4-3-1 Design

Module 4.
3 MicroMicro-Hydro
4.3.1 Designing
Tokyo Electric Power Co. (TEPCO)
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
Workshop on Renewable Energies

November 14-25, 2005
Nadi, Republic of the Fiji Islands
Contents
Design (Civil Structure)
9 Weir, Intake, Settling basin, Headrace, Forebay, Penstock,
Powerhouse
e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies
Head Loss Calculation

Design (Electrical and Mechanical Equipment)
9 Inlet valve, Water turbine, Turbine governor, Power
transmission facility, Generator, Control panels, Switchgear
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
Civil Structure: Weir

Types of Weir
Concrete gravity dam

Floating concrete dam
Earth dam
Rockfill dam
Wet masonry dam
Gabion dam
Concrete reinforced gabion dam
Brushwood dam
Wooden dam
Wooden-frame dam with gravel
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
Characteristic of Weir
Type
Outline

Entire body is composed
of concrete.

Entire body is composed
of concrete.
Longer dam epron
cut-off
Foundation
Bedrock
Gravel
River condition
Not governed by gradient,

discharge or level of
sediment load

sediment load
Intake efficiency
High
High
Earth dam
Main material is earth.
Riprap and core wall
From earth to bedrock

Gentle flow and easy to
deal with flooding
High
Earth dam
Cut-off
Longer epron
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
Rock fill dam
Type
Outline
Wet masonry dam
Main material is gravel.

Core wall
Gabion dam
Gravel is filled with mortal

etc.
Gravel is wrapped by
metal net.
Foundation
River condition
In case that earth dam

could be washed away by
normal river flow.

sediment load.
In case that rock fill dam

normal river flow.
Intake efficiency
Low
High
Low
Rock fill dam
Wet masonry dam
Gabion dam
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
Concrete reinforced
gabion dam
Outline
Surface of gabion dam is

reinforced with concrete.
Foundation
River condition
Bush wood dam
Type
Intake efficiency

In case that metal net
could be damaged by
strong river flow.
High
Concrete reinforced gabion dam
Wooden frame with gravel

dam
Main material is local

bush wood.
Wooden frame is filled

with gravel.

Gentle river flow
Fair
Bush wood dam

In case that rock fill dam
normal river flow.
Low
Wooden frame with gravel dam
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
Concerns to be addressed in Weir Designing
Location of weir site

9
Perpendicular to river direction
Topographical & geological conditions
Easy access
Structural Stability
Sedimentation
9
Easy flushing
Existing landslide, debris, erosion, drift woods etc.
Influence on head acquisition

9
Fall resistance, Sliding resistance & Soil bearing capacity against resultant
external force (weir own weight, water pressure, sedimentation weight, earth
quake & up lift)
Relationship between construction cost & usable head
Backwater effect
9
Influence on upstream area during flooding
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
Civil Structure: Intake

Type of Intake
Side intake
9
Typical intake
Perpendicular to river direction
Tyrolean intake
9
Along the weir
Simple structure
Affected by sedimentation
during flooding
More maintenance required
Side Intake
Tyrolean Intake
8
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
Civil Structure: Settling Basin

Function
9 All the suspended materials that could
adversary affect turbine should be removed.
Dam
Intake
Spillway
Stoplog
9 Minimum diameter of suspended materials

(depend on turbine specification; 0.5
1.0mm)
9 Marginal settling speed (about 0.1m/s)
9 Flow velocity in settling basin (about 0.3m/s)
9 Length & wide
Flushing gate
Headrace
1.0
Conduit section
2.0
Settling section
Widening section
Bsp
hsp+15cm
10 15
Specification to be decided
Intake
hi
h0
hs
ic=1/201/30
bi
Stoplog
Sediment Pit
Flushing gate
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
Civil structure: Headrace

Function
9 Conveys water from intake to forebay
9
9
9
9
Structure type (Open channel)

Longitudinal slope (1/50 1/500)
Cross section (flow capacity)
Material to be used
Flow capacity calculation

Qd=AR2/3SL1/2 n
where,
Qd: Flow capacity (design discharge: m3/s )
A: Cross-sectional area
R: R = A/P
P: Length of wet sides
A
SL: Longitudinal slope
n: Coefficient of roughness
10
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
Characteristic of Headrace
Advantage
Disadvantage
Lined channel
(Rock & stone)
Simple earth
channel
Type
9 Easy construction
9 Inexpensive
9 Easy repair
9
9
9
9
9 Risk of scouring &

collapse
9 Not applicable to
high permeable
ground
9 Difficult to remove
sedimentation
9 Not applicable to
high permeable
ground
n = 0.030
Easy construction
Local material
Scouring resistance
Easy repair
Concrete channel
9 Local material
9 Scouring resistance
9 Applicable to
permeable ground
9 Easy construction
9 Great flexibility of
cross section
design
9 Relatively expensive
9 More man power
9 Not applicable to
small diameter
9 Long construction
period
n = 0.020
n = 0.025
Simple earth
channel
Wet masonry
channel
Lined channel
(Rock and stone)
n = 0.015
Wet masonry
channel
Concrete channel
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
11
Characteristic of Headrace
Advantage
Disadvantage
Box culvert channel
Wood fenced channel
Type
9 Inexpensive
9 Flexible to minor ground
deformation
9
9
9
9
9 Not applicable to big

diameter
9 Easy to decay
9 Heavy weight
9 High transportation cost
n = 0.015
Wooded-fenced channel
Easy construction
Short construction period
Applicable to small diameter
Flexible to cross section
figure
n = 0.015
Box culvert channel
Hume pipe channel

9 Easy construction
9 Short construction period
9 High resistance to external
pressure
9 Applicable to small diameter
9 Heavy weight
9 High transportation cost
n = 0.015
Closed pipe (Hume pipe, steel pipe)
12
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
Civil Structure: Forebay

Function
9
Regulates discharge fluctuation

difference between penstock &
headrace due to load fluctuation.
Final settling basin
Screen
Spillway
9
9
Water storage capacity

Layout & dimension of each facility
Attached Structure
9
9
9
9
Spillway
Screen
Regulating gate
Sluice gate
Headrace
Spillway
Penstock
Headrace
Screen
Headrace
Penstock
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
13
Civil Structure: Penstock

Function
9 Convey water under pressure from
forebay to turbine
9 Route (Slope, geological conditions
etc)
9 Material to be used
9 Diameter
- Construction cost
- Electricity generation decrease due
to loss at penstock
- Durability (Life time, O&M cost)
9 Thickness
- Water pressure, own weight, water
weight, other external force (earth
quake etc.)
14
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
Powerhouse
Powerhouse
z
Function:
Provides shelter for the electro-mechanical equipment (turbine,
generator, control panels, etc.)
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
The size of the powerhouse and the layout:

Determined taking into account convenience during installation,
operation and maintenance.
Foundation:
Classified into two:
For Impulse turbine
-Pelton turbine, Turgo turbine or cross-flow turbine, etc.
For Reaction turbine
-Francis turbine or propeller turbine, etc.
15
Foundation for Impulse Turbine

a. Foundation for Impulse Turbine
The figures shows the foundation for the cross flow turbine. There
is a space between center level of the runner and the tailwater level
hc ={
30 50cm
1 .1 Q d 2
9 .8
1/ 3
F lo o d W a ter L e vel(M a xim um )
Space
(atmosphere pressure)
H L3
(see R e f.5 -3 )
30 50cm
A fterb a y
T ailrac e c anne l
O utle t
S ection A -A
bo
20cm
b o : d ep end s o n Q d and H e
2 0 cm
b
16
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
Foundation for Reaction Turbine

b. Foundation for Reaction Turbine
The below figures show the foundation for the Francis turbine. The
outlet level of the draft tube is under the level of tailwater
A
d3
ThisHshead
is also
effectively utilized
depens on characteristic
of turbine
Filled with water

In the draft tube
30 50cm
20cm
hc={
Hs
1.1Qd
9.8
1/ 3
Flood Water Level(Maximum)
1.15 d3
H L3
(see Ref.53)
2 3
1.5d3
A
Section A-A
1.5d3
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
17
Effective Head
Effective Head (Net head) :
= The total head actually acting on the turbine
= Gross head Head loss
He = Hg (HL1 + HL2 + HL3)
where, He: Effective head
Hg: Gross head
HL1: Loss from intake to forebay
HL2: Loss at penstock
HL3: Loss at tailrace and draft tube
Intake
Headrace
Settling Basin
HL1
HL2
Forebay
Penstock
Powerhouse
He
H Hg
HL3
Tailrace
18
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
Calculation of Head Loss

The head loss at the penstock (HL2) can be calculated by
the following equations.
HL2 = hf + he + hv + ho
where,
hf: Frictional loss at penstock

he: Inlet loss
hv: Valve loss
ho: Other losses (Bend losses, loss on changes in crosssectional area and others)
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
19
<Reference > Head Loss at Penstock

(1) Frictional loss
Frictional loss (hf) is the biggest of the losses at penstock.
hf = f (Lp/Dp ) Vp2/2g
where,
hf: Frictional loss at penstock (m)

f : Coefficient on the diameter of penstock pipe (Dp).
f = 124.5n2/Dp1/3
Lp: Length of penstock (m)
Vp: Velocity at penstock (m/s)
Vp = Q/Ap
g: Acceleration due to gravity (9.8m/sec2)
Dp: Diameter of penstock pipe (m)
n : Coefficient of roughness
(steel pipe: n = 0.012, plastic pipe: n = 0.011)
Q: Design discharge (m3/s)
Ap: Cross sectional area of penstock pipe (m2)
Ap = 3.14Dp2/4.0
20
10
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
<Reference > Head Loss at Penstock

(2) Inlet Loss
where,
(3) Valve Loss
where,
hi = fe Vp2/2g
hi: Inlet loss (m)
fe: Coefficient on the form at the inlet
Usually fe = 0.5 in micro-hydro schemes.
hv = fv Vp2 /2g
hv: Valve loss (m)
fv: Coefficient on the type of valve,
fv = 0.1 (butterfly valve)
(4) Others
Bend loss and loss due to changes in cross-sectional area are considered
other losses. However, these losses can be neglected in micro-hydro
schemes. Usually, the person planning the micro-hydro scheme must take
account of following margins as other losses.
ho = 5 to 10% (hf + he +hv)
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
21
Design of E/M Equipment

Equipment and Functions
1. Inlet valve:
Controls the supply of water from the penstock to the turbine
2. Water turbine:
Converts the water energy into rotating power
3. Generator:
Generates the electricity by the driving force from the turbine
4. Driving facility:
Transmits the rotation power of the turbine to the generator
5. Control facility of turbine and generator:
Controls the speed, output of the unit.
6. Switchgear / transformer :
Controls the electric power and increases the voltage of transmission
lines, if required
7. Control panels:
Controls and protects the above facilities for safe operation.
Note: Items 5, 6 & 7 above may sometimes be combined in one panel.
22
11
1. Inlet Valve
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
23
Design for E/M Equipment

2. Water Turbine
Types:
z
Impulse turbines: Rotates the runner by the impulse of water jets

by converting the pressure head into the velocity head through
nozzles.
Reaction turbines: Rotates the runner by the pressure head.
Type
Impulse
Reaction
Head
High
Medium
Low
Pelton
Turgo
Crossflow
Turgo
Crossflow
Fransis
Pump-as-Turbine
Propeller
Kaplan
24
12
Pelton Turbine
Acting water jet emitted from the nozzle to the bucket of runner
Good characteristics for discharge change
- Discharge: Small (0.2 3 m3/s)
- Head: High head (75 400m)
1-Nov-05 (12:01)

Pelton Turbine
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
25
26
13
1-Nov-05 (12:01)

Cross-Flow Turbine
Arc shape runner blades are welded on the both side of iron plate discs
Easy manufacturing and simple structure
- Discharge: Small (0.1 10 m3/s)
- Head: Low, middle head (2 200 m)
Water
CrossCross-Flow W/T
Guide Vane

Cross-Flow Turbine
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
27
28
14
Francis Turbine
Wide ranging utilization from various head and output

Simple structure
- Discharge: Various (0.4 20 m3/s)
- Head: Low to high (15 300 m)
1-Nov-05 (12:01)

Francis Turbine
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
29
30
15
Reverse Pump Turbine (Pump as Turbine)
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
31

Tubular Turbine
Tubular type(Cylinder type) propeller turbine

Package type is remarked recently
- Discharge: Various (1.5 40 m3/s)
- Head: low head (3 20m)
Timing Belt
Generator
Draft Tube
Guide Vane Propeller Runner

(Wicket Gate)
32
16
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
Tubular Turbine
33
Pico Hydro
34
17
1-Nov-05 (12:01)

Flow chart of designing hydro turbine
Power plant H,Q
Number of units
Turbine type selection by
the selection chart
Range of Ns
(m-kW)
Turbine type
Ns limit
Pelton
8 25
Francis
50 350
Diagonal flow
100 350
Propeller
200 900
Tubular
N limit calculation from the

Ns limit
More than 500
Specific speed:
Ns[m-kW] = N
P1/2
H5/4
N (min-1)
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
35

Selection of turbine type
i.e.: H = 25m, Q = 0.45m3/s

3
(82ft)
Cross Flow
1000
(3,280)
or Horizontal Francis
(m, ft)
Effective Head
Horizontal Pelton
(15.88ft /s)
Vertical Francis
100
(328)
10
(32.8)
Cross Flow
Horizontal Francis
(3.28)
1
0.01
(0.3529)
0.1
(3.529)
Horizontal Propeller
1
(35.29)
10
(352.9)
3
3
Water Discharge (m /s, ft /s)
100
(3,529)
36
18
1-Nov-05 (12:01)

3. Generator
z
Synchronous:
Asynchronous (induction):
Independent exciter rotor, applicable for both isolated and existing

power networks
No exciter rotor is usually applicable in networks with other power
sources. In isolated networks, it must be connected to capacitors to
generate electricity.
Generator output:
Pg (kVA) = (9.8 x H x Q x )/pf
Where
Pg: Capacity (kVA)
H : Net head (m)
Q: Rated discharge (m3/s)
: Combined efficiency of turbine & generator etc (%)
pf: Power factor ( %)
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
37

3. Generator
Speed and Number of Generator Poles
- The rated rotational speed is specified according to the frequency
(50 or 60 Hz) of the power network and the number of poles by
the following formula:
For synchronous generators:
P (nos.) = 120 x f/N0
N0 (min-1) = 120 x f/P
where, P : Number of poles
f : Frequency (Hz)
N0 : Rated rotational speed (min-1)
For induction generators:
N (min-1) = (1-S) x N0
where, N : Actual speed of induction generator (min)
S : Slip (normally S= -0.02)

N0 : Rated rotational speed (min-1)
38
19
Standard rated speeds and number of poles for synchronous

generators
No. of poles
50 Hz
60 Hz
1500
1800
1000
1200
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
750
900
10
600
720
12
500
600
14
429
514
16
375
450
18
333
400
20
300
360
24
250
300
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
39

Comparative table of synchronous and induction generators
Structure
Synchronous
generators
Induction
generators
Operation
Parallel-in
operation
Excitation
circuit
Relatively large
air gap
Voltage
regulation
Reactive power
adjustment
(Usually lagging
power factor)
Synchronizer
Less electromechanical
impact at parallelin
No excitation
High
maintainability
High rotational
speed
No voltage
regulation
Leading power
factor operation
Only on-grid
operation
No synchronizer
Inrush current
(Parallel-in around
synchronous
speed is
preferable.)
40
20
1-Nov-05 (12:01)

4. Driving Facility (Speed Increaser)
To match the speed of the turbine and generator
Gearbox type:
The turbine shaft and generator shaft are coupled with gears
with parallel shafts in one box with anti-friction bearings
according to the speed ratio between the turbine and generator.
The life is long but the cost is relatively high. (Efficiency: 95
97%, depending on the type)
Belt type:
The turbine shaft and generator shaft are coupled with pulleys
or flywheels and belts according to the speed ratio between the
turbine and generator. The cost is relatively low but the life is
short. (Efficiency: 95 98%, depending on the type of belt)
In the case of a micro hydro-power plant, a V-belt or flat belt type
coupling is usually adopted to save the cost because the gearbox
type transmitter is very expensive.
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
41

5. Control Facility of Turbine and Generator
5.1 Speed Governor:

The speed governor is adopted to keep the turbine speed constant
because the speed fluctuates if there are changes in the load, water
head or flow.
(1) Mechanical/Electrical type:
Controls the turbine speed constantly by regulating the guide vanes /
needle vanes according to load. There are two types of power
source:
Pressure-oil type
Motor type
Ancillary Equipment:
Servomotor, pressure pump and tank, sump tank,
piping or electric motor for gate operating mechanism
42
21
1-Nov-05 (12:01)

(2) Dummy load type:
Generator output is always
constant at a micro hydro
power station where a
dummy load governor is
applied to. In order to keep
the frequency constant, the
relationship generator
output = customers load +
dummy load is essential.
The dummy load is controlled
by an electronic load
controller (ELC) to meet the
above equation.
Customers of Electricity
Transformer
Upper Dam
Spillway
Upper Reservoir
Power House
Dummy Load Governor
G-T
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
43
The capacity of dummy load is calculated as follows:

Pd (kW) = Pg (kVA) x pf (decimal) x SF
where,
Pd:
Pg:
pf:
SF:
Capacity of dummy load (Unity load: kW)

Rated output of generator (kVA)
Rated power factor of generator
Safety factor according to cooling method (1.2 1.4 times
generator output in kW) to avoid over-heating the heater
44
22
1-Nov-05 (12:01)

5.2 Generator Exciter
In the case of a synchronous generator, an exciter is
necessary for supplying field current to the generator
and keeps the terminal voltage constant even though
the load fluctuates. The type of exciter is classified as
follows:
DC exciter:
A DC generator directory coupled with main shaft
supplies field current of the synchronous
generator. The generator terminal voltage is
regulated by adjusting the output voltage of DC
exciter. Maintenance on brushes, commutator is
necessary.
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
45

AC exciter:
The excitation circuit
consists of an AC
exciter directly
coupled to the main
generator, a rotary
rectifier and a
separately provided
automatic voltage
regulator with a
thyristor (AVR). (High
initial cost but low
maintenance cost)
PT
Pulse
Generator
AVR
CT
(Speed Detector)
Ex. Tr
Rotating section
DC100V
G
AC
Ex
Brushless exciter
46
23
1-Nov-05 (12:01)

Static excitation:
Direct thyristor
excitation method.
DC current for the
field coil is supplied
through a slip ring
from a thyristor
with an excitation
transformer. (Low
initial cost but high
maintenance cost)
PT
Pulse
Generator
AVR
CT
(Speed Detector)
Ex. Tr
Slip ring
Static excitation
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
47

6. Switchgears
Single Line Diagram:
The typical single diagram for a 380/220V distribution line
Magnet
Contactor
A x3
V
V
Hz
Turbine
G
Transmitter
if required
Generator
ELC
(with Hz Relay)
x3
Lamp
Indicator
NFB
Fuse
To Custmer
x3
Dummy Load
48
24
1-Nov-05 (12:01)

Switchgear board including ELC
CB(MCCB)
ELC
NFB
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
49

7. Control Panels
7.1 Control Methods:

Supervisory control method is classified into continuous
supervisory, remote continuous control and occasional control.
The operational control method is classified into manual control,
one-man control and fully automatic control.
The output control method is classified into dummy load governor
control for isolated grid, discharge control, water level control and
programmable control.
50
25
1-Nov-05 (12:01)

7.2 Instrumentation
Pressure gauge for penstock
Voltmeter with change-over switch for output voltage
Voltmeter with change-over switch for output of dummy load
(ballast)
Ammeter with change-over switch for ampere of generator output
Frequency meter for rotational speed of generator
Hour meter for operating time
kWh (kW hour) meter and kVh (kVar hour) meter, which are
required to summarize and check total energy generation at the
power plant
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
51

7.3 Protection of Plant and 380/220V Distribution Line
Considering the same reason for cost saving in instrumentation, the following
minimal protection is required for micro-hydro power plants in rural
electrification.
1. Over-speed of turbine and generator (detected by frequency)
2. Under-voltage
3. Over-voltage
4. Over-current by NFB (No Fuse Breaker) or MCCB (Molded Case Circuit
Breaker) for low-tension circuits.
When an item 1, 2 or 3 is detected, the protective relay is activated and forces
the main circuit breaker trip. At that time, the unit shall be stopped to check
conditions.
52
26
1-Nov-05 (12:01)

Exercise
There is a potential site with the following conditions:
Net head: 10 m
Discharge: 1 m3/s
Frequency: 50 Hz
Synchronous generator is required.
Q1: Which types of turbine are preferable for the site?
Q2: How wide of the applicable range of specific speed on
a selected turbine?
Q3: How wide of the rotational speed range will be applicable for
the selected turbine when the turbine efficiency is 0.6?
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
53

Answer
There is a potential site with the following conditions:
Net head: 10 (m)
Discharge: 1 (m3/s)
Frequency: 50 (Hz)
Synchronous generator is required.
Q1: Which types of turbine are preferable for the site?
A1: Cross Flow, Horizontal Propeller, and Horizontal
Francis
(Please refer to the selection chart.)
Q2: How wide of the applicable range of specific speed on
a selected turbine?
A2: If the horizontal propeller is selected, the range of Ns is
200 900 (m-kW).
54
27
1-Nov-05 (12:01)

Selection of turbine type
1000
(3,280)
(m, ft)
Effective Head
Horizontal Pelton
Vertical Francis
100
(328)
10
(32.8)
Cross Flow
Horizontal Francis
(3.28)
1
0.01
(0.3529)
0.1
(3.529)
Horizontal Propeller
1
10
(35.29)
(352.9)
3
3
Water Discharge (m /s, ft /s)
100
(3,529)
1-Nov-05 (12:01)
55

Answer
Q3: How wide of the rotational speed range will be applicable for
the selected turbine when the turbine efficiency is 0.6?
A3: The turbine output P is
P = 9.8 t Q H = 9.8 0.6 1 10 = 58.8 (kW)
so that the minimum and maximum rotational speeds are
calculated as follows:
Nmin
= Nsmin H5/4 / P1/2
= 200 105/4 / 58.81/2
= 463 (min-1)
= 900 105/4 / 58.81/2
Nmax
= 2087 (min-1)
Considering the standard rated speed, the speed range from
500 to 1500 (min-1) is applicable for the direct coupled
generator.
In case that 500 (min-1) is selected as the turbine rated speed
considering turbine characteristics, a speed increaser is
preferable to apply because lower speed generators are costly.
56
28

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Module 4.

Workshop on Renewable Energies

e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies

Head Loss Calculation

Civil Structure: Weir

Concrete gravity dam

e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies

Concrete gravity dam

Floating concrete dam

Not governed by gradient,

Not governed by gradient,

Concrete gravity dam

Floating concrete dam

From earth to bedrock

e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies

Wet masonry dam

Main material is gravel.

Gravel is filled with mortal

From earth to bedrock

From earth to bedrock

From earth to bedrock

In case that earth dam

Not governed by gradient,

In case that rock fill dam

Rock fill dam

Wet masonry dam

Surface of gabion dam is

Bush wood dam

From earth to bedrock

Concrete reinforced gabion dam

Wooden frame with gravel

Main material is local

Wooden frame is filled

From earth to bedrock

Bush wood dam

From earth to bedrock

Wooden frame with gravel dam

Concerns to be addressed in Weir Designing

Location of weir site

Perpendicular to river direction

Topographical & geological conditions

e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies

Existing landslide, debris, erosion, drift woods etc.

Influence on head acquisition

Relationship between construction cost & usable head

Influence on upstream area during flooding

Civil Structure: Intake

e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies

Perpendicular to river direction

Along the weir

More maintenance required

Civil Structure: Settling Basin

9 Minimum diameter of suspended materials

e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies

Civil structure: Headrace

e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies

Structure type (Open channel)

Flow capacity calculation

9 Risk of scouring &

Box culvert channel

Wood fenced channel

9 Not applicable to big

Box culvert channel

Hume pipe channel