Applications of Definite Integrals

Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

Applications of Definite Integrals

Areas

Arc Length

Volumes of Solids of Revolution

11

Area of Surface of Revolution

13

Prepared by Mr. K.

Page 1

F. Ngai

Applications of Definite Integrals

Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

Areas
A

Equations of Curves are represented in Rectangular Form

Let A denote the area ( or total area) of the shaded region.

Theorem

The area enclosed by the graph of y f ( x) , the x-axis and the lines
equal to

Theorem

f ( x ) dx or

x b is

y dx .

The area enclosed by the graph of x g( y ) , the x-axis and the lines y c and y d is
equal to

Example

x a and

g( y ) dy or

x dy .

Find the area enclosed by the graph of y x 2 , the axis and the lines x 1 and x 3 .
Prepared by Mr. K.

Page 2

F. Ngai

Applications of Definite Integrals

Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

Solution

Example

Example

Find the area bounded by the following curves.

Ellipse:

(b)

Cycloid:

x2 y 2

1.
a2 b2

(a)

x
y

a( t sin t )
, 0 t 2 and x-axis.
a(1 cos t )

Find the area enclosed by the graph y 2 x 1 , the y-axis and the lines y 2 and y 3 .
Prepared by Mr. K.

Page 3

F. Ngai

Applications of Definite Integrals

Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

Example

Given a conic C : x 2 4y 2 6x 8y 9 0 .
(a)
By completing squares and translation coordinate axes, transform the equation of
C to standard form. What is this curve?
(b)
find the area of the region bounded by C .
( Ans: 2 )

Solution

Equations of Curves are in parametric Form

Prepared by Mr. K.

Page 4

F. Ngai

Applications of Definite Integrals

Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

It is known that the area between the curve y f ( x) and the lines
given by

x a,

x b and y 0 is

y dx .

x
y

If the equation of the curve is in parametric form

where t is a parameter, and if

when

x a;

when

x b,

F( t )
,
G (t )

dx
F' ( t ) is a continuous function on [ , ] , and F' ( t ) does not change sign is in
dt

x
y

( , ) , then the area of the region bounded by the curve

lines

x a,

x b is

G (t ) F' (t )dt

x
y

Find the area of the ellipse

Example

Consider the curve

AL91II-3

a cos t

b sin t

t2 2

2t

x
y

Consider the curve

F( t )
, the x-axis and the
G (t )

y x' ( t )dt . ( Integration by substitution )

This formula is also true when if . In this case

Example

dx
F' (t ) 0 for all t ( , ) .
dt

, where a 0 , b 0 .

. Find the area bounded by the curve and y-axis.

sin 3 t

0t .
3 ,
2
cos t

Find the area bounded by the curve, the x-axis and y-axis.
Solution

The figure is symmetric about both of the coordinates axes.

Prepared by Mr. K.

Page 5

F. Ngai

Applications of Definite Integrals

Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

x
y

t2 1
. Find the area bounded by Loop of curve.
t3 t

Example

Consider the curve

Example

Suppose that the curve in figure with parametric form x f (t ) , y g( t ) . If t 1 and t 2 are
the parameters of points A and B . Show the shaded area is

1 t 2 dy
dx
(x
y
)dt .
2 t1
dt
dt

Prepared by Mr. K.

Page 6

F. Ngai

Applications of Definite Integrals

Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

Arc Lengths
A

Equations of curves are in Rectangular Form

Theorem

If a curve y f ( x) has a continuous derivative on [a, b] , then the length of the curve from

x a to

x b is given by

1 (f ' ( x )) 2 dx

dy

dx

dx .
Prepared by Mr. K.

Page 7

F. Ngai

Applications of Definite Integrals

Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

Remark

If the equation of the curve is in the form x g( y ) , then the length of the arc between y c
and

yd

is given by

1 ( g ' ( x )) dy
2

dx
1

dy

dy .

Example

Find the length of the parabolic arc y 2 4x from (0,0) to (4,4) .

Example

Find the length of the loop of the curve 12y 2 x( 4 x) 2 .

Remark

Equations of Curves are in Parametric Form

Theorem

When a function is expressed in parametric form x f (t ) and y g( t ) , the arc length

the curve from t a to t b is given by
s

Example

s of

(f ' (t )) 2 ( g' ( t ))2 dt

Find the length of curve x 4t 2 , y 2t 3 between t 0, t 1 .

Prepared by Mr. K.

Page 8

F. Ngai

Applications of Definite Integrals

Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

Example

Find the length of the loop of the curve 9ay 2 x( 3a x ) 2 , a 0 .

AL91II-3

x
Consider the curve
y

sin 3 t

0t .
3 ,
2
cos t

Find the length of the curve.

Example

x
Find the total length of the curve:
y

a cos 3 t
where a 0 .
a sin 3 t ,
Prepared by Mr. K.

Page 9

F. Ngai

Applications of Definite Integrals

Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

Question

In the above example, as t increases from 0 to 2 , the point will move along the curve for a
complete turn. Is it correct to find the arc length by evaluating the integral

dx

dt

Always bear in mind that

dy

dt
2

dx

dt

sin 2 t
dt 3a
2

dy

dt

?
0

0.

Volumes of Solids of Revolution

A

Disc Method

Theorem

Let y f ( x) be a continuous function defined on [a, b ] , and S be the region bounded by

the curve y f ( x) , the lines x a , x b and the x-axis. Then the volume V of the solid
generated by revolving the region S one complete revolution about the x-axis is given by
b

V y 2 dx
a

Remark

x
y

In parametric form

f ( x )

dx .

h( t )
, the volume of solid of resolution generated by revolving the
g( t )

region enclosed by the graph, x-axis and from t 1 to t 2 about x-axis.

Prepared by Mr. K.

Page 10

F. Ngai

Applications of Definite Integrals

Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

t2

V ( g( t )) 2 h' ( t )dt
t1

Theorem

Let y f ( x) be a continuous function defined on [a, b ] , and S be the region bounded by

the curve y f ( x) , the lines x a , x b and y h . Then the volume V of the solid
generated by revolving the region S one complete revolution about the y h is given by

f ( x) h
a

V ( y h ) 2 dx
a

Example

dx

Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving one complete revolution of the upper half
region of the closed curve

x

a

2
3

about the line y b , (a 0, b 0) .

Example

Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by the cycloid
x a(t sin t ) , y a(1 cos t ) , where a 0 and 0 t 2 , and the x-axis about the xaxis.

Example

Find the volume of solid generated by revolving the region bounded by the curve x cos 3 t
y sin 3 t about y-axis.

Prepared by Mr. K.

Page 11

F. Ngai

Applications of Definite Integrals

Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

Shell Method

Theorem

Let f be a function continuous on [a, b] . If the area bounded by the graph of f ( x ) , the xaxis and the lines x a and x b is revolved about the y-axis, the volume V of solid
generated is

2 xf ( x )dx

Example

Derive a formula for evaluation the volume of a cylinder of a radius a and height h by using
the shell method.

Example

Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by the curves
y x 2 x , y e x and the lines x 1, x 2 one complete revolution about the y-axis.
2

Prepared by Mr. K.

Page 12

F. Ngai

Applications of Definite Integrals

Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

Area of Surface of Revolution

Theorem

Suppose y f ( x) has a continuous derivative on [a, b ] . Then the area S of the surface of
revolution by the arc of the curve y f ( x) between x a and x b about the x-axis is
S

Remark

2 f ( x ) 1 f ' ( x ) 2 dx

2 y 1

2 x
c

dx
1

dy

dy

If a portion of the curve of parametric equations x x(t ) , y y (t ) between the points

corresponding to t 1 and t 2 is revolved about the x-axis, the surface area S is
S

AL93II-4

dx

2 g( y ) 1 g' ( y ) 2 dy

=
=

Example

The corresponding formula for the area of the surface of revolution obtained by revolving an
arc of a curve x g( y ) from y c to y d about the y-axis is
S

Theorem

dy

dx

t2

t2

2 y ( t )ds 2 y ( t ) [ x' ( t )]2 [ y' ( t )]2 dt .

t1

x
y

Consider the curve

t1

r cos

r sin

. Find the surface area of a sphere.

Find the area of the surface obtained by rotating the following curve about the x-axis:
x

sin 3 t
,
cos 3 t

t .
2
2

Prepared by Mr. K.

Page 13

F. Ngai

Applications of Definite Integrals

Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

Example

Find the area of the surface generated by rotating the arc of the curve x e t sin t , y e t cos t ,
from t 0 to t

about the x-axis.

2

Example

Find the area of surface generated by revolving the graph of x 3t 2 , y t 3 between t 0

and t 2 about y-axis.

Example

The curve C is represented by x 4t 2 and y t 4 4 ln t

(a)
Find the length of the loop of C from t 1 to t 2 .
(b)
Find the Volume of the solid generated by revolving the arc in (a) about y-axis. Find
also the surface area.

Prepared by Mr. K.

Page 14

F. Ngai