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Theories of Failure
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Summary
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
Ramadas Chennamsetti
rd_mech@yahoo.co.in
Introduction
Failure occurs when material starts exhibiting
inelastic behavior
Brittle and ductile materials different modes
of failures mode of failure depends on
loading
Ductile materials exhibit yielding plastic
deformation before failure
Yield stress material property
Brittle materials no yielding sudden failure
Factor of safety (FS)
Ramadas Chennamsetti
rd_mech@yahoo.co.in
Introduction
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
p
Ductile material
0.2%
Brittle material
rd_mech@yahoo.co.in
Introduction
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
Ramadas Chennamsetti
rd_mech@yahoo.co.in
Introduction
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
rd_mech@yahoo.co.in
Introduction
Multiaxial stress state six stress components one
representative value
Define effective / equivalent stress combination of
components of multiaxial stress state
Equivalents stress reaching a limiting value property
of material yielding occurs Yield criteria
Yield criteria define conditions under which yielding
occurs
Single yield criteria doesnt cater for all materials
Selection of yield criteria
Material yielding depends on rate of loading static &
dynamic
Ramadas Chennamsetti
rd_mech@yahoo.co.in
Introduction
Yield criteria expressed in terms of quantities
like stress state, strain state, strain energy etc.
Yield function => f(ij, Y), ij = stress state
If f(ij, Y)<0 => No yielding takes place no
failure of the material
If f(ij, Y) = 0 starts yielding onset of yield
If f(ij, Y) > 0 - ??
Yield function developed by combining stress
components into a single quantity effective
stress => e
Ramadas Chennamsetti
rd_mech@yahoo.co.in
Introduction
Equivalent stress depends on stress state and
yield criteria not a property
Compare e with yield stress of material
Yield surface graphical representation of
yield function, f(ij, Y) = 0
Yield surface is plotted in principal stress
space Haiagh Westergaard stress space
Yield surface closed curve
Ramadas Chennamsetti
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1 = Y, 2 = 0, 3 = 0
Y
=
2
Y
Y = ( 2 + 3 ) =
E E
E
Ramadas Chennamsetti
10
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max =
1 3
Y
[ ] = 0
0
0
0
0
0 Y p
0 = 0
0 0
0
p
0
0 p
0 + 0
p 0
0
p
0
0
0
p
U = UD + UV
Ramadas Chennamsetti
11
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Distortional energy
UD
Y 2 (1 2 )Y 2
Y2
Y2
(3 1 + 2 ) =
(1 + )
=
=
2E
6E
6E
3E
Y2
UD =
6G
Similarly for pure shear also
Ramadas Chennamsetti
12
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UV
(
p2
Y2
1 2 ) 2
=
=
=
Y
2 K 18 K
6E
U D = U UV
Failure theories
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
Failure mode
13
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Theories of failure
f < 0
) Y
no yielding
f = 0 onset of yielding
f > 0
not defined
Ramadas Chennamsetti
14
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f = max ( 1 ,
Yield surface
Represent six surfaces
Yield surface
3
Ramadas Chennamsetti
15
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1 = Y => 1 + Y = 0, 1 Y = 0
2 = Y => 2 + Y = 0, 2 Y = 0
3 = Y => 3 + Y = 0, 3 Y = 0
-Y
Closed curve
-Y
Pure shear
y
16
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17
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2 =
3 =
2
E
3
E
( 2 + 3 )
( 1 + 3 )
( 2 + 1 )
1 =
Ramadas Chennamsetti
18
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1 =
Yield function
f = max i j k Y , i, j, k = 1, 2, 3
i jk
f = e Y
e = max i j k
For 2D case
i j k
2 1 = Y => 2 1 = Y
There are four equations, each equation represents a
straight line in 2D stress space
Ramadas Chennamsetti
19
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1 2 = Y => 1 2 = Y
Equations
1 2 = Y , 1 2 = Y
2 1 = Y , 2 1 = Y
1 2 = Y
Failure equivalent
stress falls outside yield
surface
2 1 = Y
Ramadas Chennamsetti
20
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Biaxial loading
-2
= (1 +
Y = (1 +
1 = | 2 |=
21
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Y = 1
Pure shear
Principal stresses corresponding to
shear yield stress
1 = +y , 2 = -y
For onset of yielding max. principal
strain theory
y = Y/ (1 + ) for = 0.25
y = 0.8Y Not supported by experiments
Ramadas Chennamsetti
22
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Y = y + y = y (1 + )
U =
ij
d ij => U =
1 Y 2
U =
2 E
Ramadas Chennamsetti
d
0
23
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2 =
3 =
1
E
2
E
2
E
( 2 + 3 )
U=
( 3 + 1 )
( 1 + 2 )
Y2
1 2
=
1 + 22 + 32 2(1 2 + 31 + 2 3 )
2E 2E
1 2
1 + 22 + 32 2(1 2 + 31 + 2 3 )
2E
Ramadas Chennamsetti
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1 =
24
Yield function
f = 12 + 22 + 32 ( 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1 ) Y 2
f = e2 Y 2
12 + 22 1 2 Y 2 = 0
25
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45o
Y
Equivalent stress
inside no failure
1
( )
1 = cos 45 sin 45 =
2
1
( + )
2 = sin 45 + cos 45 =
2
Substitute these in the above
expression
Ramadas Chennamsetti
26
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1 2
1 2
+ 2
=1
Y Y
Y Y
2
2
Y
(1 )
2
2
Y
(1 + )
= 1 =>
Y
(1 )
Y
(1 + )
2
a
2
b
=1
45o
o
27
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Simplifying,
Pure shear
(1 + ), 2 = (1 + )
Strain energy, U =
(1 + ) 2 2
2E
1
Y
2E
=> Y =
2 (1 + ) y
y = 0.632 Y
Ramadas Chennamsetti
28
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1 =
29
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Hydrostatic loading
von-Mises theory
Energy associated with volumetric change
volumetric strain energy
Volumetric strain energy no failure of
material
Strain energy causing material failure
distortion energy associated with shear
First invariant of deviatoric stress = 0
For a given stress state estimate distortion
energy this should be less than distortion
energy due to uniaxial tensile safe
Ramadas Chennamsetti
30
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von-Mises theory
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
2
0
0 1 p
0
0 p
0 = 0
2 p
0 + 0
3 0
0
3 p 0
Firstinvariant, J1 = 0
0
p
0
0
0
p
1
=> p = ii
3
31
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(1 p) + ( 2 p) + ( 3 p) = 0
von-Mises theory
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
1
V = 1 + 2 + 3 = {( 1 + 2 + 3 ) 2 ( 1 + 2 + 3 )}
E
(
1 2 )
3(1 2 )
( 1 + 2 + 3 ) =
V =
p
E
E
1
Volumetric strain energy, U V = p V
2
1 3(1 2 )
3(1 2 ) 2 (1 2 )
( 1 + 2 + 3 )2
UV = p
p=
p =
2
E
2E
6E
U = strain energy due to principal stresses & strains
1
2
2
2
U =
1 + 2 + 3 ( 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1 )
2E
E
32
Ramadas Chennamsetti
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This gives
von-Mises theory
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
Distortional energy
2 - m
m
m
1 - m
3 - m
1
1 2
2
2
2
2
UD =
1 + 2 + 3 2 ( 2 1 + 2 3 + 3 1 )
( 1 + 2 + 3 )
2E
6E
[(
Simplifying this
1
2
2
2
( 1 2 ) + ( 2 3 ) + ( 3 1 )
UD =
12G
Ramadas Chennamsetti
]
33
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UD = U - UV
von-Mises theory
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
Y2
1
( 1 2 )2 + ( 2 3 )2 + ( 3 1 )2
U D ==
=
6G 12G
2
2
2
=> 2Y 2 = ( 1 2 ) + ( 2 3 ) + ( 3 1 )
f = e2 Y 2
1
2
2
2
Equivalent stress, = ( 1 2 ) + ( 2 3 ) + ( 3 1 )
2
2
e
Ramadas Chennamsetti
34
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Yield function,
von-Mises theory
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
2 p
0
0 p
0 + 0
S3 0
0 p
0 + 0
3 p 0
0
p
0
0
p
0
0
0
p
0
0
p
Ramadas Chennamsetti
35
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1
[ ] = 0
0
von-Mises theory
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
36
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von-Mises theory
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
Onset of yielding,
12 + 22 1 2 = Y 2
2
1 2 1 2
+ 2 =1
Y Y Y
This represents an ellipse
2
45o
o
37
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Yield function,
von-Mises theory
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
Pure shear
Y 2 = 12 + 22 1 2 = 3 y2 => y = 0.577Y
Ramadas Chennamsetti
38
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von-Mises theory
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
1= 2= 3
1 + 2 + 3 = 0
Deviatoric plane
f = ( 1 2 ) + ( 2 3 ) + ( 3 1 ) 2Y 2 = 0
2
i
+
j
+
k
~
3 ~ ~ ~
OA = 1 i + 2 j + 3 k
n =
Ramadas Chennamsetti
39
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von-Mises theory
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
= OB
i + j + k . i + j + k
1~ 2
3
~
~
~
~
~
OB =
3
1
( 1 + 2 + 3 )
OB =
3
1
1
(
=> OB = OB n =
1 + 2 + 3 ) i + j + k
~
~
3
3 ~ ~ ~
(
1 + 2 + 3 )
= p i + j + k
+
+
OB =
i
j
k
~
~
3
~ ~
~ ~
Ramadas Chennamsetti
OA = OB + BA
~
BA = OA OB
~
BA = r = radius
of cylinder
40
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OA . n
von-Mises theory
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
Radius of cylinder
BA = R = OA OB = 1 i + 2 j + 3 k p i + j + k
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~ ~ ~
2 2 3 2 2 3 1 2 3 1 2
R= 1
i+
j+
k
~
3
3
3
~
~
~
R = S1 i + S 2 j + S 3 k
Radius =>
R=
S12 + S 22 + S 32
41
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von-Mises theory
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
Yield criteria,
Y 2 = S12 + S 22 + S 32 S1 S 2 S 2 S 3 S 3 S1
1 2
Y = S + S + S + S1 + S 22 + S 32
2
3 2
3 2
2
2
2
Y = S1 + S 2 + S 3 = R
2
2
3
Y =
R
2
2
1
2
2
2
3
42
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von-Mises theory
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
0
S 0 S2
0 => J 2 = 1
+
0
0 S2
S3
J 2 = S1S 2 + S 2 S3 + S 3 S1
0 S1
+
S3 0
0
S3
1 2
S1S 2 + S 2 S3 + S3 S1 = S1 + S 22 + S32
2
1 2
1 2
R2
2
2
2
2
J 2 = S1 + S 2 + S3 => J 2 = S1 + S 2 + S3 =
2
2
2
3
Y 2 = R 2 => Y 2 = 3 J 2
2
Redfining yield function => f = 3 J 2 Y 2
J2 Materials
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43
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S1
[S ] = 0
0
1 2
2
=> max =
Y
= KT
2
max = KT =
1 2
2
=> max = y = KT
44
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Tresca theory
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
1 2 2 3 3 1
Y
f = max .
,
,
KT =
2
2
2
2
f < 0 => No yielding
f = 0 => Onset of yielding
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45
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Yield function
Tresca theory
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
2
f1 ( 1 , 2 ) = 1 2 2 K T ;
2 3
= K T =>
2
f 3 ( 2 , 3 ) = 2 3 2 K T ;
3 1
= K T =>
2
f 5 ( 3 , 1 ) = 3 1 2 K T ;
1 2
2
= KT
f 2 ( 1 , 2 ) = 1 2 + 2 K T
2 3
2
= KT
f 4 ( 2 , 3 ) = 2 3 + 2 K T
3 1
2
= KT
f 6 ( 3 , 1 ) = 3 1 + 2 K T
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46
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1 2
Tresca theory
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
) = ( 1 2 2 K T )( 1 2 + 2 K T )
( 2 3 2 K T )( 2 3 + 2 K T )
( 3 1 2 K T )( 3 1 + 2 K T )
3
)(
)(
f ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) = ( 1 2 ) 4 K T2 ( 2 3 ) 4 K T2 ( 3 1 ) 4 K T2
2
47
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f ( 1 , 2 ,
Tresca theory
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
Hydrostatic axis
1 - 2 = 2KT
2 - 1 = 2KT
48
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Tresca theory
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
3 - 1 = 2K
1
cos =
=> = 54 .73 0
3
+ = 90 0 => = 35 .26 0
OA = 2 K T
C
Hydrostatic axis
Deviatoric plane, 1 + 2 + 3 = 0
OB = OA cos = 2 K T
2
3
OB projection of OA on
deviatoric plane
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49
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Tresca theory
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
Tresca hexagon
2KT
2
3
A, B
300
D
OC = OD cos 30
=> OC = 2 K T
=> OC =
2 3
3 2
1 - 2 = 2KT
2 - 1 = 2KT
C
2KT
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50
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Tresca theory
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
2D stress state - 3 = 0
Each equation represents two
lines in 2D stress space
2
1 2 = 2 K T
2 = 2 K T
1 = 2 K T
- 2KT 2 = 2KT C
1 = - 2KT
2 = - 2KT
450
1 = 2KT
450
A
2KT
B
1 - 2 = 2KT
OB = OA cos 45 = 2 K T
1
= 2KT
2
OA
OC =
= 2 2KT
cos 45
51
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- 1 + 2 = 2KT
O
2KT
Tresca theory
R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
2D stress state - 3 = 0
2
- 2KT 2 = 2KT C
- 1 + 2 = 2KT
1 = 2KT
O
1 = - 2KT
450
A
2KT
1 2 = 2 K T
2 = 2 K T
1 = 2 K T
B
1 - 2 = 2KT
2 = - 2KT
52
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1 = Y, 2 = 0, 3 = 0
1
(1 2 )2 + (2 3 )2 + (3 1 )2
6
1 2 2 3 3 1
K T = max
,
,
2
2
2
1
=
Y,
3
1
KT = Y
2
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Pure tension
2y
45o
o
45o
2y
Y 2 = 12 + 22 1 2
3 y2 = 12 + 22 1 2
Y = max .{ 1 2 , 1 , 2 }
Yielding in shear
Tresca conservative
von-Mises conservative
2 1 2
= max . 1
,
,
2
2
2
2
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54
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xy
xx
xx
xx
xx
2
2 =
+ xy
2
2
xx
** Taylor and Quinney Plastic deformation of metals, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc.A230, 323-362, 1931
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55
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xx
2
1 =
+
+
xy
2
2
Tresca criteria
xx
2
2
2
2
Y = 1 2 = 2
+ xy => Y = xx + 4 xy
2
xx xy
< 1
+
Y Y /2
2
No yielding if,
Y 2 = 12 + 22 1 2
Y 2 = xx2 + 3 xy2
xx xy
< 1
No yielding if,
+
Y Y / 3
2
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56
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von-Mises criteria
0.6
von-Mises
Tresca
1
Aluminium
Mild steel
Copper
xx/ Y
Tresca conservative
von-Mises theory more
accurate generally used
in design
Experiments show that for
ductile materials yield in
shear is 0.5 to 0.6 times of
yield in tensile
57
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xy/ Y
2 2
= Y
9
2
2
2
2
2Y = ( 1 2 ) + ( 2 3 ) + ( 3 1 )
2
oct
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58
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1
2
2
2
= (1 2 ) + (2 3 ) + (3 1)
9
2
oct
1 = y, 2 = - y, 3 = 0
theory
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59
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1
Same as von-Mises
( 1 2 )2 + ( 2 3 )2 + ( 3 1 )2 = 6 y2
9
9
theory in pure shear
2 2
2
oct = y
3
Octahedral shear stress
2
2
2
6 y2 = ( 1 2 ) + ( 2 3 ) + ( 3 1 )
theory => von-Mises
2
=
oct
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60
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61
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62
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