Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Failed State
Shiv Sastry
COPYLEFT LICENCE
Licence is hereby granted to make as many copies of
this book as needed, and for the book to be
distributed to anyone free of charge on condition that
no modifications are made and no profit is made from
the sharing of this work.
FOREWORD
The reason for writing this book is explained in the
first chapter. Once I had collected the reference
material it took me only three months to write the book.
It then took me two years to refine and release the book
as a freely downloadable e-book.
I must take this opportunity to thank members of the
forum at www.bharat-rakshak.com for their invaluable and
selfless help in digging up material that served as
references for this book.
Furthermore I wish to thank the dozen or so people who
helped me proof read the book and came up with useful
suggestions. Prominent among these are ramana, acharya,
kgoan and sudhir.
Shiv
January 20, 2007
CHAPTERS
1
2
Why Pakistan?
The people of Pakistan
Page
Page
6
14
Education
Page
20
4
5
6
7
Page
Page
Page
Page
35
43
65
71
8
9
10
11
Page 80
Page 93
Page 99
Page 117
12
13
14
15
Page
Page
Page
Page
131
135
147
160
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Appendix 3
Page 174
Page 177
Page 180
Appendix 4
References
Page 183
Page 186
Chapter 1
WHY PAKISTAN?
Why write about Pakistan?
Pakistan is a huge, populous and diverse nation that has
the curious distinction of having been suddenly born in
1947, and it has been an aggressive and implacable
neighbor of India.
Most Indians do not understand Pakistan or Pakistanis.
Many tend to look at the similarities and remark,
"Pakistanis are just like us". That may appear true but
it is important to understand that Pakistanis do not feel
like Indians and do not like to say "Indians are just
like us". In fact Pakistanis have spent all those decades
since independence trying to show how Pakistan is not
like India. And in the intervening years Pakistan,
Pakistani institutions and Pakistanis have developed
certain unique and recognizable defining features. While
these features have been noted time and again by
innumerable people in a large number of books, newspaper
reports and magazines, no effort been made to collect
this information and put it all together between the
covers of a single book.
More that anything else, this book can be considered a
Review of the literature on Pakistan. In the field of
medical research, a Review of the literature is often
used to collect and collate information about a disease
from various sources. Such a review collects up all the
available information about a given disease from all the
medical papers available on the subject and consolidates
the information in one document. That document then
serves as a comprehensive reference point for information
about the subject.
is
also
deeply
insulting
7
to
all
Indian
Muslims
point
to
inability
note
is
to
that
develop
no
coherent
discussion
or
of
armed
of a low1965, the
to expand
comparisons
of
numbers
regarding
Pakistan
and
the
problems
in
Pakistan,
11
and
hide
the
chronic
mismanagement of Pakistan.
India and Pakistan do share many of the same problems,
but a comparison of the real figures between India and
Pakistan shows that Pakistan is not doing well, and is
falling behind, even though the number of people who are
poor in Pakistan, and the number of people requiring
education in Pakistan are far smaller than the number in
India.
Pakistan's task should have been easier, but Pakistan is
failing even to achieve a smaller task. For every child
that Pakistan educates, India has to educate seven
children in order to "match Pakistan". But India is not
merely matching Pakistan, it has moved ahead in literacy
and is racing ahead in other parameters. A direct
comparison of numbers will not reveal this and such
direct comparisons are useful only to hide Pakistan's
increasing problems.
And while these figures get worse, a quick comparison of
the Pakistani armed forces and the Indian armed forces is
illustrative of what the two countries have been doing
since Independence. With India having a population that
is seven
times as big as that of Pakistan, the Indian
army should have been at least three or four times the
size of the Pakistan army. But that is not the case; the
Indian army is less than one and a half times as big as
the Pakistani army. That is because, since independence
India has spent relatively more on development and less
on defence while Pakistan has spent almost everything on
arms and very little on development.
Pakistan of course was amply aided by other nations, but
these details will be discussed later. In this book we
will examine the state that Pakistan has got itself into
and deal with how it got into its current crisis. In 2007
12
13
Chapter 2
THE PEOPLE OF PAKISTAN
Pakistan is currently estimated to have between 160 and
170 million people. Pakistan's internal turmoil prevented
a routine census from taking place in 1991, but it was
finally conducted in 1998. Pakistan's population is
currently thought to be increasing at the rate of between
2.1% and 2.8% per year. Nobody knows exactly, but even at
the lower estimate 8000 children are being born every day
in Pakistan, or one Pakistani is born every 10 seconds.
Some estimates say that Pakistan's population will double
to over 300 million, by the year 2050.
The Pakistani paper the Jang reported in September 2003
(3):
Pakistan's population will swell to 349 million by year
2050, making it the fourth most populated country in the
world
The report goes on to say:
The population growth has caused an eight-time increase
in the unemployment...With almost one third of the
population living in abject poverty, 54 million people do
not have access to safe drinking water ... 53.5 million
are illiterates. The population explosion has led to the
shortage of educational facilities, health services,
housing units, food, living space, arable land and clean
water
The vast majority of Pakistanis are villagers, living in
rural areas. The "average Pakistani" is poor and
uneducated. According to some estimates, 70% of the
population of Pakistan is uneducated, and education among
women is very low since few women are allowed to acquire
14
Rich
Anglophone
Pakistani
Elite
have
great
third
curious
anomaly
of
Pakistan
is
the
almost
answerable
to
18
an
angry
or
demanding
19
Chapter 3
EDUCATION
Through the 1950s and 1960s, Pakistan was believed to be
a leading light among developing nations, and the
unquestioned technological leader among "Islamic nations"
A closer look at the facts suggests that this was only an
impression created by the fortuitous alliance between the
suave, English speaking Pakistani elite and the postworld war superpower, the United States of America, and
the world's most powerful media apparatus that came with
the US.
Development and technology require education. Most people
who take education for granted tend to forget the highly
organized and civilized system that needs to be set up
for an underdeveloped nation to build up a group of
educated citizens who can serve as the pioneers of
development.
For example, imagine a small town or village that needs a
school. A building is required, with electricity for
light bulbs. Teachers are needed and for this the teacher
himself must be educated - a separate education system
must exist to have a supply of teachers. The people of
the village or town need to understand the value of
sending their children to be educated in school as
opposed to keeping them at home for help in the fields or
other work.
The low literacy rate in Pakistan is an indicator of the
facts that these fundamental investments have been
ignored or sidelined for decades. The precise manner in
which lack of education and a runaway increase in
population affects a country needs to be understood by
leaders
in
power.
But
it
appears
20
that
series
of
Pakistan
has
today
21
very
young
population
grow
by
what
is
called
"geometric
there
are
some
one
million
to
1.7
million
children
reportedly
attended
primary
25
during
the
Cold
War,
the
number
of
madrassas
an
additional
source
was
27
its
activity
of
selling
Schools in Pakistan:
Education in Pakistani schools outside of madrassas is
not available to most Pakistanis. But even in the few
schools that exist, the curriculum is deeply flawed. The
following quotes are taken from an in depth study of what
Pakistani
school
children
are
being
taught
in
a
compilation entitled The
Subtle Subversion - The State
of Curricula and Textbooks in Pakistan by A.H. Nayyar and
Ahmed Salim (20):
Madrassas are not the only institutions breeding hate,
intolerance, a distorted world view, etc. The educational
material in the government run schools do much more than
madrassas. The textbooks tell lies, create hate, incite
for jehad and shahadat, and much more.
...children are now taught that the history of Pakistan
starts from the day the first Muslim set foot in India.
History and Pakistan studies textbooks rarely mention
the ancient and non-controversial cultures of the Indus
valley
(Moenjodaro,
Harrappa
and
Kot
Diji),
and
completely bypass the entire Buddhist and Hindu periods
of history. They suddenly jump to the advent of Mohammed
bin Qasim in India and treat it as the beginning of
history... this structuring is to make children regard
the Muslim part of the history as the .. most significant
part.'
From about 1972 onwards, history taught in Pakistan was
detached from history as we know it.
Quoting further from the Nayyar and Salim report:
28
to
all
the
with
the
insistence
on
the
Ideology
of
...
"Make speeches on Jehad and Shahadat"
"Understand Hindu-Muslim differences
and
the
resultant
really
do
away
with
33
inculcating
the
rationale
deflect
34
Chapter 4
INDUSTRIES AND ECONOMY OF PAKISTAN
In
report
about
the
Pakistani
economy,
economist
36
are
used
to
rotate
something
37
at
high
speed
to
by centrifuges
Khan from the
at
more
than
twice
40
that
rate
6%
(34).
The
On February 5
2003, the San Francisco Chronicle
reported: Pakistan's powerful military has ruled the
country for more than half of the nation's 56-year
history, fully integrating itself into every facet of the
economy and draining state coffers with generous benefit
plans for its officers....corrupt military officers have
siphoned off more than $1.2 billion in the last 10 years
to purchase such amenities as land, mansions and luxury
cars, according to a recent report by Pakistan's auditor
general.
A
large
number
of
reports
speak
of
all
the
economic
problems that Pakistan has (35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40) Some
of these problems, regarding industries and poverty have
been listed above. But many other factors contribute to
the decrepit state of the Pakistani economy. Aid and loan
money has been constantly misused for personal gain by
the Pakistani army, army run businesses and private
enterprise due to rampant corruption at the highest
places. There is an extremely wealthy class of Pakistani
at the top of the economic pyramid and this class
includes Army Officers as well as feudal landowners some owning as much as 45,000 acres of land. In the
Punjab province, one percent of the landowners own 26
percent of the land.
One report (36) says only one million Pakistanis pay tax
in a country of over 150 million people. The Karachi
Stock Exchange has trading in only about 30 stocks - with
41
42
Chapter 5
PAKISTANI PSYCHE - GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
Very few studies exist on the subject of the mind of the
Pakistani or the Pakistani psyche. Pakistan has been too
low on the priority of sociologists and psychologists,
while
most
Indians,
including
Indian
leaders
and
strategists have been content with describing Pakistanis
as being Just like us - i.e. just like Indians.
Pakistanis, like all other people, display the usual
range of human behavioral patterns: joy, sorrow, anger,
pain and other emotions which are indistinguishable from
anyone else on an individual level. But groups of
thousands or millions of people anywhere in the world,
who live together in nations tend to develop certain
unique patterns of behavior based on the stresses,
experiences and history of their particular society.
Sometimes these unique patterns of behavior are very
difficult to recognise, because the behavior is very much
like that of anyone else. Even so, it is worth
recognizing minor differences because this knowledge has
some value in understanding behavior, and in negotiation
and reaching agreements.
For example, communication between cultures becomes
difficult if negotiators from different cultures cannot
understand each others' behavior. A deep understanding of
Japanese
culture
was
required
before
international
agreements could be reached with Japan on the issue of
whaling and protection of endangered species of whales.
Some cultures, such as Japanese culture have been well
studied (41). The important role of saving face and
avoiding shame is well recognised, and must be taken into
account in negotiation. Another well known example of the
consequences of an inability to understand cultural
nuances
comes
from
transcript
43
of
telephone
the
words
of
one
Pakistani
of
pride
officer,
was
the
in
army
openly
about
the
44
failure
of
their
civil
reject
their
earlier
Indian
46
2001 edition:
was
mid
afternoon
Tuesday,
47
and
Anwar
Mahmood,
disunity
means
Pakistani
need
for
the
maintenance
of
honour
and
1971
war.
Brigadier
Anjum
55
records
his
version
of
history as:
The number of combatant soldiers out of the 90.000 socalled prisoners of war was just over forty thousands.
The rest of PoWs
mostly children.
were
civilians
and
their
families,
is considered to be a sign of
that peace offers from India have
Pakistani leaders. Indian peace
a sign of weakness, which must be
th
2001
speech (56).
being
General Ayub Khan who led Pakistan into the 1965 war with
India had boasted that One Pakistani soldier is equal to
six Indian soldiers The genesis of this attitude is
interesting.
In 1857, soldiers of the British Indian army rose up in a
rebellion in what is now known as the first war of Indian
Independence. That rebellion was eventually quelled by
the
British
with
troops
mainly
from
the
Punjab
particularly Muslim troops from what is now the Pakistani
58
military
officers
also
have
dangerously
self-
the generals were convinced that the Bengali was too meek
to
ever
challenge
the
martial
Punjabi
or
Pathan
Muslim..The Bengalis were despised as non martial by all
West Pakistanis.
This contempt with which West Pakistanis viewed their own
countrymen contributed to the secession of East Pakistan
and the formation of
few elections held in
thumping majority to
based political party
and
fairer
back
for
services
rendered
and
of feudal
well
for
change and
and events
and
must
not
be
changed
or
64
Chapter 6
WOMEN AND MINORITIES OF PAKISTAN
With 108 men for every 100 women in Pakistan (59), the
women of Pakistan could probably be called a minority, to
be counted along with other minorities of Pakistan such
as Shia Muslims, Ahmedis, Hindus and Christians.
The state of Pakistani women has a powerful bearing on
the condition of Pakistan. For example, two out of three
women in Pakistan are uneducated. The importance of this
fact lies in that many studies show that poverty,
malnutrition and child labor are
where the women are uneducated.
higher
in
societies
women
continue
to
be
victims
of
an
unjust
woman
of
the
family
is
considered
fundamental
to
to
have
the
wisdom,
will
or
power
to
67
A few months
vision:
later,
in
1948,
Jinnah
reiterated
his
West Pakistan
population of
independence,
to nearly 150
simple
terms,
in
56
years
68
since
independence
the
former
Indian
foreign
secretary,
J.N.
Dixit,
Pakistan
army
leadership
69
has
encouraged
particularly intolerant
thrive in Pakistan.
subjected to terrorist
the Ahmediya sect have
Haq
actively
encouraged
this
paper Dawn in
misguided
Islamic
wrote
about
anti-Shia
The last years of the Zia regime saw the Shias of Gilgit
come out with a demand for a separate Shia State
consisting of Gilgit and the Shia majority areas of
Punjab and the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP). They
wanted the Shia state to be called the Karakoram Province
and remain part of
regime crushed the
1988, the Pakistan
force from the NWFP
71
Chapter 7
PARTITION AND THE TWO-NATION THEORY
When Indians and Pakistanis meet, one is struck by their
similarity.
Indians are fond of saying Pakistanis are
just like us but one will find that Pakistanis do not
tend to say Indians are just like us. Being different
from Indians is a fundamental requirement that defines
the Pakistani.
Before India was partitioned in 1947, some of the Muslim
elite in India, who were later to go to Pakistan,
considered themselves the descendants of the Mughals who
had ruled vast tracts of India. When the British were set
to leave India, it was realised by these real or
perceived descendants of Mughals that in a democratic
India, they would not automatically regain control of the
lands they had lost to the British. The demand for a
separate nation was a natural extension of this Mughal
mindset. This group of individuals formed a migrant
nation.
The Weekly Standard reported in October 2001 (69):
Created on August 15, 1947, from the northern, primarily
Muslim provinces of British India, Pakistan isn't really
a nation-state. It is a geographic expression of an ageold Islamic ideal: Muslims should not, if at all
possible, live under non-Muslim rule. Living under the
all-mighty British was unpleasant for many.. Living under
the far more numerous Hindus, whom the Muslim Mogul
dynasty had dominated for centuries before the arrival of
the English, was worse. For the English-educated Muslim
elite, it was intolerable.. Gandhi's Indian democracy was
going to be Hindu, so a Muslim "Land of the Pure"--the
literal meaning of Pakistan--was essential to protect and
nurture the faithful.
72
the
majority
of
Muslims,
originally
low-
of Islam, when
Islamic empire,
who were at war
For Muslims who
of
Pakistanis
Indians
did
not
rooted
see
for
India
things
that
and
way.
worked
for
They
saw
Pakistanis
believed
that
this
was
all
that
was
79
Chapter 8
ISLAM AND PAKISTAN
In the end, it could perhaps be said that Islam was too
big for Pakistan to keep as its private domain. Pakistan
was unable to grab and hold Islam as though Islam and
Pakistan were one and the same.
To be
though
before
called
as the Flag of Islam and had said you cannot separate the
Muslim League from Islam. (76). A very popular slogan in
Pakistan
was,
"Pakistan
ka
matlab
kya,
La
ilaha
illallah". The slogan combines a few words taken from the
the Islamic call to prayer La ilaha illallah - meaning
there is no God but God and attaches those words to
Pakistan to make the meaning What does Pakistan mean
there is no God but God - implying that Pakistan and
Islam are one and the same.
But this charade could only last a few years before the
fallacies began to show.
It is endlessly and erroneously repeated that Pakistan
was formed for the Muslims of the Indian subcontinent.
This is a shameful piece of fiction that needs to be set
right. Pakistan was formed for some, and not all Muslims
of the Indian subcontinent.
Demographer P.H. Reddy noted in the Times of India on 8th
April 2003 (77):
According to the 1941 census, out of a total of 435
districts in undivided India, there were 76 in which more
than 50 per cent of the people were Muslims. Based on
80
with
our
own
ideals
81
and
according
to
the
have
many
nation
for
Muslims
non-Muslims
only?
Hindus,
But
why
did
Christians,
and
the
You
are
of
be
Hindus
Was
of
the
Pakistan
nation
for
all
Muslims
and
Indian
Pakistan
the
leader
of
all
Islamic
nations,
an
85
texts
are
had
deposed
being
in
introduced
coup.
into
Rajiv
Pakistani
strongman.
The
men
87
who
controlled
the
sword,
Sonn,
Professor
of
religious
studies,
wrote
committed to
carries
the
in
Mughal
India,
88
and
was
implemented
and
Islamic
jihadi,
brought
up
with
fervor
of
in
any
92
Chapter 9
ATTITUDES TOWARDS INDIA AND INDIANS
Career
diplomat-turned-politician
Mani
Shankar
Aiyer
nation('s) deprivations..
Pakistanis were poor because of Indian aggression.
Pakistan could not develop because of India. Furthermore,
hatred of India was needed as the justification for the
wealth of the Pakistan army, and for the health of army
businesses surviving on state handouts. India had to be
hated to keep Pakistanis in line, to make them more
Islamic, to make them good Muslims. Pakistanis had to be
good Muslims to survive; they had to give up Indianness,
because India was there to subjugate or kill all Muslims,
just like India was accused of killing or raping 30,000
or 70,000 or whatever number of people in Kashmir. And as
India grew stronger, hatred and fear of India had to grow
stronger, and Islamic fervor had to be increased to
oppose India.
As recently as December 2003, a retired Colonel of the
Pakistan Army wrote the following accusations against
India (88):
There is a long list of other hostile Indian actions
against Pakistan, some of which are:
Developing
Pakistan-specific
nuclear
and
Keep bullying Pakistan by concentrating Indian
armed forces on its borders and on the Line of Control in
Kashmir on trumped up grounds, having previously imposed
three wars on Pakistan.
Expecting an enemy with such a criminal record to change
its heart overnight and become friendly toward us is
nothing but inanity.
And while some Pakistanis have reacted to India with this
degree of hatred and suspicion, others try to urge
Pakistan to virtually move out of the Indian subcontinent
into Central Asia or even the Middle East. Ahmad Quraish
wrote in the Pakistani paper the Nation (89):
...the following steps are necessary:
Political:
Pakistan's...ministries
must...deemphasize Pakistan's inclusion in South Asia and play up
Pakistan's role in Central and West Asia.
Changing
the
name
of
Pakistan's
national
Educational:
The
other
major
facets
of
Pakistan's identity - the Arab, Persian, Turkic and
Central Asian - must be emphasized in our schoolbooks. If
this requires drafting new books on Pakistan studies, so
be it, and these must be compulsory reading for Pakistani
students
It is both ludicrous and sad to see Pakistani loathing
for India covering the full spectrum - from the perigee
of wanting to occupy and subjugate parts of India, to the
apogee of wiping out memories of India, even denying
97
98
Chapter 10
THE PAKISTANI ARMY: POWER AND GLORY IN THE FAMILY
The
word
Army
for
the
Pakistan
army
is
pitifully
Punjab
was
the
most
populous
province
of
Pakistan.
or
families
were
affected
during
these
reasons,
the
military
in
Pakistan
was
not
Punjabi
dominated
army
100
also
considered
itself
was
feared
democracy
inconvenient
for
the
attenuating
ruling
their
elite
of
postponed and
stay in power
of 1958. And
Pakistani army
the
first
decade
of
nominally a parliamentary
ruled the state with the
elections were held ..the
the Prime Minister and
Independence,
Pakistan
was
in
the
Pakistani
102
army
could
have
been
security
analyst
Ayesha
Siddiqa-Agha
writes
Sidelining
discreetly
105
Pakistan
reported
on
Sunday
decades
almost
35
to
40
per
cent
of
un-audited
Pakistan's
and
no-
Agha
describes
107
why
the
businesses
were
private sector.
Not to be outdone, the Pakistan air force established the
Shaheen
foundation
which
is
now
involved
in
air
transportation, cargo, airport services, pay TV,
radio, insurance, knitwear and commercial complexes.
FM
wanted
to
build
house.
109
didn't
want
to
be
Ayesha
preserved
by
intimidation
110
that
scares
away
competitors
or
people
who
try
to
question
their
activities.
Corruption in running these businesses has
been noted by Siddiqa-Agha and others (96):
"When you dig into them, you find out they are
inefficient, and there is evidence of corruption,"
Siddiqa-Agha said. "There is also evidence of corruption
linked to monopolization of government contracts.
In another report in August 2002, the South Asia Tribune
reported (99):
..a list of over 100 armed forces men who allotted to
themselves at least 400 or more acres of prime land in
Bahawalpur, heart of Punjab, "to defend it from the
enemy," at the throw away rate of Rs 380 per acre (US
Dollars Six & 50 cents). The list is only of one
District. Such lists exist all over Punjab and Sindh
where a new breed of landlords has already been created
through similar allotments...This conversion of generals
into landlords also explains why no serious effort has
been made by the military to introduce land reforms in
the country, which could cure many political and social
imbalances in the Pakistani society.
An online report in the Crescent International revealed a
list of Pakistani billionaires and millionaires with
accounts in Swiss banks. Nearly half the billionaires
were from the army or close relatives of senior army
personnel.
With this degree of money, wealth and power, the Pakistan
army's main problem shifts away from the defence of
Pakistan to the defence of their own wealth and power.
Which wealthy army general living in the lap of luxury
would want to give up his good life for the hardship and
travails of war? Besides, the risk to this life is not so
111
During
the
Kargil
conflict
113
of
1999,
Pakistan
Parthasarathy,
former
Indian
High
Commissioner
to
out,
the
With
that
116
Chapter 11
KASHMIR, PLEBISCITE, WARS AND GENOCIDE
It is beyond the scope of this book to enter into a
detailed military discussion of the wars that Pakistan
has fought with India. Much has been written on this
subject and many references are available, including some
excellent online references complete with photographs,
documents
111).
and
video
clips
on
the
Internet
(109,
110,
India
(British
India)
consisted
of
area were also about 600 states that were not directly
ruled by Britain, but were Princely States with kings or
rulers of their own. When it was decided that British
India was to be split up into India and Pakistan and
given independence, the 600 Princely States were given
the option of joining either India or Pakistan by signing
a document called the Instrument of Accession. The
Instrument of Accession was a legal document saying that
a state ruled by a Prince or King had acceded - or agreed
to join India or Pakistan.
The dominion of Kashmir was one such Princely State that
was ruled by a King (Maharaja Hari Singh) who had to make
the decision of joining India or Pakistan. This King had
not made up his mind about signing the Instrument of
Accession at the time of Indian independence on 15th
August 1947. He was hoping to retain his kingdom, and he
therefore requested both India and Pakistan to sign a
treaty called a standstill agreement to maintain supplies
and postal services to his landlocked state while he made
up his mind. India wanted to formalize this agreement
with a representative of the King. Pakistani leaders
suspected that this was a ploy by India to make the
Maharaja of Kashmir accede to India, and hastily
commenced an invasion of Kashmir to take over the Kingdom
before the Maharaja made up his mind (112).
In a tradition that was to be repeated in 1965 and 1999,
the Pakistani army sent in irregular non-army forces as
well as army personnel in civilian attire at the
forefront of the invasion of Kashmir. Faced with this
invasion from Pakistan, the Maharaja of Kashmir signed
the instrument of accession to India and requested
assistance from the Indian Armed forces in protecting his
people who were being subjected to rape and pillage by
the invading Pakistani forces.
118
119
120
by aid dollars.
India on the other hand was smarting from a military
defeat in the hands of the Chinese in the 1962 war, after
having naively trusted China to do good. Indian forces in
1962 fought valiantly but valor is no substitute for
planning and equipment in a war that the Indian Army had
not been given the funds or strategy to prepare for.
Pakistan's military leader felt that the 1960s offered
him a chance to invade and take over Kashmir from India.
In the heady 1960s, Pakistanis, starting from their
military supremo Ayub Khan, genuinely believed that one
Pakistani soldier equals six Indian soldiers (68), and
that the Muslims of India were waiting to rise up in
revolt and join Pakistan. Pakistani leaders were wrong on
both counts. Columnist Hamid Hussain quotes from a letter
written by Ayub Khan, the military dictator of Pakistan
(58):
General Ayub Khan in his letter to C-in-C General
Muhammad Musa stated, as a general rule Hindu morale
would not stand more than a couple of hard blows
delivered at the right time and place.
Through August 1965 Pakistani forces in civilian clothes
were infiltrated into Kashmir as part of Operation
Gibralter (sic). The plan was to conduct acts of sabotage
and create mayhem after which a radio broadcast was to be
made saying that Kashmir had been taken over by
revolutionary liberation forces, who would ask for
international assistance, mainly from Pakistan, against
India. In the event, the infiltration of Pakistani forces
was not welcomed with the pro-Pakistan rebellion of
Indians in Kashmir that the Pakistanis had expected. The
planned broadcast did not take place, though leaflets
were distributed.
121
Prof.
Rafiqul
Islam
of
Dhaka
Pakistan army
to join the
soldiers
in
civilian
garb
occupied
themselves within Indian territory in
and
the
forces
began
the
process
126
of
evicting
the
127
the
was
its
did
from
Pakistan.
And
128
within
Kashmir
it
was
130
Chapter 12
PROVINCES AND ASSORTED FRAGMENTS
The word provinces calls to the mind the idea of a
nation that has been divided into smaller blocks for
administrative reasons. Each province is one part that
contributes to the whole.
In the case of Pakistan this idea is misleading
Pakistans provinces belong to the Pakistani state in
name only, with vast swathes of Pakistan falling outside
the bounds of any control. Indeed more than half the land
area of Pakistan is outside the control of the Pakistan
government. Much of this area is sparsely populated, but
the
peoples
in
such
areas
have
either
declared
independence, or are seeking separation from Pakistan.
The state of Pakistan can be compared to a shattered
cookie within an intact wrapper each fragment is
separate, but held together forcibly by the wrapper. The
wrapper that holds the Pakistan state together is the
Pakistan army, which has regularly massacred people
within those provinces in an effort to maintain control.
In 2006 Amnesty International published a report (159)
about human rights violations in the tribal
Pakistan. An excerpt from the report says:
areas
of
and
enforced
disappearance,
and
to
legal
131
resources
being
exploited
in
134
area that
and other
Chapter 13
PAKISTAN, JIHAD AND TERRORISM
When it was declared by the US Treasury department that
two thirds of all terrorist groups had a link with
Pakistan, the statement came as sweet music to the ears
Indians who have been fighting terrorism from Pakistan
for over a decade (118).
About two-thirds of all designated terrorist groups in
the world have a Pakistani connection, according to the
U.S. Treasury Department.
The statement was a vindication of long-standing Indian
concerns. Since 1989, India had been ploughing a lonely
furrow in the diplomatic capitals of the world calling
attention to Pakistan's role in terrorism. The terrorist
attacks of September 11th 2001 in the US, in which
aircraft were hijacked and crashed into the twin towers
of the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon in
Washington were a wake-up call to the somnolent and
blinkered intelligence communities of the West about the
deep changes taking place in Pakistan.
A charming tale for children is told in an animated film
called
The
Sorcerer's
Apprentice
featuring
Walt
Disney's cartoon character Mickey Mouse. The sorcerer
(magician) is Mickey himself and has the task of drawing
water from a well to fill
job himself, the sorcerer
broom grow hands and legs
As Mickey relaxes and
Apprentice,
the
magic
broom,
working
tirelessly,
transfers enough water to cause a flood and does not
stop. A panicky Mickey wakes up and chops the magic broom
into small pieces but each piece then becomes a new
apprentice that carries water and the flooding starts to
135
and
destabilizes
the
region.
monster
threatens
to
devour
Islamic
scholars,
especially
from
Pakistan,
have
repeatedly tried to point out that jihad is not
terrorism. It is stated that jihad is an internal
struggle and not external violence. But this assertion
goes against the facts on the ground. Terrorism and
senseless violence are being routinely committed in the
name of jihad. In the Pakistani context, terrorism and
jihad are one and the same. In his study of jihadi groups
in Pakistan, Ehsan Ansari says of jihad (120):
various Islamic groups have been interpreting it to mean
'holy war' against everything the perceive as being 'non
Islamic'
An interview with a leading Pakistani expert on jihad,
Arif Jamal, was published by the Asia Times online. Jamal
has this to say about jihad (121):
136
promoted
madrassahs
produced
a
138
crop
of
225,000
fanatics
seen by Pakistan as
India ever attacked
139
th
Hoodbhoy,
Pakistani
scientist
and
columnist
wrote(126):
Islam, Pakistan, Jihad became emblazoned on banners at
Pakistani army recruitment centers, ... A new ethos was
created; this was to be an army not just for Pakistan,
140
jihad
factory
143
was
India,
but
Indian
th
the September 11
That woke up the
with a jolt. Since
Pakistan have been
found
in
countries
like
Burma,
Nepal,
Chechnya,
Bangladesh,
Afghanistan,
Yemen,
Mongolia,
Kuwait,
Uzbekistan,
Tajikistan,
Russia,
Turkey,
Latvia,
Australia, UK,
Canada, Indonesia and the Philippines.
(119,132). A detailed study exists in an online portal of
the evidence of Pakistani links to terrorism against the
US, including links to the September 11th attacks (133).
Pakistan has now become the home base of global
terrorism.
Terrorism
Central
would
not
be
an
inappropriate name for Pakistan, and it is by no means
certain that anybody in Pakistan can control the forces
that have been unleashed. The Sorcerer's Apprentice is
out of control. The entire world, and Pakistan itself is
being targeted by the Islamist groups spawned and
nurtured by the Pakistani army and its intelligence cell,
the I.S.I.
In an article on Pakistan-sponsored terrorism, the
magazine India Today, referring to the L-e-T (Lashkar-eTayeba), a powerful and deadly Pakistan based jihad
group, had this to say in its December 2003 edition
(132):
There is a terrible price to pay for this facilitation
because the same forces that drive jehad in Jammu and
Kashmir drive it in other lands too...Indian authorities
reckon that groups like the LeT could, in time, become
more dangerous. Not only would they become too large for
the ISI to manage but also their strong links with the
underworld would create a sort of double whammy.
This
view
is
echoed
by
one
144
of
India's
premier
anti-
146
Chapter 14
THE GOVERNMENT AND CRIMINAL ACTIVITY
There is probably no government in the world which does
not have one or more people in power who are either
themselves criminals or have links to criminals. However,
successive Pakistani governments and the army have been
unique in actively supporting and participating in
international criminal activity as an integral component
of the Pakistani economy and foreign policy.
Heroin smuggling and Narco terrorism:
Heroin is a drug that is a derivative of the medically
used pain-killer morphine. It is obtained from the Opium
Poppy plant. Although heroin itself has medicinal value
as a potent pain-killer, it is extremely addictive when
administered to normal people. People are said to crave
for the drug after experiencing its effects just once. In
most countries of the world, heroin is illegal to
manufacture or possess because of its dangerous potential
to cause addiction. Heroin addicts become so physically
dependent on the drug, and crave the drug so much that
they are willing to pay very high prices to obtain it,
making
trade.
heroin
the
star
compound
of
the
illegal
drug
news
Mr Pallone said:
Mr. Speaker, I rise to bring to the attention of my
colleagues a report that appeared in the Washington Post
of September 12, 1994, which describes a disturbing link
between narcotics and terrorism. The report from Karachi,
Pakistan,
headlined
`Heroin
147
Plan
by
Top
Pakistanis
the
Pakistan
Army
and
the
Inter
Services
A single bomb
th
the
military
and
the
Pakistani
Inter-Services
Intelligence agency, especially since some shipments were
made on Pakistani military aircraft.
Four days later, the New York Times carried a report in
which it was said (145):
Few of Mr. Bush's aides believe Pakistan's story that Dr.
Khan operated alone. He has the deepest ties to the
military, which oversaw the Khan Research Laboratories,
and supplied it with a cargo fleet. Pakistan got missiles
from North Korea, investigators believe, in return for
uranium enrichment technology. Clearly, the Pakistani
government must have known something about how its new
missile fleet materialized.
It is virtually certain that the televised drama of
Qadeer Khan absolving the army of all responsibility for
proliferation while taking all the blame, only to be
pardoned by the army is in keeping with the Pakistan
army's time honoured tradition of protecting its self
interest and attempting to appear farcically squeakyclean in the face of contrary evidence.
Airliner hijacking:
The most blatant case of an airliner hijacked with
Pakistani army and government complicity is the shameful
episode of Indian Airlines Flight number IC 814 that
hijacked in December 2000 by five Pakistani nationals
boarded the flight in Kathmandu in Nepal. If it had
been for the murder that the hijackers committed
was
who
not
and
Ayub
Memon,
accused
of
executing
the
1993
Mumbai
lives
in
and
Shahid
Akhtar
Sayed,
is
wanted
He
lives
for
the
in
and
IC-814
He
lives
in
and
Lahore, Pakistan.
18. Paramjit Singh Panjwar, leader of the Khalistan
Commando Force. He is accused of trying to revive the
Sikh insurgency in East Punjab and is wanted in more than
a dozen cases of murder, treason, conspiracy and arms
smuggling. He lives in and operates from Lahore,
Pakistan.
19. Lakhbir Singh Rode, leader of the International Sikh
Youth Federation, is wanted in cases of arms smuggling,
conspiracy to attack government leaders in Delhi and
inciting religious hatred in East Punjab. He lives in and
operates from Lahore, Pakistan.
20 .Gajinder Singh, leader of Sikh group Dal Khalsa, is
accused of hijacking an Indian Airlines plane from
Srinagar to Delhi in 1981. He was arrested by Pakistan
after he hijacked the plane to Lahore and tried. He lives
in and operates from Lahore, Pakistan.
Pakistan admitted the presence of the third man on the
list, Dawood Ibrahim in Pakistan in September 2003 after
news of a bomb blast in Karachi. Rediff reported (151):
Pakistan has admitted gangster Dawood Ibrahim's presence
in the country, according to a report. The admission came
after a bomb blast at a Karachi business centre, the
Kawish Crown Plaza, which the inspector general of Sindh
police said was "ostensibly owned by Ahmed Jamal but
actually belonged to Dawood Ibrahim", Pakistani journal
The Herald said.
Dawood Ibrahim was subsequently designated a global
terrorist by the US for his links with Al Quaeda and the
Lashkar-e-Tayeba, the Islamist extremist group that was
founded by Maulana Masood Azhar, the first man on India's
157
contacts
can
ensure
that
158
Pakistani
counterfeit
of
man
carrying
159
Chapter 15
PAKISTAN FAILED STATE
The credit for coining the name Pakistan probably goes to
one Choudhry Rehmat Ali who is said to have thought of
the name in 1933 as an acronym containing letters from
the names of all the areas which this man thought were
representative of the ancestry of his people. Another
theory is that the acronym was composed by a group of
students in Cambridge in England. It is not clear if
Rehmat Ali was one of these students. A passage
attributed to him says (155):
"Pakistan" is both a Persian and an Urdu word. It is
composed of letters taken from the names of all our
homelands - "Indian" and "Asian". That is, Punjab,
Afghania (North West Frontier Province), Kashmir, Iran,
Sindh (including Karachi and Kathiawar), Tukharistan,
Afghanistan, and Baluchistan. It means the land of the
Paks-the spiritually pure and clean. It symbolizes the
religions, beliefs and the ethnical stocks of our people;
and it stands for all the territorial constituents of our
original Fatherland.
The theory that Pakistan is an acronym does not stand up
to scrutiny. In the first place, the Pakistan described
by
the
acronym
includes
Iran
and
Central
Asia
(Tukharistan) as part of Pakistan and makes no mention of
East Bengal, which was part of Pakistan until it seceded
with the creation of Bangladesh. A second curious anomaly
is that the name of this nation that is claimed to be
derived from Urdu and Persian is composed of letters in
the English alphabet
with the English letters forming
the acronym. Such an acronym is non-existent when the
name is written in Urdu. It seems more likely that the
acronym theory of the name is a confabulation, a
plausible but imagined memory that fills in gaps in what
160
time,
human
life
and
163
effort
to
somehow
equal,
brings
honour
and
conditions
that
make
their
minds
receptive
indoctrination into a life of terrorism and jihad.
The
to
it
weaker
still.
170
Its
disastrous
economy,
allowing a
basic
of
this
173
of
its
role
and
APPENDIX 1
http://www.kashmir-information.com/LegalDocs/Maharaja_letter.html
Letter from Maharaja Hari Singh
to Lord Mountbatten
friendly
approached
and
the
cordial
Dominions
of
relations
India
with
and
both.
Pakistan
I
to
accordingly
enter
into
of
the
developments
indicated
below.
ln
fact
the
Pakistan
Afridis,
soldiers
in
plain
clothes,
and
desperadoes
wnh
modern
174
be
dispersed
and
thus
had
to
face
the
enemy
at
several
points
cannot
possibly
be
done
without
the
knowledge
of
the
of
Pakistan.
Inspite
of
repeated
appeals
made
by
my
The
people
of
my
State,
both
Muslims
and
non-Muslims,
have
accordingly
decided
to
do
so,
and
attach
the
Mr.
V.P.
Menon
is
fully
aware
of
the
gravity
of
the
175
Yours sincerely,
Hari Singh
October 26, 1947
176
APPENDIX 2
http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/kashun80.htm
Resolution 80 (1950)
Concerning
the
India-Pakistan
question,
submitted
by
the
received
and
noted
the
reports
of
the
United
Nations
India
and
Pakistan
which
were
initiated
in
pursuance
of
the
and
for
the
for
demilitarisation
the
determination
of
of
the
its
State
final
of
Jammu
disposition
and
in
accordance with the will of the people through the democratic method
of a free and impartial plebiscite, and commending the parties in
particular for
their action in partially implementing these Resolutions by
(1) The cessation of hostilities effected January 1, 1949,
(2) The establishment of a cease-fire line on July 27, 1949, and
(3) The agreement that Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz shall be
Plebiscite Administrator,
Considering
should
be
that
based
the
upon
resolution
the
of
the
substantial
outstanding
measure
of
difficulties
agreement
of
177
1.
Calls
upon
the
Governments
of
India
and
Pakistan
to
make
programme
of
demilitarisation
on
the
basis
of
the
Decides
to
appoint
United
Nations
Representative
for
the
the
programme
of
demilitarisation
referred
to
above
and'
to
any
suggestions
which,
in
his
opinion,
are
likely
to
Jammu
and
Kashmir;
to
exercise
all
of
the
powers
and
5,
1949;
to
arrange
at
the
appropriate
stage
of
178
shall be (terminated, and decides that this shall take place one
month
after
both
parties
have
informed
the
United
Nations
179
APPENDIX 3
http://www.indianembassy.org/South_Asia/Pakistan/Tashkent_Declaration_January_
10_1966.html
Tashkent Declaration
January 10, 1966
The
1965
brought
armed
to
an
conflict
end
by
between
signing
India
this
and
Pakistan
declaration
at
was
formally
Tashkent,
the
relations
understanding
and
between
friendly
their
relations
countries
between
and
their
to
promote
peoples.
They
The Prime Minister of India and the President of Pakistan agree that
both sides will exert all efforts to create good neighborly relations
between India and Pakistan in accordance with the United Nations
Charter. They reaffirm their obligation under the Charter not to have
recourse
to
force
and
to
settle
their
disputes
through
peaceful
II
180
The Prime Minister of India and the President of Pakistan have agreed
that all armed personnel of the two countries shall be withdrawn not
later than 24 February, 1966, to the positions they held prior to 5
August, 1965, and both sides all observe the cease-fire terms on the
cease-fire line.
III
The Prime Minister of India and the President of Pakistan have agreed
that relations between India and Pakistan shall be based on the
principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of each other.
IV
The Prime Minister of India and the President of Pakistan have agreed
that both sides will discourage any propaganda directed against the
other
country,
and
will
encourage
propaganda
which
promotes
the
The Prime Minister of India and the President of Pakistan have agreed
that
the
High
Commissioner
of
India
to
Pakistan
and
the
High
VI
The Prime Minister of India and the President of Pakistan have agreed
to consider measures towards the restoration of economic and trade
relations,
communications,
as
well
as
cultural
exchanges
between
181
VII
The Prime Minister of India and the President of Pakistan have agreed
that they will give instructions to their respective authorities to
carry out the repatriation of the prisoners of war.
VIII
The Prime Minister of India and the President of Pakistan have agreed
that the two sides will continue the discussion of questions relating
to the problems of refugees and eviction/illegal immigrations. They
also agreed that both sides will create conditions which will prevent
the exodus of people. They further agreed to discuss the return of
the property and assets taken over by either side in connection with
the conflict.
IX
The Prime Minister of India and the President of Pakistan have agreed
that the two sides will continue meetings both at the highest and at
other levels on matters of direct concern to both countries. Both
sides
have
recognized
the
need
to
set
up
joint
Indian-Pakistani
Soviet
Chairman
of
Union,
the
the
Council
Soviet
of
Government
Ministers
of
and
the
personally
U.S.S.R.
to
for
the
their
sincere
thankfulness
for
their
overwhelming
reception
and
generous hospitality.
They invite the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR to
182
http://web.mid-day.com/news/nation/2003/november/67781.htm
Terrorists earn a peon's wage By: M K Tayal November 2, 2003
What motivates a young man to take up terrorism, enrol himself at a
training camp in Pakistan, infiltrate India, fire at the Army and
possibly never return home?
It is a small pay package that equals the wage of a peon or driver.
The lure of a mere Rs 3,000 per month ensures that the Inter-Services
Intelligence (ISI) meets its manpower requirements.
However, not every terrorist gets Rs 3,000. Payments relate directly
to performance, area of operation, number of casualties the terrorist
has inflicted upon Indian security forces, motivation level and other
HR criterion.
In short, the ISI maintains dossiers and gives annual marks to its
cadres
very
much
like
the
Pakistan
Army
does
for
its
regular
employees.
The pay scale is not rigid as it varies depending on the risks one is
willing to take and his commitment to the cause. Some of the more
'enthusiastic' Kashmiri youth get around Rs 5,000. With the number of
years one puts in, the annual increment increases.
A Kashmiri company or battalion gets from Rs 5,000 to Rs 10,000. A
district commander gets around Rs 20,000.
Nevertheless, one thing is clear that Kashmiri youth get a raw deal
compared
to
the
Pakistani
or
foreign
counterpart.
The
Kashmiri
(LeT)
Doda
district
183
commander
Mohd
Shahzad,
fidayeens
(soldiers
on
suicide
mission)
get
highly
are
other
factors
too
at
work.
Competition
and
style
for
instance drive most youth into the realm of the AK-47. "It has become
a style. If you don't have a gun you don't get good girlfriends and
nobody respects you," a militant said to an army officer serving in
the Valley.
Sources also point to the presence of foreign militants who come to
the Valley after sessions of intense motivation and psychological
drills. LeT's Shahzad said he came to Jammu & Kashmir (J&K) to fight
jehadis
as
he
was
told
harrowing
184
stories
of
atrocities
being
I felt I had to take revenge but now after fighting the army for more
than three years I realise the futility of this 'freedom' movement,"
he said in a heart-to-heart talk.
However, the ISI makes sure that those who help recruit while on the
job
are
not
neglected.
It
rewards
handsomely.
"If
militant
motivates and enrols another youth, he can make upto Rs 1.5 lakh,"
explained a source.
However, initially the ISI made sure the money was delivered to the
militant's parents but as the numbers started dwindling, so did it
the commitment.
Though no one complains publicly, there have been reports of parents
of the deceased militant not getting a single penny. Realising this,
Kashmiri youths are now averse to taking up the gun while recruitment
from Pakistan remains high.
185
http://jang.com.pk/thenews/aug2002-daily/14-082002/oped/o5.htm
7. Op-ed: Our missing middle, by Ravian, The Daily Times,
Pakistan, August 1st 2003, online edition,
http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_1-82003_pg3_3
8. Television sets per 1000 people - Pakistan has 22 TV
sets per 1000 population
http://www.alsagerschool.co.uk/subjects/sub_content/geogr
aphy/Gpop/HTMLENH/stats/tvs.htm
9. Pakistan, The Press for Change, Kavita Menon, Special
Report According to London's Financial Times, the
combined circulation of Pakistan's entire Englishlanguage press is no more than 150,000 in a population of
134 million.
http://www.cpj.org/Briefings/2000/Pakistan_feb00/Pakistan
07feb00Br.html
10. Reforming Pakistan's madrassas, Musharraf determined
to change Muslim schools' 'indoctrination', By Tom Brokaw
Anchor, NBC News
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/4264215/
11. Donors want poverty trends reversed, By Ihtashamul
Haque, The Dawn, Pakistan, November 6th 2003, online
edition,
http://www.dawn.com/2003/11/06/op.htm
12.
http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/fbs/publications/pocket_b
ook2003/chapter02.pdf - a document published by the
statistics division, Government of Pakistan, page 2.
187
dyn?pagename=article&node=&contentId=A592202001Sep19¬Found=true
19.
Madrassas:
make-believe
world.
By
Aijazz
Ahmed
http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/EA14Df01.html
20. "The Subtle Subversion - The State of Curricula and
Textbooks in Pakistan", A.H. Nayyar and Ahmed Salim,
http://www.sdpi.org/archive/nayyar_report.htm
21. Conflict and Violence in the Educational Process,
Khurshid Hasanain and A. H. Nayyar,
http://members.tripod.com/~no_nukes_sa/chapter_8.html
22. Others, as we know them, Kamila Hyat, The Daily Jang,
Pakistan, August 10th 2003, online edition
http://jang.com.pk/thenews/aug2003-weekly/nos-10-082003/enc.htm#1
23.THE MENACE OF EDUCATION What Are They Teaching In
Pakistani Schools Today? by Pervez Hoodbhoy,
http://www.zmag.org/sustainers/content/200009/14hoodbhoy.htm
.html
27.
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Non
Proliferation Project: Countries Possessing Ballistic
Missiles
http://www.ceip.org/files/Publications/BallisticMissileCh
art.asp?p=8
28. Missile Overview, Gaurav Kampani, Nuclear Threat
Initiative, April 2004
http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Pakistan/Missile/i
ndex_3066.html
29.http://www.stuff.co.nz/stuff/0,2106,2741933a12,00.html
30. K. Subrahmanyam, The Pretence is Over - Pak Link with
Nuclear Black Market, Editorial, The Times of India, Feb
1st 2004
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A525562003Apr7.html
40. Musharraf and the Jihad industry, Pervez hoodbhoy
http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_17-82002_pg3_5
41.
Cross-Cultural
Face-Negotiation:
An
Overview"
by
Professor
Stella
http://www.cic.sfu.ca/forum/ting-too.html
Analytical
Ting-Toomey,
http://www.jang-
group.com/thenews/jul2002-daily/11-07-2002/oped/o4.htm
50. Prospects for social cohesion,
http://www.1upinfo.com/country-guidestudy/pakistan/pakistan45.html
51: Fall of Dhaka-the true face, Brig (r) A Q Anjum
http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/dec2003-daily/16-122003/oped/o5.htm
52. Fall of Dhaka: the true face-2, Brig (r) A Q Anjum
http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/dec2003-daily/17-122003/oped/o6.htm
its
eastern
half,
an
army
of
2001.
100,000
ticleshow?artid=27859526
66. Some obstacles in normalization, M. H. Askari
http://www.dawn.com/2003/12/12/op.htm#2
67. Jihad and the United States, By M. Asghar Khan,
http://www.dawn.com/2003/11/15/fea.htm#1
68. Massacres of shias in Iraq & Pakistan background, by B.Raman, Paper no. 941, 03. 03. 2004
http://www.saag.org/papers10/paper941.html
the
http://www.islamonline.net/iol-english/qadaya/islamic3/islamic3.asp
page 10.
87. MILITARY INVOLVEMENT IN THE POLITICAL 'DEVELOPMENT'
OF PAKISTAN AND ITS RATIONALE, Brig. S.K Raychaudhuri VSM
(Retd), ARTRAC [Army Training Command] magazine, PINNACLE
Vol 2 No 2 October 2003.
88. Know thy enemy!, Masud Akhtar Shaikh,
http://jang.com.pk/thenews/dec2003-daily/19-122003/oped/o4.htm
89.Change the Rupee into Riyal or Dinar, Ahmed Quraishi
http://www.nation.com.pk/daily/Dec-2003/19/EDITOR/op5.asp
90. Soldiers in business, "Power, Perks, Prestige and
Privileges: Military's economic activities in Pakistan Dr Ayesha Siddiqa-Agha
91. Pakistanis Question Perks of Power, By John Lancaster
Washington Post Foreign Service, Friday, November 22,
2002; http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/articles/A23614-2002Nov21.html
92. Robert Fisk: Farewell to democracy in Pakistan, 26
October 2001
http://www.independent.co.uk/story.jsp?story=101459
http://www.dawn.com/weekly/mazdak/mazdak.htm
94. Rightsizing of the Armed Forces
http://www.pakistanweekly.com/Opinion.htm
95. The Weekly Independent, Issue #48, May 23-29, 2002
96. Military Inc. Dominates Life in Pakistan, PAUL
WATSON, TIMES STAFF WRITER
http://www.satribune.com/archives/oct7_13_02/LATIMES_stor
y.htm
97. Oped by Dr. Farrukh Saleem
http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/may2003-daily/25-052003/oped/o5.htm
98
Official Web Page of the National Logistic Cell
of Pakistan, http://www.nlc.com.pk/
99. A first hand list of Army land lords, Special SAT
Report
http://www.satribune.com/archives/Aug17_23_02/P1_landgrab
bing.htm
100. Pakistan struggles with poverty reduction, Nadeem
Iqbal
http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/DL12Df01.html In
its "World Development Indicators-2002", the World Bank
says that 31 percent of Pakistan's population lives off
$1 a day, while the percentage of people living below $2
a day is a staggering 84.7 percent.
198
199
stern/pakistan-s-jihad-culture.html
120. Jihadi Groups, Nuclear Pakistan and the New Great
Game, M. Ehsan Ansari, published by the Strategic Studies
Institute, page 5
121. THE ROVING EYE Jihad: 'The ultimate thermonuclear
bomb', Pepe Escobar http://www.atimes.com/indpak/CJ10Df01.html
122.Pakistan-India: Same game, new rules, Syed Saleem
Shahzad, Asia Times Online, Nov 27th 2003
http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/EK27Df03.html
123. The Taliban's Pakistan connection, Excerpts from a
Sept. 15 article by Tariq Ali, in The Independent (UK)
http://www.tao.ca/~mayworks/911/1/pakistan.shtml
124. Pakistan's Role in the Kashmir Insurgency, Peter
Chalk
http://www.rand.org/hot/op-eds/090101JIR.html
th
Corps. http://www.armyinkashmir.org/
132.
Beyond
Control,
Indrani
Bagchi
th
with
Anil
2003
firearms-report,
141.
Heroin,
Taliban
&
Pakistan,
http://www.saag.org/papers3/paper288.html
by
B.Raman,
http://www.globalpolicy.org/nations/corrupt/2002/0404ramp
ant.htm
154. International currency racket busted, Extracted from
'The Pioneer', New Delhi, Dated 24th September 2002
http://www.alphalasertek.com/programs/news4.asp
155. How did the word "Pakistan" come into existence?
http://www28.brinkster.com/pakistan4ever/wordpakistan.htm
l
156.
206