and running
estimates. The following are significant changes from FM 5-0 in chapter 1. The principles
of the operations process now include
Commanders drive the operations process
Build and maintain situational understanding
Apply critical and creative thinking
Encourage collaboration and dialogue
ADRP 5-0 adopts the joint definitions of operational approach, commanders intent, and
risk management. ADRP 5-0 replaces the continuing activity of intelligence, surveillance,
and reconnaissance with information collection.
Chapter 2 defines planning and plans and lists the values of effective planning. Next,
this chapter describes integrated planning and operational art. The chapter next
describes the Armys planning methodologies: Army design methodology, the military
decisionmaking process, and troop leading procedures. This chapter then describes key
components of a plan or order. This chapter concludes by offering guidelines for effective
planning and describes planning pitfalls that commanders and staffs guard against. The
following are significant changes from FM 5-0. ADRP 5-0
Retitles design to Army design methodology and modifies the definition
Associates the Army design methodology with conceptual planning and operational art
Modifies the definition of the military decisionmaking process
Modifies step 7 of the military decisionmaking process from orders production to
orders production, dissemination, and transition
Reintroduces key tasks as a component of commanders intent
Modifies guidelines to effective planning
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Operations
Process
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The following appendixes formally found in FM 5-0 are now found in ATTP 5-0.1:
Command post organization and operations
Military decisionmaking process
Troop leading procedures
Army operation plan and order format
Task organization formats
Running estimates
Formal assessment plans
Rehearsals
Military briefings
Remarks
Replaces design.
Remarks
assessment
design
direct support
general support-reinforcing
military decisionmaking
process
operational approach
planning
Operations
Process
Chapter 3 defines preparation and lists the preparation activities commonly performed
within the headquarters and across the force to improve the units ability to execute
operations. The chapter concludes by providing guidelines for effective preparation. The
following are significant changes from FM 5-0. ADRP 5-0
Adds the preparation activity initiate network preparations
Modifies the preparation activity initiate reconnaissance and surveillance to initiate information collection
Modifies the guidelines to effective preparation
Chapter 4 provides guidelines for effective execution. It describes the role of the commander and staff in directing and controlling current operations. Next, this chapter
describes decisionmaking in execution. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the
rapid decisionmaking and synchronization process. ADRP 5-0 modifies guidelines to
effective execution to seize the initiative through action and accept prudent risk to exploit
opportunities.
Chapter 5 defines assessment as a continuous activity of the operations process and
describes its purpose. Next, it describes an assessment process and offers guidelines
commanders and staffs consider for effective assessment. This chapter concludes with
a discussion of assessment working groups and assessment support from operations
research and systems analysis.
The following are significant changes from FM 5-0. ADRP 5-0
Adopts the joint definition of assessment
Modifies guidelines to effective assessment
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Ref: ADP 5-0, The Operations Process (Mar 12), pp. 2 to 6 (and fig. 1, p. iv).
The Armys framework for exercising mission command is the operations processthe
major mission command activities performed during operations: planning, preparing,
executing, and continuously assessing the operation. Commanders, supported by their
staffs, use the operations process to drive the conceptual and detailed planning necessary to understand, visualize, and describe their operational environment; make and
articulate decisions; and direct, lead, and assess military operations.
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Operations
Process
Commanders are the most important participants in the operations process. While staffs
perform essential functions that amplify the effectiveness of operations, commanders
drive the operations process through understanding, visualizing, describing, directing,
leading, and assessing operations. See pp. 1-15 to 1-28 for further discussion.
Understand
Visualize
Direct
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Lead
Assess
Describe
Operations
Process
The activities of the operations process are not discrete; they overlap and recur as
circumstances demand. Planning starts an iteration of the operations process. Upon
completion of the initial order, planning continues as leaders revise the plan based on
changing circumstances. Preparing begins during planning and continues through execution. Execution puts a plan into action by applying combat power to seize, retain, and
exploit the initiative to gain a position of relative advantage. Assessing is continuous and
influences the other three activities.
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Operations
Process
Commanders Activities
Commanders are the most important participants in the operations process. While
staffs perform essential functions that amply the effectiveness of operations,
commanders drive the operations process through understanding, visualizing,
describing, directing, leading, and assessing operations.
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I. Understand
Operations
Process
Chap 1
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In building their visualization, commanders first seek to understand those conditions that
represent the current situation. Next, commanders envision a set of desired future conditions that represents the operations end state. Commanders complete their visualization by conceptualizing an operational approacha description of the broad actions the
force must take to transform current conditions into those desired at end state (JP 5-0).
Commanders apply the Army design methodology and use the elements of operational art when developing and describing their commanders visualization. They also
actively collaborate with higher, subordinate and adjacent commanders, the staff,
and unified action partners to assist them in building their visualization. Unified action partners are those military forces, governmental and nongovernmental organizations, and elements of the private sector that Army forces plan, coordinate, synchronize, and integrate with during the conduct of operations (ADRP 3-0). Because of the
dynamic nature of military operations, commanders must continuously validate their
visualization throughout the operations process.
See p. 1-35 for discussion of the elements of operational design and art.
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Operations
Process
II. Visualize
III. Describe
After commanders visualize an operation, they describe it to their staffs and subordinates to facilitate shared understanding and purpose. During planning, commanders
ensure subordinates understand their visualization well enough to begin course of
action development. During execution, commanders describe modifications to their
visualization in updated planning guidance and directives resulting in fragmentary
orders that adjust the original order. Commanders describe their visualization in doctrinal terms, refining and clarifying it, as circumstances require. Commanders express
their visualization in terms of:
Commanders intent
Planning guidance, including an operational approach
Commanders critical information requirements
Essential elements of friendly information
See pp. 1-18 to 1-19 for further discussion of the above elements.
1-14 (The Operations Process) II. Commanders Activities
Ref: ADRP 5-0, The Operations Process (Mar 12), pp. 1-11 to 1-12.
Throughout the operations process, commanders and staffs integrate the warfighting functions to synchronize the force in accordance with the commanders intent and
concept of operations. Commanders and staffs use several integrating processes and
continuing activities to do this.
In addition to the major activities of the operations process, commanders and staffs use
several integrating processes to synchronize specific functions throughout the operations
process. The integrating processes are
2. Targeting
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Operations
Process
3. Risk Management
Risk management is the process of identifying, assessing, and controlling risks arising
from operational factors and making decisions that balance risk cost with mission benefits (JP 3-0). Identifying and accepting prudent risk is a principle of mission command.
Throughout the operations process, commanders and staffs use risk management to
identify and mitigate risks associated with all hazards that have the potential to injure or
kill friendly and civilian personnel, damage or destroy equipment, or otherwise impact
mission effectiveness. Like targeting, risk management begins in planning and continues
through preparation and execution. Risk management consists of the following steps:
Identify hazards
Assess hazards to determine risks
Develop controls and make risk decisions
Implement controls
Supervise and evaluate
1-24 (The Operations Process) II. Commanders Activities
While units execute numerous tasks throughout the operations process, commanders
and staffs always plan for and coordinate the following continuing activities:
1. Liaison
2. Information Collection
3. Security Operations
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Information collection is an activity that synchronizes and integrates the planning and
employment of sensors, assets, and processing, exploitation, and dissemination systems
in direct support of current and future operations. Information collection integrates the
intelligence and operations staffs functions that are focused on answering the commanders critical information requirements. For joint operations, this is referred to as intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR). The Army expands the joint ISR doctrine
contained in JP 2-01 by defining information collection as an activity that focuses on
answering the CCIRs. This highlights aspects that influence how the Army operates as
a ground force in close and continuous contact with the threat and local populace. At the
tactical level, reconnaissance, surveillance, security, and intelligence operations are the
primary means by which a commander plans, organizes and executes tasks to answer
the CCIR. Refer to FM 3-55 for a detailed discussion of information collection.
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Commanders and staffs continuously plan for and coordinate security operations throughout the conduct of operations. Security operations are those operations undertaken by a
commander to provide early and accurate warning of enemy operations, to provide the
force being protected with time and maneuver space within which to react to the enemy,
and to develop the situation to allow the commander to effectively use the protected force
(FM 3-90). The five forms of security operations are screen, guard, cover, area security,
and local security. Refer to FM 3-90 for a detailed discussion of security operations.
4. Terrain Management
Terrain management is the process of allocating terrain by establishing areas of operation, designating assembly areas, and specifying locations for units and activities to deconflict activities that might interfere with each other. Throughout the operations process,
commanders assigned an area of operations manage terrain within their boundaries.
Through terrain management, commanders identify and locate units in the area. The operations officer, with support from others in the staff, can then deconflict operations, control movements, and deter fratricide as units get in position to execute planned missions.
Commanders also consider unified action partners located in their area of operations and
coordinate with them for the use of terrain.
5. Airspace Control
Airspace control is the process used to increase operational effectiveness by promoting the safe, efficient, and flexible use of airspace (JP 3-52).Throughout the operations
process, commanders and staffs must integrate and synchronize forces and war fighting
functions within an area of operations (ground and air). Through airspace control, commanders and staffs establish both positive and procedural controls to maximize the use
of air space to facilitate air-ground operations. Airspace is inherently joint, and the Army
processes and systems used to control and manage airspace are joint compliant.
(The Operations Process) II. Commanders Activities 1-25
Operations
Process
A. Planning
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III
Operations
Process
Chap 1
Joint operation planning consists of planning activities associated with joint military operations by combatant commanders (CCDRs) and their subordinate joint force commanders
(JFCs) in response to contingencies and crises. It transforms national strategic objectives into activities by development of operational products that include planning for the
mobilization, deployment, employment, sustainment, redeployment, and demobilization
of joint forces. It ties the military instrument of national power to the achievement of
national security goals and objectives and is essential to securing strategic end states
across the range of military operations.
Operational
Activities
Execution
Strategic
Guidance
Plan
Development
IPR
C
Approved
Mission
Plan Assessment
(Refine, Adapt, Terminate, Execute)
IPR
F
IPR
A
Concept
Development
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Planning
Functions
Planning
Approved
Concept
Planning
Order
IPR
R
Level 2
Base Plans (BPLANs)
Approved
Plan
Level 3
Concept Plans (CONPLANs)
Level 4
Operation Plans (OPLANs)
Planning
Products
Warning
Order
Review Cycle
Level 1
Commander's Estimate
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Operations
Process
Prepare to
Deploy Order
Alert
Order
Operation
Order
Deployment Order
Global Force
Management
Allocation Plan
Execute Order
Ref: ADRP 5-0, The Operations Process (Mar 12), p. 2-4 and ADRP 3-0, Unified
Land Operations (Mar 12), pp. 4-2 to 4-9.
Elements of
Operational Design
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Within operational art, joint force commanders and staffs consider elements of
operational design. Elements of operational
design are individual tools that help the joint
force commander and staff visualize and
describe the broad operational approach.
Termination
Elements of
Operational Art
Center of gravity
Center of gravity
Decisive points
Decisive point
Lines of operations and lines of effort
Direct and indirect approach
Anticipation
Operational reach
Culmination
Arranging operations
Force and functions
Refer to The Joint Forces Operations
& Doctrine SMARTbook and JP 3-0 for
further discussion (operational design).
Operations
Process
Ref: ADRP 5-0, The Operations Process (Mar 12), pp. 2-14 to 2-22.
The units task organization, mission statement, commanders intent, concept of operations, tasks to subordinate units, coordinating instructions, and control measures are key
components of a plan. Commanders ensure their mission and end state nest with those
of their higher headquarters. While the commanders intent focuses on the end state, the
concept of operations focuses on the way or sequence of actions by which the force will
achieve the end state. The concept of operations expands on the mission statement and
commanders intent. Within the concept of operations, commanders may establish objectives as intermediate goals toward achieving the operations end state. When developing
tasks for subordinate units, commanders ensure that the purpose of each task nests with
the accomplishment of another task, with the achievement of an objective, or directly to
the attainment of an end state condition.
Task Organization
Mission Statement
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Operations
Process
Commanders Intent
The commanders intent succinctly describes what constitutes success for the operation.
It includes the operations purpose, key tasks, and the conditions that define the end
state. It links the mission, concept of operations, and tasks to subordinate units. A clear
commanders intent facilitates a shared understanding and focuses on the overall conditions that represent mission accomplishment. During execution, the commanders intent
spurs disciplined initiative.
The commanders intent must be easy to remember and clearly understood by leaders
and Soldiers two echelons lower in the chain of command. The shorter the commanders
intent, the better it serves these purposes. Commanders develop their intent statement
personally using the following components:
Expanded purpose
Key tasks
End state
1-42 (The Operations Process) A. Planning
Concept of Operations
Decisive-shaping-sustaining
Main and supporting effort
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The concept of operations is a statement that directs the manner in which subordinate
units cooperate to accomplish the mission and establishes the sequence of actions the
force will use to achieve the end state. The concept of operations expands on the commanders intent by describing how the commander wants the force to accomplish the
mission. It states the principal tasks required, the responsible subordinate units, and how
the principal tasks complement one another. Commanders and staff use the following
operational frameworks to help conceptualize and describe their concept of operation:
Deep-close-security
See pp. 1-20 to 1-21 for further discussion of this operational framework from ADRP 3-0.
In addition to the operational frameworks, commanders and staffs consider nested concepts, the sequence of actions and phasing, decisive points and objectives, and lines of operations and lines of effort when conceptualizing and describing the concept of operations.
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Tasks to subordinate units direct individual units to perform a specific action. Tasks are
specific activities that contribute to accomplishing missions or other requirements. Tasks
direct friendly action. The purpose of each task should nest with completing another
task, achieving an objective, or attaining an end state condition. When developing tasks
for subordinate units, commanders and staffs use the same who, what (task), when, where,
and why (purpose) construct that they did to develop the units mission statement. Sometimes
commanders may want to specify the type or form of operation to use to accomplish a task.
Coordinating Instructions
Coordinating instructions apply to two or more units. They are located in the coordinating instructions subparagraph of paragraph 3 (execution) of plans or orders. Examples
include CCIRs, fire support coordination and airspace coordinating measures, rules of
engagement, risk mitigation measures, and the time or condition when the operation
order becomes effective.
Control Measures
Operations
Process
When describing the expanded purpose of the operations, the commanders intent does
not restate the why of the mission statement. Rather, it addresses the broader purpose
of the operations and its relationship to the force as a whole. Key tasks are those activities the force most perform as a whole to achieve the desired end state. Key tasks are
not specified tasks for any subordinate unit; however, they may be sources of implied
tasks. Acceptable courses of action accomplish all key tasks. During executionwhen
significant opportunities present themselves or the concept of operations no longer fits
the situationsubordinates use key tasks to keep their efforts focused on achieving the
desired end state. The end state is a set of desired future conditions the commander
wants to exist when an operation is concluded. Commanders describe the operations
end state by stating the desired conditions of the friendly force in relationship to desired
conditions of the enemy, terrain, and civil considerations. A clearly defined end state
promotes unity of effort among the force and with unified action partners.
B. Preparation
I. Preparation Activities
Preparation consists of those activities performed by units and Soldiers to improve
their ability to execute an operation (ADP 5-0). Preparation creates conditions that
improve friendly forces opportunities for success. It requires commander, staff, unit,
and Soldier actions to ensure the force is trained, equipped, and ready to execute
operations. Preparation activities help commanders, staffs, and Soldiers understand
a situation and their roles in upcoming operations.
Preparation Activities
Conduct rehearsals
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Train
Manage terrain
Prepare terrain
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Operations
Process
Chap 1
Ref: ADRP 5-0, The Operations Process (Mar 12), pp. 3-1 to 3-5.
Commanders, units, and Soldiers conduct the following activities to ensure the force is
protected and prepared for execution.
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Coordinating and conducting liaison helps ensure that leaders internal and external to
the headquarters understand their units role in upcoming operations, and that they are
prepared to perform that role. In addition to military forces, many civilian organizations
may operate in the operational area. Their presence can both affect and be affected by
the commanders operations. Continuous coordination and liaison between the command
and unified action partners helps to build unity of effort.
During preparation, commanders continue to coordinate with higher, lower, adjacent,
supporting, and supported units and civilian organizations.
Establishing and maintaining liaison is vital to external coordination. Liaison enables
direct communications between the sending and receiving headquarters. It may begin
with planning and continue through preparing and executing, or it may start as late as
execution. Available resources and the need for direct contact between sending and
receiving headquarters determine when to establish liaison. Establishing liaisons with
civilian organizations is especially important in stability operations because of the variety
of external organizations and the inherent coordination challenges.
See pp. 5-27 to 5-32 for further discussion.
Sa
Operations
Process
Preparation Activities
The force as a whole is often most vulnerable to surprise and enemy attack during
preparation, when forces are often concentrated in assembly areas. Leaders are away
from their units and concentrated together during rehearsals. Parts of the force could be
moving to task-organize. Required supplies may be unavailable or being repositioned.
Security operationsscreen, guard, cover, area security, and local securityare essential during preparation. Units assigned security missions execute these missions while
the rest of the force prepares for the overall operation.
Refer to The Small Unit Tactics SMARTbook for further discussion.
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During preparation, the information network must be tailored and engineered to meet the
specific needs of each operation. This includes not only the communications, but also
how the commander expects information to move between and be available for leaders
and units within an area of operations.
Manage Terrain
Sa
Terrain management is the process of allocating terrain by establishing areas of operation, designating assembly areas, and specifying locations for units and activities to
deconflict other activities that might interfere with each other. Terrain management is
an important activity during preparation as units reposition and stage prior to execution.
Commanders assigned an area of operations manage terrain within their boundaries.
Through terrain management, commanders identify and locate units in the area. The
operations officer, with support from others in the staff, can then deconflict operations,
control movements, and deter fratricide as units get in position to execute planned missions. Commanders also consider unified action partners located in their area of operations and coordinate with them for the use of terrain.
Terrain preparation starts with the situational understanding of terrain through proper
terrain analysis. It involves shaping the terrain to gain an advantage, such as improving
cover, concealment and observation, fields of fire, new obstacle effects through reinforcing obstacles, or mobility operations for initial positioning of forces. It can make the difference between the operations success and failure. Commanders must understand the
terrain and the infrastructure of their area of operations as early as possible to identify
potential for improvement, establish priorities of work, and begin preparing the area.
The confirmation brief is a key part of preparation. Subordinate leaders give a confirmation brief to the commander immediately after receiving the operation order. Ideally, the
commander conducts confirmation briefs in person with selected staff members of the
higher headquarters present.
Conduct Rehearsals
A rehearsal is a session in which the commander and staff or unit practices expected
actions to improve performance during execution. Commanders use this tool to ensure
staffs and subordinates understand the concept of operations and commanders intent.
Rehearsals also allow leaders to practice synchronizing operations at times and places
Prepare Terrain
Operations
Process
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Integrating
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3-36 (Integrating Processes) IV. Decision Support Template
Integrating
Processes
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friendly COA development. The staff
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commanders guidance and the facts and
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(Integrating Processes) IV. Decision Support Template 3-37
Execution Matrix
An execution matrix is a visual and sequential representation of the critical tasks and
responsible organizations by time. An execution matrix could be for the entire force,
such as an air assault execution matrix, or it may be specific to a war fighting function,
such as a fire support execution matrix. The current operations integration cell uses
the execution matrix to determine which friendly actions to expect forces to execute
in the near term or, in conjunction with the decision support matrix, which execution
decisions to make.
(The Operations Process) C. Execution 1-59
Operations
Process
D. Assessment
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Evaluating
Sa
Broadly, assessment consists of, but is not limited to, the following activities:
Monitoring the current situation to collect relevant information
Evaluating progress toward attaining end state conditions, achieving objectives, and performing tasks
Recommending or directing action for improvement
Throughout the operations process, commanders integrate their own assessments
with those of the staff, subordinate commanders, and other unified action partners.
Primary tools for assessing progress of the operation include the operation order,
the common operational picture, personal observations, running estimates, and the
assessment plan. The latter includes measures of effectiveness, measures of performance, and reframing criteria. The commanders visualization forms the basis for the
commanders personal assessment of progress. Running estimates provide information, conclusions, and recommendations from the perspective of each staff section.
See following page (p. 1-66) for further discussion of the assessment process. See
pp. 6-13 to 6-22 for discussion of after action reviews (AARs).
Operations
Process
Chap 1
Ref: ADRP 5-0, The Operations Process (Mar 12), pp. 5-1 to 5-4.
A. Monitoring
B. Evaluating
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Sa
Operations
Process
The military decisionmaking process is an iterative planning methodology to understand the situation and mission develop a course of action, and produce an operation plan or order (ADP 5-0).
Key Inputs
Receipt
of Mission
II
Mission
Analysis
WARNO
Problem statement
Mission statement
Initial commander's intent
Initial planning guidance
Initial CCIRs, and EEFIs
Updated IPB & running estimates
Assumptions
III
WARNO
COA
Development
Mission statement
Initial cdr's intent, planning
guidance, CCIRs, and EEFIs
Updated IPB and running
estimates
Assumptions
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Key Outputs
Commander's intial guidance
Initial allocation of time
IV
VI
Commander-selected COA
with any modifications
Refined commander's intent,
CCIRs, and EEFIs
Updated assumptions
VII
COA
Analysis
(War Game)
Refined COAs
Potential decision points
War-game results
Initial assessment measures
Updated assumptions
COA
Comparison
Evaluated COAs
Recommended COAs
Updated running estimates
Updated assumptions
COA
Approval
Commander-selected COA
with any modifications
Refined commander's intent,
CCIRs, and EEFIs
Updated assumptions
WARNO
Orders
Production
Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Officers Guide, fig. 4-1, p. 4-3.
MDMP
& TLP
Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Officer Guide (Sept. 11), chap. 4.
Sa
Chap 2
The military decision making process (MDMP) helps leaders apply thoroughness,
clarity, sound judgment, logic, and professional knowledge to understand situations,
develop options to solve problems, and reach decisions. This process helps commanders, staffs, and others think critically and creatively while planning.
Collaborative Planning
Assessment
Preparation
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The MDMP also drives preparation. Since time is a factor in all operations, commanders and staffs conduct a time analysis early in the planning process. This analysis helps them determine what actions they need and when to begin those actions
to ensure forces are ready and in position before execution. This may require the
commander to direct subordinates to start necessary movements, conduct task organization changes, begin surveillance and reconnaissance operations, and execute
other preparation activities before completing the plan. As the commander and staff
conduct the MDMP, they direct the tasks in a series of warning orders (WARNOs).
See pp. 1-45 to 1-50 for further discussion of preparation.
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MDMP
& TLP
The MDMP facilitates collaborative planning. The higher headquarters solicits input
and continuously shares information concerning future operations through planning
meetings, warning orders, and other means. It shares information with subordinate
and adjacent units, supporting and supported units, and other military and civilian
partners. Commanders encourage active collaboration among all organizations
affected by the pending operations to build a shared understanding of the situation, participate in course of action development and decision making, and resolve
conflicts before publishing the plan or order.
See pp. 1-34 to 1-41 for further discussion of the Army design methodology.
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The MDMP can be as detailed as time, resources, experience, and the situation permit. Conducting all steps of the MDMP is detailed, deliberate, and time-consuming.
Commanders use the full MDMP when they have enough planning time and staff
support to thoroughly examine two or more COAs and develop a fully synchronized
plan or order. This typically occurs when planning for an entirely new mission.
Sa
Commanders may alter the steps of the MDMP to fit time-constrained circumstances
and produce a satisfactory plan. In time-constrained conditions, commanders assess
the situation, update the commanders visualization, and direct the staff to perform
the MDMP activities that support the required decisions. In extremely compressed
situations, commanders rely on more intuitive decision making techniques, such as
the rapid decision making and synchronization process.
See pp. 2-55 to 2-56 for discussion of planning in a time-constrained environment.
An Army headquarters (battalion through Army Service
component command) uses the MDMP and publishes plans
and orders in accordance with the Army plans and orders
format. An Army headquarters that forms the base of a joint
task force uses the joint operation planning process (JOPP)
and publishes plans and orders in accordance with the joint
format (see JP 5-0 and CJCSM 3122.03C).
An Army headquarters (such as Army Corps) that provides
the base of a joint force or coalition forces land component
command headquarters will participate in joint planning and
receive a joint formatted plan or order. This headquarters then
has the option to use the MDMP or JOPP to develop its own
supporting plan or order written in the proper Army or joint
format to distribute to subordinate commands.
Refer to The Joint Forces Operations & Doctrine SMARTbook.
(MDMP) Overview/Running Estimates 2-3
MDMP
& TLP
Chap 2
MDMP Step I.
Receipt of Mission
Commanders initiate the MDMP upon receipt or in anticipation of a mission. This
step alerts all participants of the pending planning requirements, enabling them to
determine the amount of time available for planning and preparation and decide on a
planning approach, including guidance on design and how to abbreviate the MDMP,
if required. When commanders identify a new mission, commanders and staffs perform the actions and produce the expected key outputs.
I. Receipt of Mission
Key Outputs
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Key Inputs
WARNO
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Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Officers Guide, pp. 4-4 to 4-5.
MDMP
& TLP
Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Officer Guide (Sept. 11), pp. 4-4 to 4-5.
Estimates and products of other military and civilian agencies and organizations
Both their own and the higher headquarters SOPs
Current running estimates
Any design products, including the design concept
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The gathering of knowledge products continues throughout the MDMP. Staff officers
carefully review the reference sections (located before paragraph 1. Situation) of the
higher headquarters OPLANs and OPORDs to identify documents (such as theater
policies and memoranda) related to the upcoming operation. If the MDMP occurs
while in the process of replacing another unit, the staff begins collecting relevant
documentssuch as the current OPORD, branch plans, current assessments,
operations and intelligence summaries, and SOPsfrom that unit.
While gathering the necessary tools for planning, each staff section begins updating its running estimateespecially the status of friendly units and resources and
key civil considerations that affect each functional area. Running estimates compile
critical facts and assumptions not only from the perspective of each staff section,
but also include information from other staff sections and other military and civilian
organizations. While this task is listed at the beginning of the MDMP, developing and
updating running estimates is continuous throughout the MDMP and the operations process.
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MDMP
& TLP
A key product of this assessment is an initial allocation of available time. The commander and staff balance the desire for detailed planning against the need for immediate action. The commander provides guidance to subordinate units as early as
possible to allow subordinates the maximum time for their own planning and preparation of operations. As a rule, the commander allocates a minimum of two-thirds of
available time for subordinate units to conduct their planning and preparation. This
leaves one-third of the time for commanders and their staff to do their planning. They
use the other two-thirds for their own preparation. Time, more than any other factor,
determines the detail in which the commander and staff can plan.
Based on the commanders initial allocation of time, the COS or XO develops a staff
planning timeline that outlines how long the headquarters can spend on each step
of the MDMP. The staff planning timeline indicates what products are due, who is responsible for them, and who receives them. It includes times and locations for meetings and briefings. It serves as a benchmark for the commander and staff throughout
the MDMP.
A generic time line could be based on the one-third/two-thirds rule:
30%
20%
30%
20%
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Mission analysis
COA development
COA analysis/comparison/decision
Orders production
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Effective execution requires issuing timely plans and orders to subordinates. Timely
plans are those issued soon enough to allow subordinates enough time to plan, issue their orders, and prepare for operations. At a minimum, commanders follow the
one-thirdtwo-thirds rule to allocate time available. They use one-third of the time
available before execution for their planning and allocate the remaining two-thirds to
their subordinates for planning and preparation.
Commanders ensure that plans are sent to subordinates in enough time to allow
them to adequately plan and prepare their own operations. To accomplish this,
echelons plan in parallel as much as possible. Additionally, new information systems
(INFOSYS) enable echelons to plan collaboratively without being co-located.
Parallel planning is two or more echelons planning for the same operation nearly
simultaneously. Since several echelons develop their plans simultaneously, parallel
planning can significantly shorten planning time. The higher headquarters continuously
shares information concerning future operations with subordinate units through warning
orders and other means. Frequent communication between commanders and staff and
sharing of information, such as intelligence preparation of the battlefield products, helps
subordinate headquarters plan. Parallel planning requires significant interaction among
echelons.
Collaborative planning is when commanders, subordinate commanders, staffs
and other partners share information, knowledge, perceptions, ideas, and concepts
regardless of physical location throughout the planning process. Collaboration occurs
during all operations process activities, not just planning. During planning, commanders, subordinate commanders, and others in the area of operations share assessments, statuses, and ideas.
See pp. 2-55 to 2-56 for discussion of planning in a time-constrained environment.
(MDMP) I. Receipt of Mission 2-9
MDMP
& TLP
Ref: Adapted from FM 5-0, The Operations Process (Mar 10), pp. B-5 (not found in
ATTP 5-0.1 (Sept 11).
Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Officer Guide (Sept. 11), p. 4-12.
The mission statement contains the elements of who, what, when, where, and why, but
seldom specifies how. The five elements of a mission statement answer the questions:
Who will execute the operation (unit or organization)?
What is the units essential task (tactical mission task)?
When will the operation begin (by time or event) or what is the duration of the
operation?
Where will the operation occur (AO, objective, grid coordinates)?
Why will the force conduct the operations (for what purpose or reason)?
The why of a mission statement provides the missions purposethe reason the unit is
to perform the task. It is extremely important to mission command and mission orders.
It clarifies the tasks it contains and supports the exercise of subordinates initiative.
The unit mission statementwith the commanders intentprovides the primary focus
for subordinate actions during planning, preparation, execution, and assessment.
Example 1. Not later than 220400 Aug 09 (when), 1st Brigade (who) secures ROUTE
SOUTH DAKOTA (what/task) in AO JACKRABBIT (where) to enable the movement of
humanitarian assistance materials (why/purpose).
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The mission statement may have more than one essential task:
Example. 1-509th Parachute Infantry Regiment (who) seizes (what/task) JACKSON
INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT (where) not later than D-day, H+3 (when) to allow followon forces to air-land into AO SPARTAN (why/purpose). On order (when), secure (what/
task) OBJECTIVE GOLD (where) to prevent the 2d Pandor Guards Brigade from
crossing the BLUE RIVER and disrupting operations in AO SPARTAN (why/purpose).
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Commanders should use tactical mission tasks or other doctrinally approved tasks
contained in combined arms field manuals or mission training plans in mission statements. These tasks have specific military definitions that differ from dictionary definitions.
A tactical mission task is a specific activity performed by a unit while executing a form
of tactical operation or form of maneuver. It may be expressed as either an action by a
friendly force or effects on an enemy force (FM 7-15). FM 3-90 describes each tactical
task. FM 3-07 provides a list of primary stability tasks which military forces must be prepared to execute. Commanders and planners should carefully choose the task that best
describes the commanders intent and planning guidance.
The following is a list of commonly used tactical mission tasks; see pp. 7-31 to 7-34
for a listing of tactical mission tasks to include graphics and definitions:
attack by fire
block
breach
bypass
canalize
clear
contain
control
counter reconnaissance
defeat
destroy
disengage
disrupt
exfiltrate
fix
follow and assume
follow and support
interdict
isolate
neutralize
occupy
reduce
retain
secure
seize
support-by-fire
suppress
turn
MDMP
& TLP
Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Officer Guide (Sept. 11), table 4-1, p. 4-15.
Protection
Protection priorities
Priorities for survivability assets
Air and missile defense positioning
Terrain and weather factors
Intelligence focus and limitations for security
Acceptable risk
Protected targets and areas
Sustainment
Sa
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Intelligence
Fires
MDMP
& TLP
Mission
Command
The following list is not intended to meet the need of all situations. Commanders tailor
planning guidance to meet specific needs based on the situation rather than address
each item.
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MDMP
& TLP
Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Officer Guide (Sept. 11), fig. 4-4, p. 4-21.
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SUSTAINING OPERATION: The BSB will establish LOGBASE DOG vic WEST CITY with
MSR HONDA, ASR FORD, and ASR BUICK
as the primary routes used to sustain operations. The BSB coordinates with humanitarian
relief agencies to help rapidly restore essential
services in AO TIGER.
TACTICAL RISK is assumed in the northeastern portion of AO TIGER by utilizing primarily
ISR assets to maintain situational awareness
of hostile elements that may use mountains to
reconstitute forces.
Key Outputs
Refined COAs
Decision support templates and
matrixes
Synchronization matrixes
Potential branches and sequels
Updated running estimates
Updated assumptions
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List Assumptions
7
8
Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Officers Guide, fig. 4-5, p. 4-23.
MDMP
& TLP
Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Officer Guide (Sept. 11), pp. 4-22 to 4-35.
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Chap 2
War-Gaming Responsibilities
Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Officer Guide (Sept. 11), pp. 4-23 to 4-26.
Intelligence
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The assistant chief of staff (ACOS), G-2 (S-2), intelligence, role-plays the enemy commander. This officer develops critical enemy decision points in relation to the friendly COAs,
projects enemy reactions to friendly actions, and projects enemy losses. When additional intelligence staff members are available, the intelligence officer assigns different responsibilities to
individual staff members within the section for war gaming (such as the enemy commander,
friendly intelligence officer, and enemy recorder). The intelligence officer captures the results
of each enemy action and counteraction as well as the corresponding friendly and enemy
strengths and vulnerabilities. By trying to win the war game for the enemy, the intelligence
officer ensures that the staff fully addresses friendly responses for each enemy COA. For the
friendly force, the intelligence officer identifies IRs; refines the situation and event templates,
including named areas of interest that support decision points; refines the event template with
corresponding decision points, target areas of interest, and high-value targets; participates in
targeting to select high-payoff targets from high-value targets identified during IPB; and Recommends PIRs that correspond to the decision points.
During the war game, the ACOS, G-3 (S-3), operations, and ACOS, G-5 (S-5), plans, are
responsible for movement and maneuver.
The G-3 (S-3) normally selects the technique for the war game and role-plays the friendly
maneuver commander. The G-3 (S-3) is assisted by various staff officers such as the aviation
officer, engineer officer, and red team members. The G-3 (S-3) executes friendly maneuver as
outlined in the COA sketch and COA statement.
The G-5 (S-5) assesses warfighting requirements, solutions, and concepts for each COA. This
plans officer develops plans and orders and determines potential branches and sequels arising
from the war-gaming of various COAs. The G-5 (S-5) coordinates and synchronizes warfighting functions in all plans and orders. The planning staff ensures that the war game of each
COA covers every operational aspect of the mission. The members of the staff record each
events strengths and weaknesses and the rationale for each action. They complete the decision support template and matrix for each COA. The rationale for actions during the war game
are annotated and used later with the commanders guidance to compare COAs.
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MDMP
& TLP
The COS (XO) coordinates actions of the staff during the war game. This officer is the unbiased controller of the process, ensuring the staff stays on a timeline and achieves the goals
of the war-gaming session. In a time-constrained environment, this officer ensures that, at a
minimum, the decisive operation is war-gamed.
Fires
The chief of fires (fire support officer) assesses the fire support feasibility of each COA. For
each COA, the chief of fires develops the fire support execution matrix and evaluation criteria
to measure the effectiveness of the fire support. This officer develops a proposed high-priority
target list, target selection standards, and attack guidance matrix. The chief of fires identifies
named and target areas of interest, high-value targets, high-priority targets, and additional
events that may influence the positioning of fire support assets.
Protection
The provost marshal advises the commander regarding military police functions, security,
force protection issues, and the employment of assigned or attached military police elements
for each COA. The provost marshal assesses military police operations in support of freedom
of movement, security for ground lines of communication, operational law enforcement, and
operational internment and resettlement operations.
The G-1 (S-1) assesses the personnel aspect of building and maintaining the combat power of
units. This officer identifies potential shortfalls and recommends COAs to ensure units maintain
adequate manning to accomplish their mission. The personnel officer estimates potential personnel battle losses and assesses the adequacy of resources to provide HR support.
The G-4 (S-4) assesses the logistics feasibility of each COA. This officer determines critical
requirements for each logistics function (classes I through VII and IX) and identifies potential
problems and deficiencies. The G-4 (S-4) assesses the status of all logistics functions required
to support the COA, including potential support required to provide essential services to the
civilians, and compares it to available assets. This officer identifies potential shortfalls and
recommends actions to eliminate or reduce their effects. The logistics officer ensures that
available movement times and assets support each COA.
The G-8 assesses the commanders area of responsibility to determine the best COA for use
of resources. This includes both core functions of financial management (resource management and finance operations). This officer determines partner relationships (joint, interagency,
intergovernmental, and multinational), rqmts for special funding, and support to procurement.
The surgeon section coordinates, monitors, and synchronizes the execution of the Army
health system (AHS) activities for the command for each COA to ensure a fit and healthy force.
The surgeon provides advice for medically related matters and medical activities.
Mission Command
Sa
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The G-6 (S-6) assesses network operations, electromagnetic spectrum operations, network
defense, and information protection feasibility of each COA. The G-6 (S-6), determines communication systems requirements and compares them to available assets, identifies potential
shortfalls, and recommends actions to eliminate or reduce their effects.
The G-7 (S-7) assesses how effectively the information themes and messages are reflected
in operations. This officer assesses the effectiveness of the media and how the information
themes and messages impact various audiences of interest and populations in and outside the AO.
The G-9 (S-9) ensures each COA effectively integrates civil considerations (the C of METTTC). The civil affairs operations officer considers not only tactical issues, but also sustainment
issues. This officer assesses how operations affect civilians and estimates the requirements
for essential stability tasks commanders might have to undertake based on the ability of the
unified action. Host-nation support and care of dislocated civilians are of particular concern.
The civil affairs operations officers analysis considers how operations affect public order
and safety, the potential for disaster relief requirements, noncombatant evacuation operations,
emergency services, and the protection of culturally significant sites. This officer provides feedback on how the culture in the AO affects each COA. If the unit lacks an assigned civil affairs
operations officer, the commander assigns these responsibilities to another staff member. The
civil affairs operations officer represents the other actors points of view if these agencies are
not able to participate in the war game for security or other reasons.
The red team staff section provides the commander and G-2 with an independent capability
to fully explore alternatives in plans, operations, concepts, organizations, and capabilities in the
context of the operational environment from the perspectives of adversaries, partners, and others.
The Staff Judge Advocate advises the commander on all matters pertaining to law, policy,
regulation, and good order and discipline for each COA. This officer provides legal advice
across the spectrum of conflict on law of war, rules of engagement, international agreements,
Geneva Conventions, treatment and disposition of noncombatants, and the legal aspects of
lethal and nonlethal targeting.
The ORSA staff section provides analytic support to the commander for planning and assessment of operations. Specific responsibilities includes providing quantitative analytic support
and assisting other staff elements in developing customized analytical tools.
The use of recorders is particularly important. Recorders are trained to capture coordinating
instructions, subunit tasks and purposes, and information required to synchronize the operation. Doing this allows part of the order to be written before planning is complete. Automated
INFOSYS simplify this process. These systems enable recorders to enter information into preformatted forms that represent either briefing charts or appendixes to orders. Each staff section
keeps formats available to facilitate networked orders production.
MDMP
& TLP
Sustainment
War-Game Methods
Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Officer Guide (Sept. 11), pp. 4-27 to 4-30.
Belt Technique
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The avenue-in-depth
method focuses on one avenue of approach at a time,
beginning with the decisive
operation. This method is
good for offensive COAs
or in the defense when
canalizing terrain inhibits
mutual support. In stability
operations, this method
can be modified. Instead of
focusing on a geographic
avenue, the staff wargames a line of effort.
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Avenue-in-Depth
Technique
MDMP
& TLP
Box Technique
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MDMP
& TLP
Ref: ADRP 5-0, The Operations Process (Mar 12), p. 3-4 (and fig. 3-1, p. 3-4).
The plans-to-operations transition is a preparation activity that occurs within the headquarters. It ensures members of the current operations cell fully understand the plan
before execution. During preparation, the responsibility for developing and maintaining
the plan shifts from the plans (or future operations) cell to the current operations cell.
This transition is the point at which the current operations cell becomes responsible
for controlling execution of the operation order. This responsibility includes answering requests for information concerning the order and maintaining the order through
fragmentary orders. This transition enables the plans cell to focus its planning efforts
on sequels, branches, and other planning requirements directed by the commander.
Troop leading procedures extend the MDMP to the small-unit level. The MDMP and
TLP are similar but not identical. They are both linked by the basic Army problem
solving methodology explained. Commanders with a coordinating staff use the
MDMP as their primary planning process. Company-level and smaller units lack formal staffs and use TLP to plan and prepare for operations. This places the responsibility for planning primarily on the commander or small-unit leader.
Initiate Movement
Conduct Recon
Complete Plan
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Mission Analysis
Analysis of the Mission
Purpose
Tasks Specified, Implied, Essential
Constraints
Written Restated Mission
Enemy Analysis
Terrain and Weather Analysis
Troops Available
Time Available
Risk Assessment
Course of Action Development
Analyze Relative Combat Power
Generate Options
Develop a Concept of Operations
Assign Responsibilities
Prepare COA Statement and Sketch
COA Analysis
Hasty War Game
COA Comparison
METT-TC
Issue OPORD
COA Selection
MDMP
& TLP
Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Officer Guide (Sept. 11), chap. 5.
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Chap 2
Troop Leading
Procedures (TLP)
Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Officer Guide (Sept. 11), pp. 5-3 to 5-10.
Refer to The Small Unit Tactics SMARTbook for further discussion.
TLP provide small-unit leaders a framework for planning and preparing for operations.
This occurs in steps 1 and 2 of TLP and is refined in plan development. Plan development occurs in step 3 and is completed in 6 of TLP. These tasks are similar to the steps
of the military decisionmaking process (MDMP).
As soon as leaders finish their initial assessment of the situation and available
time, they issue a WARNO. Leaders do not
wait for more information. They issue the
best WARNO possible with the information
at hand and update it as needed with additional WARNOs.
The WARNO contains as much detail as
possible. It informs subordinates of the
unit mission and gives them the leaders
timeline. Leaders may also pass on any
other instructions or information they think
will help subordinates prepare for the new
mission. This includes information on the
enemy, the nature of the higher headquarters plan, and any specific instructions for
preparing their units. The most important
thing is that leaders not delay in issuing
the initial WARNO. As more information
becomes available, leaders canand
shouldissue additional WARNOs. By issuing the initial WARNO as quickly as possible, leaders enable their subordinates to
begin their own planning and preparation.
WARNOs follow the five-paragraph
OPORD format. Normally an initial WARNO issued below battalion level includes:
Mission or nature of the operation
Time and place for issuing the
OPORD
Units or elements participating in the
operation
Specific tasks not addressed by unit
SOPs
Timeline for the operation
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MDMP
& TLP
Chap 3
I. Integrating Processes
& Continuing Activities
Ref: ADRP 5-0, The Operations Process (Mar 12), pp. 1-11 to 1-12. See also pp. 1-26 to 1-27.
I. Integrating Processes
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2. Targeting
Targeting is the process of selecting and prioritizing targets and matching the appropriate response to them, considering operational requirements and capabilities (JP
3-0). The purpose of targeting is to integrate and synchronize fires into operations.
Targeting begins in planning, and it is an iterative process that continues through
preparation and execution. The steps of the Armys targeting process are
Decide
Detect
Deliver
Assess
See pp. 3-39 to 3-50.
3. Risk Management
Risk management is the process of identifying, assessing, and controlling risks arising from operational factors and making decisions that balance risk cost with mission
benefits (JP 3-0). Identifying and accepting prudent risk is a principle of mission
command. Throughout the operations process, commanders and staffs use risk
management to identify and mitigate risks associated with all hazards that have the
potential to injure or kill friendly and civilian personnel, damage or destroy equipment, or otherwise impact mission effectiveness. Like targeting, risk management
begins in planning and continues through preparation and execution.
See p. 2-19.
(Integrating Processes) I. Overview 3-1
Integrating
Processes
Throughout the operations process, commanders and staffs integrate the warfighting
functions to synchronize the force in accordance with the commanders intent and
concept of operations. Commanders and staffs use several integrating processes
and continuing activities to do this. In addition to the major activities of the operations
process, commanders and staffs use several integrating processes to synchronize
specific functions throughout the operations process. The integrating processes are:
A. Intelligence Estimate
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Mission.
Analysis of the AO. This analysis of the terrain is based on
The military aspects of terrain (OAKOC).
Other significant characteristics.
The effects of the terrain on friendly and threat operations and civil considerations.
The effects of weather on friendly and threat operations and civil considerations:
Operational climatology data and information, light data, and predictive weather effects
based on specific weather sensitivity thresholds.
The current weather conditions based on the military aspects of weather (visibility, wind,
precipitation, cloud cover, temperature, and humidity).
Projected weather forecasts with significant seasonal trends for that specific geographic
location.
An analysis of the civil considerations and projected effects of civil considerations on friendly
and threat operations, and vice versa.
Current threat situation. This is based on the threat characteristics (see FM 2-01.3) and
includes estimates of the strength of threat forces, recent significant threat activities and trends,
and threat peculiarities and weaknesses.
Threat capabilities. These are the broad COAs and supporting operations that threats can take
to achieve their goals and objectives. The G-2/S-2 staff considers each threats ability to conduct each operation based on the mission variables (METT-TC) related to the current situation.
Threat characteristics. These provide a framework for the consistent evaluation of any force.
The G-2/S-2 staff considers composition, disposition, strengths, weaknesses, combat effectiveness, doctrine and tactics, command and support relationships, electronic technical data, capabilities and limitations, current operations, and historical data when analyzing threat characteristics.
Summary of the most significant points. This includes:
- The most significant terrain and weather and civil considerations effects on
operations.
- Potential impacts of operations on terrain and civil considerations.
- At a minimum, the most likely and most dangerous threat COAs.
- The most significant threat strengths and vulnerabilities.
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Integrating
Processes
An intelligence estimate is the appraisal, expressed in writing or orally, of available intelligence relating to a specific situation or condition with a view to determining the courses
of action open to the threat and the order of probability of their adoption. The G-2/S-2
staff develops and maintains the intelligence estimate. The primary purpose is to
Determine the full set of COAs open to the threat and the probable order of their
adoption
Disseminate information and intelligence
Determine requirements concerning threats and other relevant aspects of the
operational environment
The intelligence estimate is a logical and orderly examination of intelligence factors affecting the accomplishment of a mission (threats, terrain and weather, and civil considerations). It provides commanders with an analysis of the area of interest and threat
strengths and capabilities that can influence their mission. An intelligence estimate may
be prepared at any level. It may be formal or informal and detailed or summarized. It is
normally written at division and higher levels and briefed down to the battalion level. The
following is an example of the basic information and intelligence that could be included:
The intelligence estimate also includes four tabs: Tab A (Terrain), Tab B (Weather), Tab C
(Civil Considerations), and Tab D (IPB).
3-8 (Integrating Processes) II. Intelligence in the Operations Process
Sa
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Date-time group (DTG) of the INTSUM and the period of time the INTSUM covers.
Weather and weather effects that include current and forecast meteorological parameters and
analysis based on the military aspects of weather and weather sensitivity thresholds.
Significant threat activities over the reporting period and a near-term analysis of threat intent
and activity.
Significant impacts of civil considerations on operations and vice versa.
Subunit assessments of significant threat activities and civil considerations in the AO over
the reporting period and a near-term analysis of threat intent and activity.
Notable trends in threat activity over a designated period of time (such as the previous 14
days). This may be presented as an all-source analysis product or focused on specific threat activities of interest to the commanderor both. This portion of the INTSUM should highlight new
or emerging threats and the level of impact that each threat may present to the units operations.
Combat damage assessment roll-up includes known or estimated threat unit strengths, significant threat systems degraded or destroyed, and all known captured, wounded, or killed threat
personnel during the reporting period.
Written threat situation or situation template (as of a specific DTG).
Assessments include a near-term and long-term assessment of threat activities with as much
detail as possible based on available information and current intelligence analysis. INTSUMs are
predictive in nature. When specific intelligence or information is not available, INTSUMs must
contain the G-2/S-2s best assessment of probabilities of threat actions based on experience and
professional military judgment.
HVTLs (in coordination with the targeting officer) may include high-value individuals, depending
on the unit mission.
Current PIRs and projected PIRs by phase.
Planning requirements tools and products.
Special assessments are developed for any unique circumstance that requires additional analysis.
Effective plans and successful execution hinge on accurate and current running estimates. A running estimate is the continuous assessment of the current situation used to
determine if the current operation is proceeding according to the commanders intent and
if the planned future operations are supportable (ADP 5-0). Failure to maintain accurate
running estimates may lead to errors or omissions that result in flawed plans or bad decisions during execution. Running estimates are principal knowledge management tools
used by the commander and staff throughout the operations process. In their running
estimates, the commander and each staff section continuously consider the effect of new
information and update the following: facts, assumptions, friendly force status, threat
activities and capabilities, civil considerations, recommendations and conclusions.
A common operational picture is a single display of relevant information within a commanders area of interest tailored to the users requirements and based on common data
and information shared by more than one command (ADRP 6-0). The COP is the primary
tool for supporting the commanders situational understanding. All staff sections provide
input from their area of expertise to the COP.
(Integrating Processes) II. Intelligence in the Operations Process 3-9
Integrating
Processes
INTSUMs provide the context for commanders situational understanding. The INTSUM
reflects the G-2s/S-2s interpretation and conclusions regarding threats, terrain and
weather, and civil considerations over a designated period of time. This period will vary
with the desires of the commander and the requirements of the situation. The INTSUM
provides a summary of the threat situation, threat capabilities, the characteristics of terrain
and weather and civil considerations, and COAs.
The INTSUM can be presented in written, graphic, or oral format, as directed by the commander. The INTSUM assists in assessing the current situation and updating other intelligence reports. It is disseminated to higher, lower, and adjacent units. The INTSUM has
no prescribed format. The following is an example of the basic information and intelligence
that should be included in an INTSUM:
Chap 3
IPB Process
Define the Battlefield Environment
II
III
IV
Sa
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Integrating
Processes
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Sa
Integrating
Processes
Combine the several factor overlays into a single product known as the combined obstacle overlay. The combined obstacle overlay integrates the evaluations of the various
factors into a single product depicting the battlefields effects on mobility.
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Surface
Drainage
Combined
Obstacles
Sa
Et Cetera
To construct a MCOO, start with the combined obstacle overlay and consider adding:
Cross-country mobility classifications: Mark areas of RESTRICTED and
SEVERELY RESTRICTED cross-country mobility.
AAs and mobility corridors: Tailor these to the type force under consideration,
basing them on factors other than mobility as required. Categorize them by the
size force they accommodate and rank them in priority order if justified. While
it is possible to put both ground and air mobility corridors and AAs on the same
overlay, clarity may require separate overlays. Consider both friendly and threat
avenues.
Countermobility obstacles: Include only those known to exist in the AI.
Defensible terrain: Evaluate terrain along each AA to identify potential battle
positions or possible defensive sectors for subordinate units.
Engagement areas: Combine the results of evaluating defensible terrain with
the results of evaluating observation and fields of fire to identify potential engagement areas.
Key terrain: Identify any areas or terrain features which dominate the AAs or
objective areas. These will usually correspond to terrain already identified as
potential battle positions or intermediate objectives.
(Integrating Processes) III. Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield 3-21
Integrating
Processes
Ref: ADRP 3-09, Fires (Aug 12) and adaptations from FM 6-20-10, The Targeting
Process (May 96).
Targeting Methodology
Decide
Detect
Target
Deception
Means
Detection
Procedures
Target
Tracking
Target
Development
TVA
HPT and HVT
TSS
Attack Options
Attack
Guidance
II
III
Deliver
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Attack
Planned
Targets
Targets of
Opportunity
Desired Effects
Attack Systems
IV
Assess
Tactical Level
Operational
Level
Restrike
Feedback
Dynamic Targeting
Dynamic targeting has six distinct steps: find, fix, track, target, engage, and assess.
Targets of opportunity have been the traditional focus of dynamic targeting because
decisions on whether and how to engage must be made quickly. Planned targets
are also covered during dynamic targeting but the steps simply confirm, verify, and
validate previous decisions (in some cases requiring changes or cancellation).
The find, fix, and track steps tend to be information intensive, while the target and
engage steps are typically labor force and decisionmaking intensive. The final phase
of dynamic targeting is assessment.
Find, fix, finish, exploit, analyze, and disseminate (F3EAD) provides maneuver leaders at all levels with a methodology that enables them to organize resources and
array forces. While the targeting aspect of F3EAD is consistent with D3A methodology, F3EAD provides the maneuver commander an additional tool to address certain
targeting challenges, particularly those found in a counterinsurgency environment.
F3EAD is not a replacement for D3A nor is it exclusive to targeting; rather it is an
example of tactics, techniques, and procedures that works best at the battalion/tactical level for leaders to understand their operational environment and visualize the
effects they want to achieve.
Refer to FM 3-09 and FM 3-60 for more details.
(Integrating Processes) V. Fires and Targeting (D3A) 3-39
Integrating
Processes
Army targeting uses the functions decide, detect, deliver, and assess (D3A) as its
methodology. Its functions complement the planning, preparing, executing, and
assessing stages of the operations process. Army targeting addresses two targeting categoriesdeliberate and dynamic. Deliberate targeting prosecutes planned
targets. Dynamic targeting prosecutes targets of opportunity and changes to planned
targets or objectives.
Sa
Chap 3
V. Fires and
Targeting (D3A)
Plans
Plans come in many forms and vary in scope, complexity, and length of planning horizons. Strategic plans establish national and multinational military objectives and include
ways to achieve those objectives. Operational-level or campaign plans cover a series of
related military operations aimed at accomplishing a strategic or operational objective
within a given time and space. Tactical plans cover the employment of units in operations, including the ordered arrangement and maneuver of units in relation to each other
and to the enemy within the framework of an operational-level or campaign plan. There
are several types of plans:
1. Campaign plan
A campaign plan is a joint operation plan for a series of related major operations aimed
at achieving strategic or operational objectives within a given time and space (JP 5-0).
Developing and issuing a campaign plan is appropriate when the contemplated simultaneous or sequential military operations exceed the scope of a single major operation.
Only joint force commanders develop campaign plans.
An operation plan is plan for the conduct of military operations prepared in response
to actual and potential contingencies (JP 5-0). An operation plan (OPLAN) may address an extended period connecting a series of objectives and operations, or it may be
developed for a single part or phase of a long-term operation. An OPLAN becomes an
operation order when the commander sets an execution time or designates an event that
triggers the operation.
3. Supporting Plan
A supporting plan is an operation plan prepared by a supporting commander, a subordinate commander, or an agency to satisfy the requests or requirements of the supported
commanders plan (JP 5-0). For example, the ARFOR commander develops a supporting plan as to how Army forces will support the joint force commanders campaign plan
or OPLAN.
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Plans &
Orders
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4. Concept Plan
In the context of joint operation planning level 3 planning detail, a concept plan is an
operation plan in an abbreviated format that may require considerable expansion or
alteration to convert it into a complete operation plan or operation order (JP 5-0). Often
branches and sequels are written as concept plans. As time and the potential allow for
executing a particular branch or sequel, these concept plans are developed in detail into
OPLANs.
5. Branch
A branch describes the contingency options built into the base plan. A branch is used
for changing the mission, orientation, or direction of movement of a force to aid success
of the operation based on anticipated events, opportunities, or disruptions caused by
enemy actions and reactions. Branches are also used in stability operations to address
potential actions and reactions of populations.
6. Sequel
In a campaign, a sequel is a major operation that follows the current major operation. In
a single major operation, a sequel is the next phase. Plans for a sequel are based on the
possible outcomes (success, stalemate, or defeat) associated with the current opera4-4 (Plans & Orders) I. Overview
tion. A counteroffensive, for example, logically follows a defense; exploitation and pursuit
follow successful attacks. Building partner capacity is a logical sequence to restoring
essential services, and security force assistance is a logical sequel to restoring minimum
civil security. Normally, executing a sequel begins another phase of an operation if not a
new operation. Branches and sequels are tied to execution criteria. Commanders carefully review them before execution and update them based on assessment of current
operations.
Orders
An order is a communicationverbal, written, or signaledwhich conveys instructions
from a superior to a subordinate. Commanders issue orders verbally or in writing. The
five-paragraph format (situation, mission, execution, sustainment, and command and signal) remains the standard for issuing orders. The technique used to issue orders (verbal
or written) is at the discretion of the commander; each technique depends on time and
the situation. Army organizations use three types of orders:
See pp. 4-15 to 4-32 for administrative instructions and sample formats.
Sa
A warning order is a preliminary notice of an order or action that is to follow (JP 3-33).
WARNOs help subordinate units and staffs prepare for new missions by describing the
situation, providing initial planning guidance, and directing preparation activities.
See p. 4-21 for a sample format.
Plans &
Orders
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Definition
C-day
D-day
The unnamed day on which a particular operation commences or is to commence (JP 3-02).
F-hour
The effective time of announcement by the Secretary of Defense to the Military Departments
of a decision to mobilize Reserve units (JP 1-02).
H-hour
The specific hour on D-day at which a particular operation commences (JP 1-02).
H-hour
(amphibious
operations)
For amphibious operations, the time the first assault elements are scheduled to touch down
on the beach, or a landing zone, and in some cases the commencement of countermine
breaching operations (JP 3-02).
P-hour
(airborne
operations)
In airborne assault operations, the specific hour on D-day at which a parachute assault
commences with the exit of the first Soldier from an aircraft over a designated drop zone.
P-hour may or may not coincide with H-hour (ATTP 5-0.1).
L-hour
Sa
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Term
L-hour
(amphibious
operations)
In amphibious operations, the time at which the first helicopter of the helicopter-borne
assault wave touches down in the landing zone (JP 3-02).
M-day
The term used to designate the unnamed day on which full mobilization commences or is
due to commence (JP 1-02).
N-day
The unnamed day an active duty unit is notified for deployment or redeployment (JP 1-02).
R-day
Redeployment day. The day on which redeployment of major combat, combat support, and
combat service support forces begins in an operation (JP 1-02).
S-day
The day the President authorizes Selective Reserve callup (not more than 200,000)
(JP 1-02).
T-day
The effective day coincident with Presidential declaration of national emergency and
authorization of partial mobilization (not more than 1,000,000 personnel exclusive of the
200,000 callup) (JP 1-02).
W-day
Declared by the President, W-day is associated with an adversary decision to prepare for
war (unambiguous strategic warning) (JP 3-02.1).
Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Officers Guide, table 12-1, p. 12-8.
Plans &
Orders
Use specific letters to designate unnamed dates and times in plans and orders.
C-, D-, and M-days end at 2400 hours, Universal Time (ZULU time). They are assumed to be 24-hours long for planning. Plans and orders state the letters used and
their meanings. If a plan mentions more than one event, refer to the secondary event
in terms of the time of the primary event. Staffs refer to days preceding or following
C-, D-, or M-day by using a plus or minus sign and an Arabic number after the letter.
For example, D 3 is three days before D-day; D + 7 is seven days after D-day. When
using a time element other than days, staffs spell it out. For example, D + 3 months.
Staffs refer to hours preceding or following (H- or L-hour) by a plus or minus sign and
an Arabic number after the letter. For example, H 3 is three hours before H-hour; H
+ 7 is seven hours after H-hour. When using a time element other than hours, staffs
spell it out. For example, H + 30 minutes.
Where it is necessary to identify a particular operation or exercise, staffs place a
nickname or code words before the letter, such as BALD EAGLE (D-day) or ANVIL
EXPRESS (M-day).
Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Officer Guide (Sept. 11), fig. 12-5, p. 12-25.
[CLASSIFICATION]
(Change from verbal orders, if any) (Optional)
Copy ## of ## copies
Issuing headquarters
Place of issue
Date-time group of signature
Message reference number
FRAGMENTARY ORDER [number]
(U) References: Refer to higher the order being modified.
(U) Time Zone Used Throughout the OPLAN/OPORD:
1. (U) Situation. Include any changes to the existing order or state No change. For
example, No change to OPORD 03-XX.
2. (U) Mission. State No change.
3. (U) Execution. Include any changes or state No change.
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Plans &
Orders
Ref: ADRP 6-0, Mission Command (May 12), preface and chap. 1.
Historically, military commanders have employed variations of two basic
concepts of command: mission command and detailed command. While some
have favored detailed command, the nature of operations and the patterns of
military history point to the advantages of mission command. Mission command
has been the Armys preferred style for exercising command since the 1980s.
The concept traces its roots back to the German concept of Auftragstaktik,
which translates roughly to mission-type tactics. Auftragstaktik held all German
commissioned and noncommissioned officers duty bound to do whatever the
situation required, as they personally saw it. Understanding and achieving the
broader purpose of a task was the central idea behind this style of command.
Commanders expected subordinates to act when opportunities arose.
I. Mission Command
Mission
Command
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Chap 5
I. Mission Command
Overview
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To function effectively and have the greatest chance for mission accomplishment, commanders, supported by their staffs, exercise mission command throughout the conduct of
operations. In this discussion, the exercise of mission command refers to an overarching
idea that unifies the mission command philosophy of command and the mission command
war fighting function. The exercise of mission command encompasses how Army commanders and staffs apply the foundational mission command philosophy together with the
mission command war fighting function, guided by the principles of mission command.
An effective approach to mission command must be comprehensive, without being
rigid. Military operations are affected by human interactions and as a whole defy orderly,
efficient, and precise control. People are the basis of all military organizations. Commanders understand that some decisions must be made quickly and are better made at
the point of action. Mission command concentrates on the objectives of an operation,
not how to achieve it. Commanders provide subordinates with their intent, the purpose
of the operation, the key tasks, the desired end state, and resources. Subordinates then
exercise disciplined initiative to respond to unanticipated problems. Mission command is
based on mutual trust and shared understanding and purpose. It demands every Soldier
be prepared to assume responsibility, maintain unity of effort, take prudent action, and
act resourcefully within the commanders intent.
Mission
Command
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Mission
Command
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Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Officer Guide (Sept. 11), fig. 3-3, p. 3-10.
Fires
Air liaison officer
Aviation officer
Air and missile defense officer
G-7 (S-7)
Engineer officer
Chemical officer
Provost marshal
G-1 (S-1)
G-4 (S-4)
G-6 (S-6)
Briefings include
Any significant activities that occurred during the last shift
The disposition and status of units within their area of expertise
Any changes that have staff wide implications (for example, higher headquarters
changed the controlled supply rate for 120 mm HE, so that means...).
Upcoming activities and anticipated changes during the next shift
CP operations and administration (headquarters commandant or senior operations noncommissioned officer).
CP logistic issues
CP displacement plan and proposed
new locations
CP security
Priority of work
COS or XO guidance to the next shift, including staff priorities and changes to
the battle rhythm.
(Mission Command) III. CP Organization/Operations 5-21
Mission
Command
Sa
pl
e
While each echelon and type of unit organizes CPs differently, two types of CP cells
exist: functional and integrating. Functional cells group personnel and equipment by
warfighting function. Integrating cells group personnel and equipment to integrate the
warfighting functions by planning horizon.
Su
sta
inm
tio
n
Pro
tec
es
Fir
Integrating Cells
Plans
Future Ops
Current Ops
Long-Range
Planning
Mid-Range
Planning
Short-Range
Planning &
Execution
Develops initial
OPLAN/OPORD
Plans for follow-on
phases (sequels)
Develops branch
contingency plans
Assesses long-range
progress of
operatons
Plans
Future
Ops
Current
Ops
Staff Elements
Issues OPORDs,
FRAGOs and
WARNOs
Monitors, evaluates,
directs and controls
execution of orders
Conducts limited
short-term planning
Conducts operation
update and
assessment brief
What next?
What if?
What is.
OPLAN/
OPROD
OPLAN/
OPROD/
FRAGO
OPORD/
FRAGO
Months/Weeks
Weeks/Days
Days/Hours
pl
e
Integrating Cells
Int
elli
ge
nc
e
Mo
v
e
Ma
me
ne
uv nt &
er
Functional Cells
A. Functional Cells
Sa
Mission
Command
Functional cells coordinate and synchronize forces and activities by warfighting function.
The functional cells within a CP are intelligence, movement and maneuver, fires, protection, sustainment, and command and control. Echelons above brigade are resourced for
all six functional cells.
Intelligence Cell. The intelligence cell coordinates activities and systems that help commanders understand the enemy, terrain and weather, and civil considerations. The intelligence cell requests, receives, and analyzes information from all sources to produce and
distribute intelligence products. This includes tasks associated with intelligence preparation of the battlefield and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance. Most of the intelligence staff section resides in this cell. The units intelligence officer leads this cell.
Movement and Maneuver Cell. The movement and maneuver cell coordinates activities
and systems that move forces to achieve a position of advantage in relation to the enemy.
This includes tasks associated with combining forces with direct fire or fire potential (maneuver) and force projection (movement) related to gaining a positional advantage over
an enemy. Elements of the operations, airspace command and control, aviation, engineer,
geospatial information and service, and space staff sections form this cell. The operations
officer leads this cell. Staff elements in this cell also form the core of the current operations cell.
Fires Cell. The fires cell coordinates activities and systems that provide collective and
coordinated use of Army indirect fires, joint fires, and C2 warfare through the targeting
process. The fires cell is comprised of elements of fire support, Air Force (or air component), and electronic warfare staff section. The chief of fires (or fire support officer brigade
and below) leads this cell.
Protection Cell. The protection cell coordinates the activities and systems that preserve
the force through composite risk management. This includes tasks associated with
protecting personnel, physical assets, and information. Elements of the following staff sec-
Chap 5
IV. Liaison
Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Officer Guide (Sept. 11), chap. 9.
This section discusses liaison fundamentals and responsibilities of liaison officers
and teams. It addresses requirements distinct to contingency operations and unified action. It includes liaison checklists and an example outline for a liaison officer
handbook.
I. Liaison Fundamentals
pl
e
Liaison is that contact or intercommunication maintained between elements of military forces or other agencies to ensure mutual understanding and unity of purpose
and action (JP 3-08). Liaison helps reduce uncertainty. Most commonly used for
establishing and maintaining close communications, liaison continuously enables
direct, physical communications between commands. Commanders use liaison during operations and normal daily activities to help facilitate communications between
organizations, preserve freedom of action, and maintain flexibility. Effective liaison
ensures commanders that subordinates understand implicit coordination. Liaison
provides commanders with relevant information and answers to operational questions, thus enhancing the commanders confidence.
Liaison activities augment the commanders ability to synchronize and focus combat
power. They include establishing and maintaining physical contact and communications between elements of military forces and nonmilitary agencies during unified
action. Liaison activities ensure:
Cooperation and understanding among commanders and staffs of different
headquarters
Synchronization of lethal and non-lethal operations
Understanding of implied or inferred coordination measures to achieve synchronized results
A. Liaison Officer
Echelon
Recommended Rank
Corps
Lieutenant colonel
Division
Major
Captain
Battalion
First lieutenant
ATTP 5-0.1, table 9-1, p. 9-1. Senior liaison officer rank by echelon.
Mission
Command
Sa
Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Officer Guide (Sept. 11), pp. 9-5 to 9-6.
After returning to the sending unit, LNOs promptly transmit the receiving units
requests to the sending units commander or staff, as appropriate. They also brief
the COS (XO) on mission-related liaison activities and prepare written reports, as appropriate.
Accuracy is paramount. Effective LNOs provide clear, concise, complete information.
If the accuracy of information is not certain, they quote the source and include the
source in the report. LNOs limit their remarks to mission-related observations.
Deliver all correspondence
Brief the COS (XO) and the appropriate staff elements
Prepare the necessary reports
Clearly state what you did and did not learn from the mission
(Mission Command) IV. Liaison 5-29
Mission
Command
Sa
pl
e
LNOs also inform the receiving units commander or staff of the sending units needs
or requirements. The LNOs ability to rapidly clarify questions about the sending unit
can keep the receiving unit from wasting planning time. During the liaison tour, LNOs:
Arrive at the designated location on time
Promote cooperation between the sending and receiving unit
Follow the receiving units communication procedures
Actively obtain information without interfering with receiving unit operations
Facilitate understanding of the sending units commanders intent
Help the sending units commander assess current and future operations
Remain informed of the sending units current situation and provide that information to the receiving units commander and staff
Expeditiously inform the sending unit of the receiving units upcoming missions,
tasks, and orders
Ensure the sending unit has a copy of the receiving units SOP
Inform the receiving units commander or COS (XO) of the content of reports
transmitted to the sending unit
Keep a record of their reports, listing everyone met (including each persons
name, rank, duty position, and telephone number)
Attempt to resolve issues within receiving unit before involving the sending unit
Notify the sending unit promptly if unable to accomplish the liaison mission
Report their departure to the receiving units commander at the end of their mission
Arrive at least two hours before any scheduled briefings
Check in with security and complete any required documentation
Present your credentials to the COS (XO)
Arrange for an office call with the commander
Meet the coordinating and special staff officers
Notify the sending unit of arrival
Visit staff elements, brief them on the sending units situation, and collect information from them
Deliver all correspondence designated for the receiving unit
Annotate on all overlays the security classification, title, map scale, grid intersection points, effective date-time group, and date-time group received
Pick up all correspondence for the sending unit when departing
Inform the receiving unit of your departure time, return route, and expected arrival
time at the sending unit
Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Officer Guide (Sept. 11), pp. 8-1 to 8-2.
Each rehearsal type achieves a different result and has a specific place in the preparation timeline.
A. Backbrief
A back brief is a briefing by subordinates to the commander to review how subordinates intend to accomplish their mission. Normally, subordinates perform back briefs
throughout preparation. These briefs allow commanders to clarify the commanders
intent early in subordinate planning. Commanders use the back brief to identify any
problems in the concept of operations.
The back brief differs from the confirmation brief (a briefing subordinates give their
higher commander immediately following receipt of an order) in that subordinate
leaders are given time to complete their plan. Back briefs require the fewest resources
and are often the only option under time-constrained conditions. Subordinate leaders
explain their actions from start to finish of the mission. Back briefs are performed
sequentially, with all leaders reviewing their tasks. When time is available, back briefs
can be combined with other types of rehearsals. Doing this lets all subordinate leaders
coordinate their plans before performing more elaborate drills.
pl
e
C. Support Rehearsal
Sa
The support rehearsal helps synchronize each war fighting function with the overall
operation. This rehearsal supports the operation so units can accomplish their missions. Throughout preparation, units conduct support rehearsals within the framework
of a single or limited number of war fighting functions. These rehearsals typically
involve coordination and procedure drills for aviation, fires, engineer support, or
casualty evacuation. Support rehearsals and combined arms rehearsals complement
preparations for the operation. Units may conduct rehearsals separately and then
combine them into full-dress rehearsals. Although these rehearsals differ slightly by
warfighting function, they achieve the same result.
AAR Format
AARs conducted during training include the same parts as AARs conducted during
operations:
The facilitator, along with the participants, reviews what was supposed to happen. This
review is based on the commanders intent, training objectives and tasks to train. This
information is usually found in the operations order or on the training schedule.
State the training objectives and tasks to train
Review OPFOR (if used) mission and purpose
Review unit leader mission, intent and concept of operations
pl
e
The facilitator and participants determine what actually occurred during the training
event, phase or operation. The leader attempts to gather as many views or perspectives (OPFOR, squad leader, team leader, rifleman, etc.) as feasible and possible. This
helps to establish a common understanding and instill operational adaptability. Leaders
then understand the complexity of an event and work to solve complex, ill-defined
problems quickly.
Review actions before first detection
Review report of first detection or contact
Review reaction to detection or contact
Sa
Participants then establish the strong and weak points of their performance based on the
commanders intent and performance measures. The facilitator guides discussions to ensure maximum input and that it is operationally sound and relevant to the training event.
Review extent to which unit met training objectives
Have participants summarize the major learning points
Identify training deficiencies
Identify units ability to perform task and meet commanders intent
Identify risks and measures employed to mitigate the risks
The facilitator guides the unit in self-determining how the task(s) might be performed
more effectively in the future. The unit identifies problems and provides solutions, as
well as identifies who is responsible for making the recommended changes. Additionally, the facilitator guides the discussion to determine if there is a more effective way to
train the tasks to achieve the commanders intent.
(Rehearsals/AARs) II. The After Action Review 6-15
Rehearsals
& AARs
Chap 7
I. Operational
Terms & Acronyms
Ref: ADRP 1-02, Operational Terms and Military Symbols (Aug 12).
Army Doctrine Reference Publication (ADRP) 1-02 contains a compilation of Army operational terms, definitions, abbreviations, and acronyms as reflected in the latest editions of Army doctrinal publications. These terms are commonly used for the conduct
of operations. They normally are used in the body of an operation order or in the current operations cell of a command post during operations. These terms form the basis
for the language of the land operations should be understood by all professionals.
ADRP 1-02 also provides a single standard for developing and depicting hand-drawn
and computer-generated military symbols for situation maps, overlays, and annotated aerial photographs for all types of military operations. It is the Army proponent
publication for all military symbols and complies with Department of Defense (DOD)
Military-Standard (MIL-STD) 2525C, Common Warfighting Symbology.
pl
e
The principal audience for ADRP 1-02 is all members of the profession of Arms.
Commanders and staffs of Army headquarters serving as joint task force or multinational headquarters should also refer to applicable joint or multinational doctrine
concerning the range of military operations and joint or multinational forces. Trainers
and educators throughout the Army will also use this manual.
Sa
ADRP 1-02 uses joint terms where applicable. ADRP 1-02 applies to the Active
Army, Army National Guard/Army National Guard of the United States, and United
States Army Reserve unless otherwise stated.
Term
Remarks
Replaces design.
Remarks
assessment
design
direct support
general support-reinforcing
military decisionmaking
process
operational approach
planning
Ops Terms
& Graphics
This glossary -- compiled from both ADRP 5-0 The Operations Process (Aug 12) and
ADRP 6-0 Mission Command (May 12)-- lists acronyms and terms with Army or joint
definitions. Where Army and Joint definitions differ, (Army) precedes the definition. Terms
for which ADRP 5-0 or ADRP 6-0 is the proponent are marked with an asterisk (*) as
appropriate. The proponent publication for other terms is listed in parentheses after the
definition.
administrative control - Direction or exercise of authority over subordinate or other
organizations in respect to administration and support, including organization of Service
forces, control of resources and equipment, personnel management, unit logistics,
individual and unit training, readiness, mobilization, demobilization, discipline, and other
matters not included in the operational missions of the subordinate or other organizations. (JP 1)
airspace control - A process used to increase operational effectiveness by promoting the
safe, efficient, and flexible use of airspace. (JP 3-52)
Army design methodology - A methodology for applying critical and creative thinking to
understand, visualize, and describe problems and approaches to solving them. (ADP
5-0)
pl
e
art of command - The creative and skillful exercise of authority through timely decision
making and leadership. (ADP 6-0)
assessment - Determination of the progress toward accomplishing a task, creating a condition, or achieving an objective. (JP 3-0)
Sa
attach - (Joint) The placement of units or personnel in an organization where such placement is relatively temporary. (JP 3-0)
Authority - The delegated power to judge, act, or command. (ADP 6-0)
battle rhythm - (Joint) A deliberate daily cycle of command, staff, and unit activities intended to synchronize current and future operations. (JP 3-33)
*civil considerations - The influence of manmade infrastructure, civilian institutions, and
activities of the civilian leaders, populations, and organizations within an area of operations on the conduct of military operations.
*collaborative planning - Commanders, subordinate commanders, staffs, and other partners sharing information, knowledge, perceptions, ideas, and concepts regardless of
physical location throughout the planning process.
Ops Terms
& Graphics
command - The authority that a commander in the armed forces lawfully exercises over
subordinates by virtue of rank or assignment. Command includes the authority and
responsibility for effectively using available resources and for planning the employment
of, organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling military forces for the accomplishment of assigned missions. It also includes responsibility for health, welfare, morale,
and discipline of assigned personnel. (JP 1)
commanders critical information requirement - An information requirement identified by
the commander as being critical to facilitating timely decisionmaking. (JP 3-0)
7-2 (Operational Terms & Graphics) I. Operational Terms & Acronyms
Chap 7
II. Military
Symbology Basics
Ref: ADRP 1-02, Operational Terms and Military Symbols (Aug 12), chap. 3
ADRP 1-02 provides a single standard for developing and depicting hand-drawn and
computer-generated military symbols for situation maps, overlays, and annotated
aerial photographs for all types of military operations. It is the Army proponent
publication for all military symbols and complies with Department of Defense (DOD)
Military-Standard (MIL-STD) 2525C, Common Warfighting Symbology.
ADRP 1-02 includes only Army doctrinally-based operational military symbols with
common cross-branch usage, as required for the conduct of operations. A terminology and symbology database is being developed to compliment this publication and
should be operational by 2013. The database will be available on an official Department of Defense Web site sponsored by the Combined Arms Doctrine Directorate. It
will include Army doctrinal terms, including terms specific to branches or functional
areas. In addition, it will include all military symbols in MIL-STD-2525C, including the
air, land, maritime, space, activities control measure, and meteorological symbols.
pl
e
A. Framed
Sa
B. Unframed
Ops Terms
& Graphics
The tactical mission task symbols are graphical representations of many of the
tactical tasks. However, not all tactical tasks have an associated symbol. Tactical
task symbols are for use in course of action sketches, synchronization matrixes, and
maneuver sketches. They do not replace any part of the operation order. The tactical
task symbols should be scaled to fit the map scale and the size of unit represented.
A. Framed Symbols
Ref: ADRP 1-02, Operational Terms and Military Symbols (Aug 12), pp. 3-1 to 3-3.
The frame is the border of a symbol. It does not include associated information inside or
outside of the border. The frame serves as the base to which other symbol components
are added. The frame indicates the standard identity, physical domain, and status of the
object being represented.
Standard Identity
Standard identity reflects the relationship between the viewer and the operational object
being monitored. The standard identity categories are unknown, assumed friend, friend,
neutral, suspect, and hostile.
Standard identity
Friendly
Hostile
Assumed friend
Suspect
Neutral
Sa
Equipment
pl
e
Unit
Installation
Activity
Ops Terms
& Graphics
Unknown
Pending
C.
Echelon Amplifiers (Field 6)
Ref: ADRP 1-02, Operational Terms and Military Symbols (Aug 12), table 4-5, p. 4-5.
An echelon is a separate level of command (JP 1-02). In addition, there is also a
separate echelon known as a command. A command is a unit or units, an organization, or an area under the command of one individual. It does not correspond to any
of the other echelons. The table below shows the field 6 amplifiers for Army echelons
and commands.
Echelon
Amplifier
Team/crew
Squad
Section
Platoon/detachment
Company/battery/troop
Battalion/squadron
pl
e
Regiment/group
Brigade
Division
Corps
Army
Army group
Theater
Sa
Nonechelon
Amplifier
Command
Ops Terms
& Graphics
7-16 (Operational Terms & Graphics) II. Military Symbology
Chap 7
IV. Equipment,
Installations, Activities
Ref: ADRP 1-02, Operational Terms and Military Symbols (Aug 12), chaps. 5, 6 & 7.
Function
Icon
Airport
pl
e
Mine
Sa
Sea port
Telecommunications
Table 6-1. Main icons for installations.
Modifier
CO
Description
Modifier
Geothermal
GT
Production
PROD
Hydroelectric
HY
Natural gas
NG
Repair
RPR
Research
RSH
Petroleum
Modifier
Service
SVC
Radio
Telephone
Storage
STOR
Television
TV
Test
TEST
Description
Telecommunications
Ops Terms
& Graphics
Activities
Ref: ADRP 1-02, Operational Terms and Military Symbols (Aug 12), chap. 7.
Activities symbols are applicable across the range of military operations, but they normally focus
on stability activities and defense support of civil authorities activities. Activities can affect military
operations. Activities represented by icons can include acts of terrorism, sabotage, organized crime,
disrupting the flow of vital resources, and the uncontrolled movement of large numbers of people.
Icons in the main sector reflect the main function of the symbol.
Function
Icon
Arrest
Attempted against an individual
Attempted against multiple individuals
or an organization
Demonstration
MASS
Drug related
DRUG
Explosion
Graffiti
Killingindividual
pl
e
Extortion
Sa
Killingriot
RIOT
Types of
killing
victims
Types of
criminal
activities
victims
Characteristic
Modifier
Assassinated
AS
Executed
EX
Murdered
MU
Hijacked
Kidnapped
Piracy
PI
Rape
Displaced persons, refugees, and evacuees
Ops Terms
& Graphics
Types of
civilian
individuals
and
organizations
Foreign fighters
Gang
RA
DPRE
FF
GANG
Leader
LDR
Religious
REL
Terrorist
TER
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