J. Sound Vib.

(1969) 10 (2), 163-175

THE FORCED VIBRATION OF A THREE-LAYER, DAMPED

SANDWICH BEAM WITH ARBITRARY BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

D. J. MEAD

Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, University of Southampton,

Southampton, England

Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton,

Southampton, SO9 SNH England

(Received 16 October 1968)

The sixth-order differential equation of motion is derived in terms of the transverse

displacement, w, for a three-layer sandwich beam with a viscoelastic core. Mathematical
expressions in terms of w are found for a variety of beam boundary conditions. The solution
of the differential equation by the method of Di Taranto is shown to yield a special class of
complex, forced modes of vibration which are completely uncoupled. These complex modes
can only exist when the beam is externally excited by specific “damped normal loadings”
which are also complex and which are proportional to the local transverse inertia loading
on the beam. Use of these modes in the analysis of the forced vibration problem leads to a
simple series form of solution. The orthogonality of these complex modes is briefly discussed
and proved.

1. INTRODUCTION

The theory of the flexural vibration of damped sandwich beams and plates has been considered
by a number of authors in recent years. Kerwin [l] analysed the three-layer system with the
damping layer sandwiched between two face-plates. He considered travelling sinusoidal
waves of transverse displacement in the beams, and derived an expression for an effective,
complex, flexural stiffness for the beam section. Mead [2] analysed the forced flexural
vibrations of a simply supported plate which vibrated in sinusoidal standing waves. He
derived an expression for the flexural stiffness which was basically the same as Kerwin’s
though more general. The standing waves, or “modes”, were found to be uncoupled, even
when damping was admitted in the core. The solution of the general forced vibration problem
was therefore quite simple and straightforward when these uncoupled modes were used in a
modal-type analysis. Freudenthal and Bieniek [3] found the same uncoupled property to hold
for the sinusoidal modes of a sandwich cylinder.
When a sandwich beam is not simply supported, but is supported in some other way
(e.g. clamped, or free at the ends, etc.) the natural flexural vibrations are no longer in pure
sinusoidal modes. Moreover, the natural modes of such a beam with an undamped core

t On study leave from the Institute of Engineering Mechanics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences,
Bratislava, Czechoslovakia.
11 163
164 D. J. MEAD AND S. MARKUS

become coupled as soon as core damping is introduced [4]. The calculation of the forced
vibrations of these beams therefore presents, apparently, a more difficult problem.
Di Taranto [5] has studied damped sandwich beams with arbitrary boundary conditions.
He derived the sixth-order differential equation of motion for the beam (in terms of longi-
tudinal, and not transverse, displacements), and assigned a complex shear modulus to the
sandwiched core. Furthermore, he assigned a complex form to the square of the vibration
frequency [i.e. o* = wf(l + iq)] and attributed the equations to free vibration. Since free
vibrations of damped systems are necessarily decaying, the complex stiffness notation is
strictly inadmissible. (See reference 6 for a full discussion on this point.) Di Taranto proceeds
in a later paper [7] to show how natural frequencies, loss factors and modes can be found
from the differential equation, in conjunction with six boundary conditions for the beam.
It is the purpose of this paper to show that the natural frequencies and modes discussed
by Di Taranto constitute, in fact, a special class of resonant frequencies and forced modes of
vibration of the sandwich beam. None of Di Taranto’s important conclusions is invalidated
(in particular, that the relationship between the modal loss factor of a beam and the corres-
ponding modal frequency is independent of the beam boundary conditions), but the usefulness
of Di Taranto’s modes is shown to lie in the fact that they are completely uncoupled. This
greatly simplifies the general forced vibration problem. The modes can only exist in the
presence of an external transverse loading which is proportional at all points along the beam
to the local inertia loading. At the resonant frequency (Di Taranto’s “natural” frequency),
the external loading is iq times the inertia loading (7)= modal loss factor).
These important properties are proved by considering the sixth-order differential equation
of motion in terms of the transverse displacement, W.This equation is first derived, and various
boundary conditions are also expressed in terms of W.The equation in terms of w permits a
clearer physical understanding of the problem, especially when a transverse, external loading
is applied to the beam. The sixth-order differential equation is derived from a pair of simpler,
simultaneous equations which are necessary for the proving of the orthogonal (uncoupled)
properties of pairs of the forced modes of vibration.

2. THE DERIVATION OF THE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF

TRANSVERSE DISPLACEMENT
The differential equation of longitudinal displacement has previously been derived by
Di Taranto [3], who extended Kerwin’s [I] basically similar analysis. The analysis we present
now leads to the equation of transverse displacement. Some of the steps involved are not
presented in full, but the missing details may be found or deduced by considering these
earlier works.
Consider a sandwich beam of unit width. It has face-plates of thickness, hi and hs, and a
core of thickness h2 [see Figure l(a)]. The face-plates are purely elastic, with Young’s moduli
of El and Es. The core is linearly viscoelastic with a shear modulus of G = G’(1 + $3).
It will be assumed that shear strains in the face-plates are negligible, and that longitudinal
direct stresses in the core are negligible. Transverse direct strains in both core and face-plates
are also neglected, so that the transverse displacements w of all points on a cross-section XX
are equal.
The longitudinal x-wise displacements of the mid-planes of the face-plates are u, and z+.
The longitudinal displacement component of any point in the core is u (with no suffix).
Now the shear strain, y, in the core is given by
aw au
r=,,+,,*
 VIBRATION OF DAMPED SANDWICH BEAMS 165

By considering the geometry of the displacement pattern ul, u3 and &v/8x of the face-plates
[see Figure l(b)] it can easily be shown that
au h‘ + hJaw 241 - 243

az=--+
2hz ax hl ’
so that
aw u1 - u3
d
'=&ax+ hz ’ (1)
where
d = hz + +(h, + h,).
In this, it has been assumed that the shear strain is constant across the depth of the core.
This follows from the assumption of zero longitudinal direct stress in the core, which implies
constant shear stress across the depth. The shear stress in the core is therefore given by

(2)

Now the total shear force on the face XX consists of three components [see Figure l(c)] :
(a) a shear force, Si, associated with the flexural rigidity, D,, of the top face-plate, i.e.

where D1 = El h:/12;
@I a shear force, S3, associated with the flexural rigidity, D3, of the bottom face-plate, i.e.
S cw
3=D 3ax3
where D3 = E,h:/12;
w a shear force, S2, associated with the core shear stress 7; this shear stress must be
considered to be acting uniformly between the mid-planes of the face-plates, and not
just over the depth of the core; actually, it is constant over the depth of the core, and
varies linearly to zero across the thickness of the face-plates; this is equivalent, of
course, to a uniform shear stress between the mid-planes of the face-plates; hence
S, = -rd (3c)
where the minus sign must be included since the positive shear force direction is
opposite to the positive shear stress direction.
The total shear force, S, on the section is therefore given by

1
.

Now the transverse loading,p, on the beam is related to S byp = aS/&. Hence, by differen-
tiating equation (4) putting D, + D3 = D,, and re-arranging, we obtain
p= D a4w Gd2a2w
h2&f($q. (5)
fax4
Let the nett longitudinal forces in each of the face-plates be denoted by Pi and P3. These
forces have their lines of action in the mid-planes of the face-plates and are related to the
longitudinal displacements by
au,;
P, = E, h, ax P3=E3h3z.
au, (6)
166 D. J. MEAD AND S. MARKUS

Since there can be no resultant longitudinal force on the whole section, P, = -P3, or
au au,
E h l=-E3h3-. (7)
l ‘ax ax
Furthermore, considering the physical nature of the system and its displacements, it is
obvious that we can also write
E, h, u1 = E3 h3 u3. (8)
Equation (5) can therefore be written in the alternative form

Undef tected

Overal I moment
ond shear force

X u3
c
Cd)

Face
a.-.- - Ps + 6Ps
p3
plate
I

6X

l-4

Figure 1. Longitudinal forces on lower face-plate element. (a) Dimensions and co-ordinate
system. (b) Displacement system. (c) Forces and moments acting on a section. (d) Longitudinal
forces on lower face-plate element.
 VIBRATION OF DAMPED SANDWICH BEAMS 167
In subsequent equations, it is convenient to introduce the symbols

and

(11)
Using these in equation (9a), we may re-arrange it into the form

(9b)
Next, consider the longitudinal equilibrium of a lengthwise element, 8x, of the lower face-
plate [see Figure l(d)]. It is evident that
6Pj = --78x
or
ap3_
ax (12)
Substitute into this the expressions for T and P3 from equations (2) and (6) and also use equa-
tion (8) to eliminate ul. After re-arrangement, equation (12) then becomes
a2 u3
--gu,=-gY&dg (13)
ax2 3 3

Equations (9b) and (13) constitute the simplest pair of differential equations relating the
displacements w and u3 to the applied loading p. On eliminating u3 from this pair, a single
sixth-order differential equation in w is obtained, viz.
a6 w
--g(l+ Y)$=$ ;2;-gp . (14)
ax6 f( 1

3. THE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF FORCED HARMONIC MOTION AND

SPECIAL SOLUTIONS
When the beam vibrates transversely under the action of an externally applied time-depen-
dent loading q(x, t), the total transverse loading includes the inertia loading and is given by

p = -m f$ + q(x, t), (15)

(m is the mass per unit length of the whole three-layer section). Substituting this into equation
(14) we obtain the differential equation for the forced vibratory motion of the beam:

$-g(l+ Y)$+F &- 2g)=g&3l). 06)

f(
This equation does not allow for rotatory inertia effects, which are ignored in this paper.
Attention will be concentrated on the harmonic motion of a finite beam produced by the
harmonically varying loading
q = Q(x) erwt (17)
so that w may be expressed in the separable form
w = W(x, w) erwr.
168 D. J. MEAD AND S. MARKUS

Since the motion is now harmonic, it is legitimate to admit hysteretic damping into the core
by putting G = G’(1 + i/I). Evidently, we may now also write

g = g’(1 + i/3) (18)

where g’is real.
In general, as the frequency of q varies, both the amplitude and mode of vibration W(x,w)
vary. However, we shall seek a special set of loading distributions, Q.(x), each one of which
excites a particular mode W,(x) which does not vary with frequency. The amplitude of the
modal displacement varies, so that when one of the loading distributions Q.(x) is applied,
the displacement, w, can be expressed in the form

NJ= W,(x) Tn(w, 0 (19)

where the time and frequency dependence is contained within Tn. The beam is then behaving as
a single-degree-of-freedom system. We shall call the modes W,(x) “damped normal modes”
of the beam. The loadings, Q.(x), will be called “damped normal loadings”.
By analogy with the “normal loadings” of undamped beams, we shall seek damped normal
loadings which are proportional to m W,,(x). In particular
q,, = Q,(x) eiwt = P. m W,(x) e*“‘. (20)
w and q. from equations (19) and (20) satisfy equation (16) simultaneously. Denoting the
x-wise derivatives of W,, by W& W,” . . . . Wf, and the second time derivative of T,, by F,,, we
find from equation (16) that

ri;.g(W;-gW,)+T,,(Wf-g(1 + Y) Wk)=Pz(Wi-gW,,)e’“’
t f
or
j: +T W,“‘-g(l+ Y)Wf,
” n( (m/D,)(W: (21)
- gW,) ) =peior’

Now T,, is a function only of o and t, and not of x. The coefficient of T,, in this equation
must therefore be independent of x, and equal to a complex constant, a + ib, say. Then

j;,, + (a + ib) T,, = Peiwr. (22)

T, now varies with w in the manner of the amplitude : frequency response of a simple mass-
spring-damper system. Its amplitude reaches a maximum value at the resonant frequency
w = &*. The shape and height of the corresponding frequency response curve corresponds
tathat of a system with a loss factor of b/u. In fact, we can equate a + ib with wi(l + iqn), so
that equation (22) can be re-written with this more familiar notation thus:

F,, + wz(l + iq.) T, = Peiwt. (23)

When the beam is excited by the loading Q”(x), and responds in the mode W,(x), it therefore
has a resonant frequency of w, and a modal loss factor of rln.
To find these damped normal modes, we equate the coefficients of T,, from equations (21)
and (23). This yields

wit-g(l+ Y)W:“-w:(l+iT,) $ (Wi-gW)=O (24)

( t1
in which g, in general, is complex.
This equation for W,, co, and T,, is essentially the same as Di Taranto’s equation for
{i(=u,), but whereas Di Taranto attributed the equation to free vibration, it has been shown
 VIBRATION OF DAMPED SANDWICH BEAMS 169
here to relate to a particular form of forced vibration, with the beam being excited by a
“damped normal loading”.
It can easily be shown that the terms involving iw$7,, in this equation are associated
entirely with the external normal loading. For, if we put
q = iw’, qnm W, efwnr (25)
into equation (16), together with
w = W,(x) e’““’
we obtain equation (24), and the iwf r],,terms come entirely from q.
It is of interest to notice the full physical significance of these, terms. q, in equation (25),
represents an external loading which is equal in magnitude to the inertia loading times qn,
and is in quadrature with it. Now when a simple mass-spring-hysteretic damper is excited at
its resonant frequency by a force I;efwnt, this force is equal to the inertia force on the mass
times the system loss factor r), and is in quadrature with it, i.e. to drive a simple system with
the displacement y = YeiWntat the resonant frequency w,Z,we require a force of io:mTy.
Equation (24) describes an analogous resonant condition with the beam being excited at the
resonant frequency w, by an external distributed loading which at all points is equal to iv,,
times the local inertia loading, w f m W,,.
The homogeneous differential equation (24), in conjunction with the boundary conditions
of a finite sandwich beam is only satisfied by a particular set of functions W, at particular
values of o, and r)“.Since equation (24) is of the sixth order, the functions W,,may be expressed
in the form

(26)
which form Di Taranto also considered. The h,,,‘s are the six complex roots of the complex
characteristic equation

hf:-g’(1 +i@(l+ Y)Ai-wj(l +i$ fJ (AZ-g’(1 +@))=O (27

( t1
the solution of which has also been discussed at length by Di Taranto.
To find the sets of A,‘s for a particular beam and mode, and also the corresponding values
of the resonant frequencies CO,,equation (26) is made to satisfy six homogeneous boundary
conditions. These are, in general, complex, and are considered in the next section. It is
important to realize that the A,‘s are likewise, in general, complex. The damped normal
modes, W,,, are therefore complex.

4. POSSIBLE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR W

Di Taranto expressed the boundary conditions in terms of & (= ui), but they may equally
well be expressed in terms of W. Six conditions must be sought for any particular beam.
Before all these expressions can be written down, we need to have expressions for the face-
plate forces, P, and P,, the bending moment M, and the shear force, S, in terms of W andp
only.
Equations (5), (6) and (7) can readily be manipulated to show that

. (28)
170 D. J. MEAD AND S. MARKUS

The total bending moment, M, acting on the section can be split into three components
analogous to those of the shear force.
(a) and (b) moments MI and AI3 associated with the flexural stiffness D1 and Ds of the
top and bottom face-plates, i.e.

(2% b)
(c) moment M2 associated with the equal and opposite forces, PI and P,, which act along
the mid-planes of the face-plates, i.e.
. (29~)

(30)

Since the total shear force, S, is given by &W/ax, it follows that

s=$ -%+g(l+ Y)$+$E

( t 1. (31)

When the beam is vibrating in one of the damped normal modes of vibration, p in the
above expressions should be replaced by 1~x1 + iq,) W,, and w by W,. Possible boundary
conditions for the modes of sandwich beams are then as follows.
(a) Transverse displacement prevented at an end
w”lend= 0. (32)
(b) Rotation prevented at an end
[a W,/axi,,, = 0. (33)
(c) Bending moment, A4 = 0 at an end
Equation (17) yields

w;--g(l+ Y) w: -%(l + iqn) Wn] = 0. (34)

f cad

(d) Shear force, S = 0 at an end

Equation (18) yields

w;-g(l+ Y) w;” - % (1 + iv”) W”] = 0. (35)

[
(e) Face-plate displacements, UI and u3 are unreskained at an eir i.e. P, = Pj = 0.
Equation (28) yields

Wp-gYW;-%(I +ivn) W, =O. (36)

t I end

(f) Face-plate displacements u1 and u3 at an end are restrained by a rigid rivet through the
whole sandwich plate
This means shear strain in the core is prevented and S2 = 0. Hence from equation (4)
we have

1
a3 w
S= Dt[ jg cnd’
 VIBRATION OF DAMPED SANDWICH BEAMS 171
But S is also given by equation (31). Equating these two expressions, we find

[
IV;-gwy; -m*(l
f
+i$)W,:
1
end
=o. (37)

(g) Face-plate displacements, uI and u3, at an end are restrained by aflexible rivet through the
whole sandwich plate
The rivet is sheared by the equal and opposite forces Pi and P3 at the end. Let the shear
strain in the rivet be given by

where k, defines an effective rivet shear stiffness. This value of y is also the shear strain in the
adjacent core at the end. From this, it can be shown that the following boundary condition
holds :

(38)

Other boundary conditions can be developed, as required, e.g. for an end having a con-
centrated tip mass, or resting on a flexible support, etc.

5. THE POSSIBILITY OF REAL SOLUTIONS FOR THE FORCED MODES

We shall now investigate the possibility of the solutions for W being entirely real functions,
i.e. when the beam is vibrating under the action of the loading iqmw* W, all points along the
beam vibrate in phase with (or in counter-phase with) one another.
In this case, the differential equation (24) may be split up into two simple real and
imaginary parts, both equal to zero, viz. :

(39a)
and
- (39b)

Putting W,, = A,,ehM, we derive two simultaneous characteristic equations:

c--g’(l+ Y>$-w: ; (&$+g’(q&L I))=0 (4Qa)

( t1
and

-g’~~~-w:(~)(~“L-g’(~“+~))=o. (Mb)

Now although equation (40a) may have six roots for &, only four of these can satisfy
equation (40b). (This will only be possible for certain discrete values of w, and I”.) The general
solution to equation (24) can then only have four terms, and so will be of the form

W,, = i A,, ehux. (41)

The roots of equation (40b) consist of a pair of purely imaginary numbers (&A,) together
with a pair of purely real numbers (&). This follows from w”,and 7” being real and positive.
Equation (41) can therefore be written in the familiar form
W,-Alcos&x+A2sin)r,x+Ajcosh&x+A,sinhh,x (42)
172 D. J. MEAD AND S. MARKUS

and since w, is required to be real, the A’s must be entirely real. There are therefore just four
unknown real coefficients in equation (42), which must be adjusted to satisfy the six complex
boundary conditions of the most general type of sandwich beam. Clearly, therefore, this is
impossible, and the real solution for W,, is not a general possibility.
However, it may easily be shown that if a beam is simply supported at its ends and the
face-plate displacements are unrestrained at both ends [i.e. boundary conditions (32), (34),
(36) apply] then the mode
W= A,sin&x
is a possible solution. This is an entirely real function. On the other hand, if the ends of the
same beam are riveted [boundary conditions (37) applies], conditions (32), (34) and (37)
can no longer be satisfied by real W functions.
It is possible to find other specific boundary conditions which permit a real mode to exist
but we find these to represent elastically restrained ends which either incorporate damping
or at which an externally applied shear force or moment acts in quadrature with the inertia
forces (i.e. in phase with the externally applied loading). Even them if one real damped normal
mode can be found, the other modes are found to be complex. Such systems are so unrealistic
that we conclude that entirely real damped normal modes of a sandwich beam will never exist
in practice unless both ends are simply supported and unrestrained in the sense of condition
4(e) [equation (36)].

6. THE ORTHOGONALITY OF THE DAMPED MODES

If a pair of modes W,, W,, satisfy an orthogonal relationship of the form

I

s
0
mW,, W,,,dx=O (n#m) (43)

then the solution of the general forced vibration problem can be shown to reduce to a very
simple form (see next section). This relationship cannot be proved from equation (24) alone
as this problem is not self-adjoint. Nevertheless, the non-self-adjoint property does not
necessarily exclude the possibility of the above orthogonality. Consider, instead, therefore,
the pair of equations (9b) and (13) from which equation (24) was derived, and put
p = w,2(1+ ir],)mW,.
The pair of equations for the nth mode become

w~-gYw:+gxu;=w,2,
(1+ bJmW ”

f
and
u;-gu”=-x
gy w;
(45)

where X = E3hj d/D, and U, is the longitudinal displacement function corresponding to the
transverse displacement function W,,.
Multiply equation (44) by W,,,and equation (45) by u,,, and integrate them over the length
of the beam. Likewise take the corresponding equations for W,,, and u,,,, multiply them by
W,, and u, and integrate. Subtracting one set of integrated equations from the other,and
using possible boundary conditions for Wand U, leads to equation (43) being proved.
Physical considerations can lead to further development of equation (43). From it we
deduce that an external loading proportional to m W,,,cannot excite the mode W,. This means
 VIBRATION OF DAMPED SANDWICH BEAMS 173
that the loading m W,,, cannot do any work when it moves through a virtual displacement
6 W,,. Since m W,,, and W,, have both real and imaginary components, and the virtual work
must be zero at any instant of time for any phase-relationship between m W,,,and W, we can
deduce that
I

s
0
mRe( W,) Re( W,) dx = 0 Wa)

I mIm( W,) Im( W,,,)dx = 0,

0
(46b)

I mRe( W,) Im( W,) + Im( W,J Re( W,,,)dx = 0,

0
(46~)

or

I m(W, W: f
0
W,* WJdx = 0, (47)

where the asterisk denotes the complex conjugate.

These orthogonal properties justify the use of the terminology “damped normal modes”
and “damped normal loadings”.

7. THE GENERAL HARMONIC FORCED VIBRATION PROBLEM

Suppose now that the sandwich beam is excited by the general harmonic loading

q(x, t) = Q(x) efwt = [Q,(x) + iQ,(x)] e’“‘. (48)

Express this loading as an infinite series of the damped normal loadings, i.e.

QW = j, km Wm. (49)

Multiply equation (49) by W,, and integrate from x = 0 to x = 1. Then, by virtue of

equation (43) we find

I Q(x) Wndx (50)

k,=‘,
W,?dx
I
0

Now write the solution of the general vibration problem in the form

w= 2n B,, W,,eiWt. (51)

Equation (16), together with equations (48), (49) and (51), now yields

WI’-g(l+ Y)W:-Fw’(w:-gw.))=&zk_(W.-pW.).
f r n
 174 D. J. MEAD AND S. MARKUS

From the previous section, we deduce that this equation must be true for each mode
separately, i.e.

Wi’-g(l+ Y)*~-m~(w;-gwn)=~~(w..-gw”
f )
f n

where the functions, W,,, are generated from equation (24). Combining equations (24) and
(52), we find
B,,
= 4,
m[w,2(1 + iyn) - w2]
(53)

where k, (=k,, + ik,,) is fully determined by equation (50). Thus, the forced vibration at any
point x along the beam is

W,(x) j Q(x)W, dxe*w’

W(xJ)=z , O (54)
n-l
m W,2dx[&(l + ir],) - w2]
I
0

The form of this is identical to that obtained for any elastic system in terms of the undamped
normal modes, provided the modes are not coupled by the damping. The normal modes of
an undamped sandwich beam become coupled when damping is introduced into the core,
unless the beam is simply supported and so vibrates in sine modes. If the undamped normal
modes were used in a modal analysis of the forced vibration of the damped beam, the resulting
expression for the response would be much more complicated than equation (54). The above
analysis shows how the forced vibration problem is simplified by the use of the complex
damped normal modes.
Had we used W,* to develop equation (50), and used the orthogonal relationship

I W,,, W,*dx=O
0

[derivable from equation (47)], then the final expression for w(x, t) would be

The real term rni 1W,21d x in the denominator may be regarded as the real “generalized
mass” of the nth complex normal mode W,.

8. CONCLUSIONS
The forced vibrations of damped sandwich beams may be conveniently analysed by using
a special class of forced, uncoupled and complex modes of vibration. These modes exist for
beams with any boundary conditions. They can only exist on their own in the presence of
an externally applied harmonic transverse loading which is proportional to the local inertia
loading of the mode. At the resonant frequency of the mode the external loading is in quadra-
ture with the inertia loading, and its magnitude is equal to the inertia loading times the modal
loss factor.
 VIBRATTON OF DAMPED SANDWICH BEAMS 175
These modes, resonant frequencies and loss factors are identifiable with those discussed by
Di Taranto, who attributed them to free vibration. It would appear that such forced modes
exist for any elastic system with linear damping which may be distributed in any form through-
out the system.

REFERENCES

1. E. M. RERWIN, JR 1959 J. acoust. Sot. Am. 31, 7. Damping of flexural waves by a constrained
v&o-elastic layer.
2. D. J. MEAD 1962 University of Southampton Report No. AASU 160. The double skin damping
configuration. (Subsequently published as Chapter V of USAF Report No. AFML-TR-65284).
3. A. M. FREUDENTHALand M. P. BIENIEK 1960 USAF Report No. WADD Tech. Rep. 60-307.
Forced vibrations of sandwich structures.
4. D. FRANCE 1968 M.Sc. Dissertation, University of Southampton (unpublished). A study of the
vibration of a damped sandwich layer in non-sinusoidal modes.
5. R. A. DI TARANTO1965 J. appl. Mech. 32. (Tram ASMESeries E 87,881.) Theory of the vibratory
bending for elastic and viscoelastic layered finite length beams.
6. S. NEUMARK1962 ARC(London) R& M No. 3269. Concept of complex stiffness applied to problems
of oscillations with viscous and hysteretic damping.
7. R. A. DI TmNro and W. BLASINGAME 1967 J. Engng Znd.(Trans. ASME633.) Composite damping
of vibrating sandwich beams.