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d++<+ <s \+ |{&T q, sT & T uyT q

+~j\ yTT>TZ<\\ |ue+ + n<s
eTs|sq <Ts<qT&y| #s&T.
MT< +uE&T + djT+es+
#{+#&T. eq sE b+&TsEqT yT e]++~.
X\T& #\T e~ yT de nsTT+~. us
eq$Vs+ ds<> >&T|+&>, sEq
eT>s|+ q eTT <+|T* #+|q <c
b+&TsE d dTU <s+> +&e\d e+~.
d+q+ be&+e\ dsZ<s\T ] +&e
\TdTq b+&TsE eTVsT\ |u<+ yTs qT
m> q +& yTq n+u* ydeTV]e\
| & + ]+<, n > q | j T +
#j\qTH&T. + $wjH |k$+#&T.
yT q ~eX* |* <s<e <s jTT~wsTD,
yjTTe <s ;eTTD, +<T& <s nsTqTD
b+&TsE d+qe+TD #d+ ~. n+<T, us ]q
MT< e~ L& eT+ #| q\ dV<e\qT
*>> #d+~.
e ~ d V eq+ y [ q b+& T sE
e+<T& #eqT =#Te&+q, e~ n
d V > e Tq+ # j T & + q + < T > T s T | \ *
y+uT= TTw\ kjT+ VdH|s #sT=+~.
n|{qT+ + c c\T. <sw& >T&q+
e\ s+ sbsTTH b+&TsE #be&+ n
#H s+ +&bsTT+~. n =&T |<y&q
<Ts<qT&T eTV ndj|sT&T. ;eTT& b& nd\T
f~ <T. nqT qq, q eTTq d |Tq,
syTq q z&dTH& f >TsT. ;eTT&
y $w+ |{sT. >&< q|&T n >+>
$dsXsT. nsTT, ;eTT& bD+ # >{~. nqT
y{q{ <fX&T.
jTT~wsT&T |<y&T qT <sw&T n
jTTesE> #jT&yT #X&T <Ts<qT& bsT
e+ ++ <T. =&T eqT HZ+#&
+ dV b+&e* ysDe |+|+ \ +{
dJe <Vq+ #<eTq {\ |jT+ #X&T. $<TsT&
#qe\ w+qT+ jT|&, <T>TsT |\*

l>$T
| T = nC + > =H e \d e+~.
@#|s+ eT yk *+q uVDT&
eq c rs& ;eTTD dTsT& <>Z]
|+|& eTT+<T=+~. B sD\T s+&T
n>T|ksTT. q =&T \+MT< yT q qeT+
yTT<{~. yT+ c Hds, sT\ c
rs& eTqT eTT deT]+#Ty\q dyuy
|\\ Hs&+ s+&e~. b, @ H qT q
|\yD e<\ |+|+#&+ sT>TT+<?
nD+ <D b+#\ <X uVDT\
y[ eT]y +{ d #XsT. djT+es
eT+b y[, eT jT+ #~ +, uVD yw+
q nsTq T&T <|~ >\T#TH&T. n& sE\+<s
;esTqT\qT uVDT\H \+| n&THsT.
;esTqT\T y+<] z&+ <|~dV d e
_qT #eTe! n ds<> nHsT. |* >~
q + yqT #& +&H, sp k<sD+> _q T
#T=q|&eT+T+< n< sV MT n+<sT \d
< |+#T+& n jT<|+> n+~. +
e\ e <|~ #d H*sT#T+~. # # m+
nqT y T q eHqT n # H=# T +~.
#eT+~ us> +&+ n<seT|++~.
nsTT >TsTe #|q ef <seT n+{sT. y
>TsTe >TsTe. n+<T# $&q eH <s+>
rdTy\ jTT~ws T &T ss TT+#&T. <|~ + q
|[, eD >T]+ |dT #d nqT |+ >H
H | #Ls #sTT n <TksT n+~ n #T
ydT&T L& <H deT]+#&T. n> + y~
=B b+&e <T>T] <|~ us nsTT+~.
<Ts<qT& s|q X &q yd| p<+
z&bsTT, |H +& eqydeT, @&~ nCy deT
#jT & b+&e\T y[q|&T + < sw & |+#H
+& w| & + ~. <|~ b+&e\ \d eqyd c\,
nCyd c\ |& jT|& eT sC ]
eT+f <Ts<q T&T dd$Ts nH&T. bsT | d]

13

nsTT+~. n|&T q yTTyTT<{ =&T sT&T nTy|

+&+ + $T+>T&T|& < T . @++> n *d
]q d+> #|+~. qTe d\+ |{qy&$
e. H =&T$. jT\+ |{qy&$. qTe
b+&e\ y| e jTT~wsT& nq>]y sC
b*+#T. ssTqT\ \seTw\ eT nk<yTMT
+&<T n. + eqT dsT&T \|sdTqT>
_T> | +#&T. nsTTHds, sT & T < |<T .
qqT n$< d]dTq <Ts<qTD e~*|qT.
n+<Tq jTT<\+ | HqT #jTqT. nd+
=&T\ jTT<+ #kqT. nsTT, nsTqTD |
$T> q\T>T] HqT #+|qT n sT&q eqT $
sX> + yqT~] e+~. |< =&T >T]+
yT e]< |\ $T*bH +~.
+ J$+ b&T>TH c\T nqTu$ dH
+~. yT ys > eTs|sT qT y+{ #
zsT> lw& MT< u dV d e+~. yT u #
>=|~. yT lw& T yTq\T&. *dq|& w& T
+ b<\ yTTy&T. nsTTH yT wD <e&>
m] XsD > b+~+~. b+&TsE bsTTq <>sZ T +N
+ n c. n |<q lw&T yTqT
b&TH e#&T. n eTV<jT qT \#T=+ +
#dq bsq eTq n+<] qT$| y*.
$|<dqT q: XX ><TZs
ue <sq+ jTY k <|qse <sqyT
u>e+ 1`8`25
|u ! e J$+ m|& $|T ed +&!
m+<T+f, $|TH +> >TsT e#~. s|+
|_+_+ n>T|dT+~. |\ <sqyT
+eTT+~? #e |T\ #+qT+ jT|&be&+
UjTeTeT+~. j>XsT&! j<e\ MT<, b+&e\
MT< Hq n eTe nH bX >Zd, H m|&
HqT \#T+ +&> B$+#T nH yT e\T
eTqyT|& C|+ |Ty*.

Xu_q+<q\T
>$T duT\T l {.jTH.$.seTDeT], n&{, =ePsT ` qswH n+&
u&d+> XK #+~q V<su< b+rjT | d]|wH d+ usT duT\T>
jT$T+|&&+, deTT e deTT kq+> u$d, l seTDeT] >] <s
ndu, no ks+ de+ n+^]+# dHsY d]|{\T
\_+#& jTq w | |*\q+~dT+< d >$T n_q+~k+~.

14

l>$T

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yeV] uw ` &T>T

` .dV#Y. nbse, 9652077422

\T>T y&T uc <eT |eTVQ&T, &T>T

y+ seTeT]. >+~ uw q \T>T e#H |\
y&Tuw rdTe, eeVs+ uw q
n+<, M\Tq *jTC|q eTVjTT&T. +<<X+
yeV] uc<e eT\|sTw&T. VQuc Xd
y. #]sT&T. d+|Td+ds. VTy~. wq eeV]
uwqT >+ < s#q d]+|#j
T & X ~ w #dq
n#\T>T #s|&T>T. &T>T <eT+e\ @ =~eT+~
|]$TyTq #<Te yeV] uw k, n+<], |
] M+~. &T>T seT] jT+ >w 29 \T>T
uc ~He+> sT|+TH+.
=* J$+: &T>T y+ seTeT] 1863 >w 29e
Bq l sq sy yT <s+ eTTK*+>
+ <>Zs q |s\| nH >eT+ +#sT. jTq
+& MsE, * y+eT. MsE |s\| sD
deTT<sT (syq n~])> |#dT+&ysT. 1877 <
b<$T $< }H k+~. +& #&es+ ~ nsTT
n& $ws+ 1875 #be&+ $jTq>s+
y T qeeT>] + + eTV sCy] +^ w
bs X \ | y + 1875 y T T< \ T 1880 es
$jTq>s+H >&bsT. 1879 yT{wH |
rsT&j&T. sE >TiC& nbse seTeT]
dV<sTT. @& seT]>] |+& nsTT+~. 1880
30 s. J+MT< |s$T& sCy] d |dTbs+
#] u~+# n<|&HsT. d+ksu< (* <sT
#) seTeT]| |&+~. |yT> #~$ 1886 m|t.m.,
1894 _.@. yTT<{ s+&T u>\T (#] |) bdjsT.
1896 eT&u>+ bd |+ |#THsT. +^w,
d+d\T , |<q bs+X+> #] rdT sw+
yTT<{ s>, s+& s+ rsT&jsT. sCy]
q bsX\ X\ nsTT+~. n|&T jTq X\
s>T\ bs\T #| j> \_++~.
des uc b+&+: sEH jTq <>Zs n&e
+& des\ uw HsT y #<Te #b\H ]
*+~. \T>T, des uw\T s+&T eq des
eeVsqT +{H |T des uwqT HsTHsT.
|]XeT # @ ]+~. des uw |d\T yd
k+& T d |{ n<| \ J\T #*+ , des\
y] u w H # < T e # | @sT # X & T . eT < d T

|uT+ysT w yT 1913 se V<sY _sT<T

#sT. uc Xd+ n|&|& edTq |d\T #~$
ysD sD $<q+ HsTHsT. 35 @ w 1931
+^w des uc ysD, 1936 des ` +^w
X ]+#sT. eT<dT |uT+ &T>T +>+
jsT #dq des uc ysD 1931qT, des `
+^w X 1938qT n#T yXsT. 1934 |uT+
jTq sY V+< nH ds| >s$++~.
des <D eTT+& uw. eTq<X+ yTTyTT<
eTT+& |T+ uwqT XdjT+> |]X~+qy&T
&T>T seT]>sT. k ` @wj{ uc T++
XK eTT+& uw. s uc eeVs\T eTq <X
seTT+<T (.|P. 15e X_) qT+ M eTq<X+
ds|&sT. M] XsT\H ~eT C> sjT uVD+
(.|P. 7e X_) |s=HsT.
XdH\ n<jTq+: Vd #]bs+ #| sEH
<>Zs q eTTK*+> <y\j q XdH\ *|
d++> HsT #~ysT. $wjT |]X<q #d y{
< s + > mH #] +X\T, eTTK+> >+>
e+ojTT\qT >T]+ seTeT] +^w beD
yk\T yd +&jTH j+{q eT<dT *s#sT
n+& dqT kd{ sq |#T]+#sT. 1911 &T>T
30 @ ddT |P] >H n<| |<$ qT+ d#+<+>
]fsjsT. n+ =~ d+es\ eTT+< <T+<
uc d+dsD y| n <w eT[+~.
e+: seTeT]>] q|{qT+ $<d, sB,
dHwD+ |<q \D\T. des\T, V]qT\T n+s
H\ n|{ d+|T+ n+T+&, \+H, jTq des
$<sT\ q +{H d @ss, uq+ |fysT.
1930\ ]k sw+ @s&qTq|&T, |s$T& sC
q |s$T& \qT ]k sw+ #]+#&
|jT+q|&T, \T>Ty] HjT&> seTeT] \
||T{+#sT. \ # u>, |s$T&
| D | u T + n e T+> ]k # s & + e\ ,
\T>Ty] nHjT+ ]+< *jTCd jTq 1936
]k sw bs+ue+ ]> ~q+ <jTyT |s$T&
+&& w|&, y+H seT+~ e n& q
XwJ$ >&b&T. jTq |T<\ ~ >=|
<sq+.

l>$T
e#q uc d+dsD<eT+: 1907 C m @{ nH +^w
<=s s k \ d qdsT> e#&T. q
s> T \T>T |+&T \T bs\T #| |< <=s ns+
<T . | \T eeV]+# uw, |d \ uw eT< m+<T
&\T HsTT nq~ n eTTK deTd. n+ eTT+<T
$T<X + q n< deTd n y~+ +~. $XK|+
$Tddt m $ jTH |b\T> q |.{.lyd
njT+>] n& jTq >TiC&, &T>T\T B de<q+
#Ts nH&T. $<+ > &T>T J$ s s+
$wj >T]+ >&+ > + \T>T $<$<q+
nHjT+ sT>TTq< >T]+#&T. >TiC&, &T>T, lyd
njT+>sY, jT{ ` q\T>T] #q\e\ yeV]
uc<eT+ s+uy T + ~. n|{ +^w ucXd >+ <\T
#~$q &T>T | jT& ]> n<| d<d T Je<w
b<qqT >T]+ |Hk*#&T.
1906 qT+& 1940 es &T>T seTeT] w
n+ \T>T uc de. jT{ bV+ w q yeV]
\T>T uwqT >+ <s # q >VyTq ~> #jT & n+
w #d T&j &T. MsX*+>+ |+T\T }+L&
jTq \_++~. 1919`20\ eT< yeV] uc<eT
|# s+ =i \ T>T nH ed|qT q&bsT. yeV]
uwqT ||T{+q +< kV |]wT du (1925
DT) H\T>T >+\bT |d + + >+ < |j
>*
m #| q y< nqTL\+> d$T rs+|CX sT.
kVr d$T, qe kV |]wT yTT<q d+d\ TL& &T>T
y< \|]#sTT.
1912`13 d\T|q \T yds# q e uw
>, <T uw > yjTe#Tq d\T |q usT
s<] .z. #&T. <T uw \ +> uH \T>T
& s Y q T, @qT> T \ MskeTj T o j # ] q T
<V ]+#sT. esT\e\ \T>T kV n|s+
sT>TT+< |+&T n\& jT\T<]+~. eT<dT
jT+ seTjT|+T\T n<q +< kV |]wT
@s&~ . y$*=\qT dTuse, y<+ y+sjTXd +{
|+&T \T jT+ seTjT y< \|]#sT.<X+ n+{
du\T |{ yds#q | |uT+ q d#qT
|d+ V]+#\ |< mTq <eT+ eBXsT.
d\T |d >+~ uw bT bsTT+~.
={ MsX*+>+ | b~+q ds >+~+ L& e+~.
&T>T seTeT] }ss |Hk*d >+~+ @
s#sTT sTw+> yjT& s|+#&T. \T>T
ed| q XdjT yk\, |Hd bs\

15

n$X++> bs+ k+#sT. | @&~

eyT q&+~. #| y+Xd, eCsaT\
eX+sXd, MsX*+>+, |+#>T\ ~HsjTDXd,
eCsa T\ qdseTXd yTT<q e\T, |+&T \T yeV]
ucy<+ y| yTT>TZ #bsT. 1919 |e] 28q seT+~
+<TL] Mse*+>+ n<&T>, &T>T s<]>
ese H+< uc |e s de+ k|+ #sT. 1933 &T>T
seTeT] d| eTVAe+ jTq n_eqT\T, w\T
seT+~ V+&+> ]bsT. *#s y+s+
d+b< &T> || + #+ q\TeT\\qT+N eq 46 |]X<
yk\ $Td\ |t mddt (yd d+>V +) nH <+Z <
jTq deT]+#sT. 1924 H& +< kV
|]wT n~]+> yeV] uc w< myd + ~.
1936 qe kV |]wT nH d+dq T <T \T k|+
dH s#q w yeV] bV+# | u nH
kV |qT |#T]+#sT. 1937 | <sse
d+b<&T> qyD nH | e\+ <T |eD
uwH ys\ T, d+b<j
\T yjT+ yTT<\T|{+ ~.
& T > T seTeT] 1940 qe] 15e B q
|C $T s\jT+ | d+b< \qT d+u~d #dq
q T~ $q|+ yeV] uc y| # d+| b+<sT.
|uT $<XKysT, $X $<\j\T >+~
e~*| be{ u<| & sT . $q|+ e] e\T`
<X u w <s $< u~d |j
q+ <T . w
q yeV] uw + d< $q&T+T+~. n~
Je+ &T +T+~. >+~ uw >+<\
q&< $q&~ <T. | eT e+{~. |d + >\ >+~
uw |j
d T H, dsk &T H m+ Vkd<+>
+T+< #&+&. >+~ uw jT&\ H <seTT
b <T . bNq y\T #<T ee< , $<sT\ Hs e<
HqqqT. uw H&T s#q k+#& |PqTe&+
e< n+THqT. sTw + > mesTqT yjTsT . ydH ydy]
wy T , $Hy] wy T . ydy+&$ T #dT H sT? ue+ eT k+
(y&T) uw s+#T= >+~sD+ #dTHsT. n~
#~yy+&T, $Hy+&T eT k+ y&T e\ esT
ns+ #dT +THsT. m+<T e< |j
d?
ds+ y\+TH+. |+< sw+ d+
|&T TH+. |C k$T |]b\q+ sTTH+. Te+{
|]d T \ eTq | \, keq qT\ @ uw <s Cq+
\T>#j
T e\d +T+<, @ uw >+ < s#q k+#e\d
+T+< +# + & . MT # T \ | \ THsTT,
|\<s MTsT m+H #jT >\sT

l>$T

16
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` #L] sese
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^ 'syn'=together, 'taxis'=arranging uw >]w uc u>eTT yeTT. ~ d+|Pss
nqT< deVs s| k<XeTT \< +^w |b<eTT.
syntax. syntax nq> the scientific method of
n+ bNq \eTTqH eTq <Xe TTq Xd sT\T
sentence construction and its study n #|e#TqT. y s#q >$+jTTHsT. |<deTVeTT qT+&
+>eTT q+<* ;~ nqT |<eTTq \T>Tq y |{q nseTT yeT, |< d+|yT yyT
sDeTT nqTq~ deHseTT. y sDeTT nqT (V<e) |<eTT\e\q |<seTT\ e\qH
< <T\T y s#q, y jq, y $HdeTT yse TT |T#T q< e]\ u T |< s' |< $C'
ys' ||< nsY @+ y+ k++ #Y
njTT |j+#T \<T.
bNq \eTTq y s#H $<qeTTqT >], $u> kY (MTe+k deTT) yeTT s+eT
y u<eTT\qT >T]+ @ ysjTT $dseTT> |s=q jTq X de TT #| #Tq~. nq> yeTT q
<T. bD L& q ysDeTTq yeTTqT >] y\T|* |<eTT\ + djT+ deT>eT>T
#]+|<T. \T>T bNq ysq qqjT, q, nqe.
e #dq nsjTTyTq XdeTT<jTeTT
n|y<T\ qT+& nsNqT&q qjTd] es >\
ys esTqT y sD >] |<> #]+|< T . yeTT. otto jesperson - a sentence is a (relatively)
b& ys eeTT yeTT |s |]#<eTTqT complete and independent human utterance n
s+#qT.
#| HsT. =+<sT <T uc XdE
\T s+&T XeTT\
bXT\q bNqT\T y sDeTTqT eT<>\ nsjTTyTq XdeTT<jTeTT yeTT n
>] eT >+<eTT\+<T $XweTT> |s=q<T. yT #|#THsT.
|, ^qT, VT, V +>sY eTTq>T <T uc
b & y s y eTT Hj > +
XdE\T L& yeTTqT d+<seXeTTq =~> dV+>T qseTT>\ jd jTT |<deTT<jT+T
#]+#TjT $T*q n+XeTT\e B >] (y |]#<eTT`1) n y s#qeTT >$+#qT
$|\eTT> #]+| <T. <T uc Xd |]X<q j >, +, d nqTy L& deT>se +eT>T
< XdeTTq, |< sDeTTq, e+&* |]o\q, |<eTT\ deTT<jTyT yeT nseTT. j> nq>
Xus |]DeTeTT ]q+ w y s#q |<eTT\, nseTT\ >\ |sds d++<eTTq u<
$wjTeTTq sT><T. y sD $wjTyT +qT \T>+&T ` |# &T|#TH&T. ~ yeTqT
m+ w sT>e\djTTq~. \T>T y s#H | j>yTq ~ <T. +<* $wjT eTT nd+ue eTT, nqTue
]q w L& n\yT. &. #L] sese >sT $sT<eTT qT +<T j> <T. + nq>
+ |PseTT = yk\T us |#T]+#sT. \T|<\ +& y+y+H e#T |<seTT\ MT<
eT<q ysT s+q \T>T y+ nqT >+<eTTqT <seTT. ~ $qTy] \TdT=qeqqT |
||+# \T>T eTVdu\ d+<seTTq +<|<X kV s|eTTq +&TqT. |*, d+VeTT, @qT>T n |*q#
n&MT ysT (1975) |# T ]+#sT. +<T <T \T>T $qTy] | \T><T . nT>, ~ |*, ~ d+VeTT
yeV] uc y s#H <T uc Xd <w nqT#, @~? m&? nqT + neXeTTq~.
#> |]o*+|&+~. \T>T y sDeTT| +< T # ~ y eT> T qT. d | < e TT\ # ] ,
>+<yTqqT <qT TqT ~ =+es r]q~.
yeTTq+<* |<eTT\ qeeVeTT> #]+#Tq|&T
yeTT sentence : uc eeVseTTq yeTT # , < nseTT u< |&<T. seTT&T nqT |<eTT
|<qyTq~. yeTT eeVs|j. eeVseTq> |&TqT, dqT nqT |<eTT eT]jTT >+qT, |[
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s V e TT>H q qT +& e # T qT. d + w d + j T T
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jT&\ m\|&T n~ nde| jT>H +&TqT.
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d+jTT yeTTH <+< yeTqT \<T. s+&T deq
||>\ yeTT\T *d yeTT> @s&T
d+jTT yeTT (\T>T y+ |.68).
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17

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d + Tq q] ... d s +^D | D eTT ...
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& |D eT, nqTC , $eHs& n +&eqT.
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jTT+&T u< s T \T (.d+.1`81) & |se XeTT n
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