h

e) Downstand beams
State beam reference (see 3.19) and overall concrete size (hb),
both preferably at the centre of span. The dotted line plots the
profile of the lowest beam soffit.

200

500 x 300

f) Upstand beams
State beam reference and overall concrete size (hb). Add level to
top of beam and/or draw section to clarify.

4B1

Where repetition occurs it may be convenient to add an

explanatory note, e.g. all internal beams 600300 unless noted.

550 x 300

3B4

b
3C2
2.570
800 x 350

NIB
2.150

g) Nibs and kerbs on beams

Locate extent of projection on plan and notate, indicating depth.
Clarify with section and/or add levels to top.

200 deep
425

1575
175

150

600

150
KERB
150 high

h) Bases and ground slabs

Notate and indicate thickness.

(150)
GROUND
SLAB

(500)
BASE
Type A

18

Chapter three

IStructE/Concrete Society Standard Method of Detailing Structural Concrete

1 is for the effect of the shape of the bars assuming

adequate cover
2 is for the effect of concrete minimum cover (see
Figure 5.3)
3 is for the effect of confinement by transverse
reinforcement
4 is for the influence of one or more welded
transverse bars (bt > 0.6b) along the design
anchorage length lbd
5 is for the effect of the pressure transverse to the
plane of splitting along the design anchorage
length

C1

where sd is the design stress of the bar at the

position from where the anchorage is
measured
fbd = 2.25 1 2 0.21 fck(2/3)
(for fck G 50 MPa)
1 = 1.0 for good bond conditions
(see Figure 5.2)

1 = 0.7 for poor bond conditions

2 = 1.0 for b G 32mm

2 = (132 b)/100 for b > 32mm
lb,min is the minimum anchorage length if no other
limitation is applied:
for anchorages in tension:
lb,min > max{0.3lb,rqd; 10b; 100mm}
for anchorages in compression:
lb,min > max{0.6lb,rqd; 10b; 100mm}
For direct supports lbd may be taken less than lb,min
provided that there is at least one transverse wire
welded within the support. This should be at least
15mm from the face of the support.
5.4.3 Laps in reinforcement
Laps between bars should normally be staggered and
not located in areas of high moments/forces (e.g.
plastic hinges). They should normally be arranged
symmetrically in any section.
The arrangement of lapped bars should comply
with Figure 5.5:
The clear distance between lapped bars should
not be greater than 4b or 50mm, otherwise
the lap length should be increased by a length
equal to the clear space where it exceeds 4b or
50mm.

C1

a) Straight bars
cd = min (a/2, c1, c)

a
C

b) Bent or
hooked bars
cd = min (a/2, c1)

c) Looped bars
cd = c

Figure 5.3 Values of cd for beams and slabs

As

(2 3 5) H 0.7
lb,rqd  is equal to (b/4) (sd /fbd)

t , Ast

As

K = 0.1

t , Ast

As

K = 0.05

t , Ast

K=0

Figure 5.4 Values of K for beams and slabs

H 0.3 l0

l0
G 50mm
G 4b

Fs

Fs

H 2b
H 20mm

Fs

Fs

Fs

Fs

Figure 5.5 Adjacent laps

The longitudinal distance between two adjacent

laps should not be less than 0.3 times the lap
length, l0.
In case of adjacent laps, the clear distance
between adjacent bars should not be less than 2b
or 20mm.
When the provisions comply with the above, the
permissible percentage of lapped bars in tension may
be 100% where the bars are all in one layer. Where
the bars are in several layers the percentage should be
reduced to 50%.

IStructE/Concrete Society Standard Method of Detailing Structural Concrete

Chapter five

41

Link spacing
Minimum pitch
100mm or [50 + 12.5 (No. of legs)]mm, whichever is
greater. This ensures that the space taken up by links
along the beam is not overlooked.
(See Model Details MB1 and MB2)
Maximum pitch
300mm or 0.75d or 12diameter of compression bar,
whichever is least.
Maximum lateral pitch of legs
600mm or 0.75d. The distance of a tension or
compression bar from a vertical leg should not be
greater than 150mm.
Anchorage and lapping of bars
(EC2, Clauses 8.4 and 8.7)
Minimum anchorage length
Greater of 10b or 100mm.
For high yield steel, 500 Grade and deformed
bars, Table 6.4 gives typical anchorage and lap lengths
for good and poor bond conditions (see 5.4).
Curtailment of longitudinal
reinforcement in beams
(EC2, Clauses 8.4.4 and 9.1.2.3)
Figure 6.14 shows a typical moment envelope.
The tension force, FE, to be anchored may be
determined by the shift rule:
FE = |VEd| al/z + NEd (See Figure 6.14 and EC2,
Expression (9.3))
The required anchorage length, lbd, is taken from
the line of contact between beam and support.
Transverse pressure may be taken into account for
direct supports (a5 in Table 8.2 of EC2, Clause 8.4.4).
The Designer should specify the curtailment
length lbd + al. Where nothing is specified the Detailer
should assume that al = 1.25d.

Simplified curtailment rules

The following simplified rules with flexible
detailing (see Figure 6.15) may be applied to the
secondary longitudinal reinforcement and for the main
longitudinal reinforcement where:
the characteristic imposed load, Qk does not
exceed the characteristic dead load, Gk
the loads are substantially uniformly distributed
over three or more spans
the variation in span length does not exceed 15%
of the longest span.
The effective span, L, need not be taken greater than:
(the clear span + d).
Hanger bars
At least 20% of maximum support area or sufficient
for compression area required, whichever is greater,
should be carried to 25mm from each support.
Diameter: 16mm (recommended size).

Envelope of (MEd /z + NEd )

lbd
lbd

Acting tensile force

lbd

Resisting tensile force

Ftd
td
al F

lbd

al

Ftd
lbd

lbd
lbd

lbd

Figure 6.14 Illustration of the curtailment of

longitudinal reinforcement

Table 6.4 Typical values of anchorage and lap lengths

Bond
conditions
Full tension and compression anchorage
length, lb,rqd1
Full tension and compression lap length2

good

fck /fcu =
25/30
36

Length in bar diameters

fck /fcu =
fck /fcu =
28/35
30/37
34
32

fck /fcu =
32/40
31

poor

48

45

43

41

good

42

39

37

35

poor

56

52

49

47

Notes
1 It is assumed that the bar size is not greater than 32mm and a1, a2, a4 and a5 all equal 1
and that a3 = 0.9 (l = 1.35 and K = 0.05).
2 It is assumed a6 = 1.15 (not more than 33% of the bars are lapped at one place).
For other situations refer to EC2, Clause 8.4.4.

IStructE/Concrete Society Standard Method of Detailing Structural Concrete

Chapter six

75

RETAINING WALLS

RETAINING WALLS
MRW3
Vertical construction joints

Splice bars of the same

size and pitch as main bars

25 for internal faces

40 for external exposed faces

50 for buried faces

MRW3

Tension lap

Tension lap
50

50

DETAIL 'A'
Simple construction joint
If dowel bar specified see
Model Detail MF5 B
Spacing of joints should be
30m maximum

500

500
75

75

DETAIL 'B'
Full contraction joint

H10 'U' bars

If internal water bar is

required 'U' bars are
displaced to avoid clash

For details of waterbars and

expansion joints see CIRIA Report 139
'Water-resisting basements

500

500
75

75

DETAIL 'C'
Movement joint

IStructE/Concrete Society Standard Method of Detailing Structural Concrete

Chapter six

111