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15.3
<-107
154.05
36.4
517
5.921
1339
1.36
0.8931
196.7
0.081
0.0125
402.7
10.3
Table 1
-1-
English Units*
Boiling Point (F) @ 1atm
Freezing Point (F)
Critical Temperature** (F)
Critical Pressure** (psia)
Critical Density** (lb/ft3)
Vapor Density @ Boiling Point (lb/ft3)
Liquid Density (lb/ft3)
Liquid Heat Capacity (Btu/lb F)
Vapor Heat Capacity @ constant pressure, 1atm (Btu/lb F)
Heat of Vaporization at Boiling Point (Btu/lb)
Liquid Thermal Conductivity (Btu/hr ft F)
Vapor Thermal Conductivity (Btu/hr ft F)
Liquid Viscosity (lb/ft hr)
Vapor Viscosity (lb/ft hr)
59.5
<-160
309.29
527.9
32.28
0.3697
83.58
0.33
0.218
84.62
0.0468
0.0072
0.9744
0.025
HFC-245fa shows a high Critical Temperature (154 C), which means a higher efficiency of the
refrigerating cycle respect, i.e., the one of R-134a (T.C. = 101C).
Laboratory tests indicate HFC-245fa to have a high degree of thermal and hydrolytic stability.
As far as material compatibility is concerned, tests have been carried out in static and dynamic
conditions. While the compatibility of plastics is good, the elastomer one should be evaluated at
the condition of use.
-2-
THERMODYNAMIC COMPARISON
Units
R-123
Value
Value
Suction Pressure
kPa
40
65
163%
342
855%
Discharge Pressure
kPa
144
234
163%
958
665%
m3/hr/kW
9.18
5.89
64%
1.40
15%
2-stage
m3/hr/kW
8.29
5.20
63%
1.22
15%
3 -stage
m3/hr/kW
8.01
4.99
62%
1.17
15%
Efficiency Parameter
1-stage
COP
5.95
5.80
97%
5.59
94%
2-stage
COP
6.25
6.18
99%
5.98
96%
3 -stage
COP
6.34
6.29
99%
6.11
96%
Parameter
R-245fa
Rel. to R-123
Value
R-134a
Rel. to R-123
Conditions: 4.4oC ET, 37.8oC CT, 1.1oC Superheat/Subcooling, 80% Compressor Eff.
Table 3
The economic analysis was based on the performance of a single-stage R-134a machine and
compared against single and two-stage R-245fa machines (multi-staging is only used for lowpressure chillers). It assumes a 15% annual rate-of-return with a 15-year life and a cost of
electricity of 6,3 Eurocents per kW-hr (average cost in Europe in year 2002). The present value of
the operating cost savings for a single-stage R-245fa is in excess of 12.700 Euro. The savings
associated with a two-stage R-245fa machine would have a present value in excess of 29.000 Euro.
R-245fa
R-245fa
Single-Stage
Single-Stage
Two-Stage
9.494
2638
278
5010
1392015
0.063
87,697
-
9.734
2638
271
5010
1357584
0.063
85,528
2,169
10.060
2638
262
5010
1313575
0.063
82,755
4,942
12,684
28,896
IPLV COP
Chiller Capacity (kW)
Power Consumption of Chiller (kW)
Cooling Hours (per ARI Std 550-590-98)
Annual Power Consumption (kW-hr)
Cost of Electricity (Euros/kW-hr))
Operating Cost (Euros)
Savings Relative to R-134a Single-Stage
Present Value Analysis:
Annual Rate of Return(%)
Number of Years
Present Value of Savings (Euros):
15%
15
Assumptions:
1. Evaporating temperature of 4.4oC based on a 2.2oC T between entering water and saturation
temperature
2. Condensing temperature dependent on load and based on a 2.8oC T between leaving water and
saturation temperature
3. Compressor isentropic efficiency of 80%
4. Superheat and subcooling of 1.1oC
5. Entering water temperature for evaporator and condenser per ARI Std 550-590-98
6. Condenser leaving water temperature based on water flow rate per above standard.
Table 4
-3-
In order to determine the environmental impact of the choice of refrigerants for this application,
an analysis of both the direct and indirect contributions to global warming (respectively from
refrigerant emissions and the indirect contributions are due to the burning of fossil fuels to supply
the power consumed by the equipment) were conducted. To compensate for the emissions and
energy associated with the production of the refrigerants, the GWP values (IPCC, 2001) have been
increased by values shown as per the Arthur D. Little report of March, 2002 ( 7) and are shown in
Table 5.
The annual power consumption was taken from Table 4. Assumptions needed to complete this
analysis were taken from the ADL report. This included a value of 0.65 kg of CO 2 per kW-hr of
electrical production, a 1% annual leakage rate and a 30-year life. The impacts were determined by:
Direct Effect = Refrigerant Charge (kg) x (Annual loss rate x Lifetime + End-of-life loss) x GWP
Indirect Effect = Annual Power Consumption from Table 3 (kW-hr) x Lifetime x 0.65
Using this information a LCCP analysis was performed and is shown in Figure 2. It is very clear
from these results that the indirect contributors dominate any contributions from refrigerant
emissions. In addition, all three refrigerants are have similar climate impact. R-245fa nearly
matches the very favorable characteristics, especially when using multiple stages.
Refrigerant Global Warming Potentials (kg CO2)
R-123
GWP
Manuf
Total
120
9
129
Refrigerants
R-245fa
950
12
962
R-134a
1300
13
1313
Table 5
LCCP Analysis
30,000,000
Single-Stage
Two-Stage
25,000,000
kg CO2
20,000,000
Direct
Indirect
15,000,000
10,000,000
5,000,000
R-123
R-245fa
R-134a
Figure 1
-4-
R-123
R-245fa
Previous use of this technology has been limited. With R-245fa, the match between the working
fluid and the energy source being recovered, for example, in the case of low-pressure steam is
favorable. Within a homologous series, as chain length and molecular weight increase, the molar
heat capacity and entropy increase. More specifically, with comparable latent heats, as the slope of
the entropy lines decrease, the cycle efficiency will increase. Given the proportionality between
the natural log of pressure and the inverse of temperature, the slope of the entropy line will be
approximately the change in enthalpy with change in temperature (for small changes in
temperature), that is, the heat capacity. Even though R-11, R-123 and R-245fa are not in the same
homologous series, the longer molecular chain length of R-245fa means that the vibrational
component of heat capacity will increase as well the entropy due to the increased degree of
freedom (8). The way in which entropy and enthalpy, affected by the increased heat capacity,
translates into improved efficiency is illustrated in Figure 3.
Until recently, most halogenated working fluids have been based on one- or two-carbon
molecules. In general, the demand for Organic Rankine cycle fluids was small; manufacture of
fluids solely for this purpose was not practiced. The favorable performance of R-245fa in the
Rankine cycle provides an opportunity to realize greater electrical energy output from power
generation facilities that rely on steam-driven turbines. Likewise, large industrial enterprises can
now consider recovery of waste heat with the option to convert the energy to useful electricity.
-5-
With the employment of R-245fa for conversion of waste heat to useful energy in fossil fuelfired power generation facilities, the amount of available electrical energy per unit weight of fossil
fuel burned would increase thus helping to satisfy demand without increasing facility emissions.
Rankine Cycle
ln(Pressure)
T , S (R-245fa)
T , S (R-11, R-123)
En
tro
py
Lin
e
Work In
HFC-245fa
3213
HCFC-123
1958
132.4
42.1
61.4
59.9
56.6
51.8
3-carbon
2-carbon
1-carbon
-6-
CFC-11
1972
30000
HFC-245fa
25000
Hycool 40
Pekasol 50
20000
CFC-11 / HCFC-141b
Tyfoxit (80/20)
15000
HFE-7100
CFC-113
10000
42% Propylene Glycol
(Dowfrost)
5000
55% Propylene Glycol
(Dowfrost)
0
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
o
Temperature ( C)
-7-
-10
-5
NOMENCLATURE
ACGIH-American Council of Governmental and
Industrial Hygienists
AIHA-American Industrial Hygiene Assocation
DOT-Department of Transportation
LCCP- (Life Cycle Climate Performance),
OSHA-Occupation Safety and Health Administration
RCRA-Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
SNAP- Significant New Alternatives Program
TSCA-Toxic Substances Control Act
VOC-Volatile Organic Compound
WEEL-Workplace Environmental Exposure Limit
-EndnotesHoneywell Material Safety Data Sheet, Genetron 245fa, Section 8, Exposure Guidelines.
Output based on National Institute of Standards and Technology, Refprop v.6.01.
Lemmon, Eric W., McLinden, Mark O. and Huber, Marcia L., NIST Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and
Transport Properties Refprop 7.0, NIST Std. Database, 2002
4. Carr, Mathew A., Experimental and Theoretical Study of Surface Tension Effects on Extended Surface
Condensation, Catholic University of America, Doctoral Dissertation, Washington DC, 2002.
5. Atwood, T., Murphy, K.P, An Investigation of Refrigerants for Single-Stage Centrifugal Water Chillers,
ASHRAE Transactions, 1972 No2131.
6. IPPC, Climate Change 2001- The Scientific Basis, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,
Cambridge University Press, 2001.
7. Arthur D. Little (ADL), Global Comparative Analysis of HFC and Alternative Technology for
Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Foam, Solvent, Aerosol Propellant, and Fire Protection Applications,
2002.
8. Donald A. Mc Quarrie, Statistical Mechanics, Harper and Row, New York, 1976, p. 137.
9. http://www.epa.gov/ozone/title6/snap/lists/11cent.html.
10. www.eere.energy.gov/der/microturbines/pdfs/haughtats.pdf,
DOE Advanced Microturbine Program
Update, Debbie Haught, First ATS Annual Program Review Meeting, December 4-6, 2000, Alexandria,
Virginia, p.13
11. Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute, Water Chilling Packages Using the Vapor Compression
Cycle, Standard 550-590. Arlington VA. 1998.
1.
2.
3.
Disclaimer
Although all statements and information contained herein are believed to be accurate and reliable, they are
presented without guarantee or warranty of any kind, expressed or implied. Information provided herein does
not relieve the user from the responsibility of carrying out its own tests and experiments, and the user assumes
all risks and liability for use of the information and results obtained. Statements or suggestions concerning the
use of materials and processes are made without representation or warranty that any such use is free of patent
infringement and are not recommendations to infringe on any patents. The user should not assume that all
toxicity data and safety measures are indicated herein or that other measures may not be required.
-8-