Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Distinguishing Match Pairs
Distinguishing Match Pairs
0DWFKHG3DLUVRU1RW"
6WXG\6KHHW
3DJHRI
,QWURGXFWLRQ
0DQ\H[SHULPHQWVLQPHGLFLQHDQGVRFLDOVFLHQFHLQYROYHWZRVDPSOHV)RUH[DPSOHD
UHVHDUFKHUPD\PHDVXUHWKHEORRGFKROHVWHUROLQVXEMHFWVEHIRUHDQGDIWHUDQH[HUFLVH
SURJUDP2WKHUVWXGLHVSDLUWZRVLPLODULQGLYLGXDOV)RUH[DPSOHDUHVHDUFKHUPLJKWJLYH
RQHPHPEHURIDSDLUDVSHFLILFWUHDWPHQWDQGWKHRWKHUDSODFHERDQGWKHQGHWHUPLQH
ZKHWKHUWKHUH
VDQREVHUYDEOHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHWZR7KHVHVLWXDWLRQVDUHFDOOHG
PDWFKHGSDLUVEHFDXVHWKH\LQYROYHSDLUHGPHDVXUHPHQWVRQDVLQJOHYDULDEOH
:KHQVKRXOGGDWDEHWUHDWHGDVPDWFKHGSDLUV"
7UDLQHUVDWDILWQHVVFHQWHUWHVWSDUWLFLSDQWVDWWKHEHJLQQLQJDQGWKHHQGRIDILYHZHHN
FDUGLRYDVFXODUSURJUDPWRGHWHUPLQHZKHWKHUWKHUH
VEHHQDQLPSURYHPHQWLQUHVWLQJ
KHDUWUDWH7KHEHIRUHDQGDIWHUPHDVXUHPHQWVIRUHDFKLQGLYLGXDOFRPSULVHDPDWFKHG
SDLURIREVHUYDWLRQV
5HVHDUFKHUVWHVWWKHKROGLQJFDSDFLW\RIKDQGVE\KDYLQJVXEMHFWVJUDEDKDQGIXORI
EHDQVZLWKWKHOHIWKDQGDQGWKHULJKWKDQGDOWHUQDWHO\7KHPHDVXUHRIKROGLQJFDSDFLW\
LVWKHQXPEHURIEHDQVWKHVXEMHFWLVKROGLQJ)RUHDFKVXEMHFWWKHKDQGWREHWHVWHG
ILUVWLVGHWHUPLQHGE\WKHIOLSRIDFRLQ5HVHDUFKHUVSDLUWKHOHIWKDQGEHDQFRXQWDQG
ULJKWKDQGEHDQFRXQWIRUHDFKLQGLYLGXDOWKHQFDOFXODWHWKHGLIIHUHQFHLQKROGLQJ
FDSDFLW\IRUHDFKSHUVRQ7KH\XVHWKHVHGDWDWRPDNHDQHVWLPDWHRIWKHGLIIHUHQFHLQ
KROGLQJFDSDFLW\EHWZHHQSHRSOH
VKDQGV
7ZRLGHQWLFDOFDUVDUHILOOHGZLWKWZRGLIIHUHQWNLQGVRIJDVROLQHVXSSOHPHQWVRQHIRU
HDFKFDU7KHHQJLQHVDUHVHWWRUXQIRUHLJKWKRXUV7KHHPLVVLRQVDUHPHDVXUHGRQ
ERWKFDUVRQFHHYHU\KRXU
,QHDFKRIWKHVHVFHQDULRVWKHGDWDZDVJDWKHUHGLQSDLUVEHIRUHDQGDIWHUOHIWDQGULJKW
HPLVVLRQVIRUFDURQHDQGFDUWZRLQDVSHFLILHGDPRXQWRIWLPH,QHDFKFDVHUHVHDUFKHUV
ORRNHGDWWKHGLIIHUHQFHLQPHDVXUHPHQWVEHWZHHQWKHSDLUV
1RWLFHWKDWLQQRQHRIWKHVHFDVHVZDVWKHILUVWYDULDEOHFRPSOHWHO\LQGHSHQGHQWRIWKH
VHFRQGYDULDEOH)RUH[DPSOHDSHUVRQ
VUHVWLQJKHDUWUDWHDIWHUDFDUGLRYDVFXODUSURJUDP
LVQ
WLQGHSHQGHQWRIZKDWLWZDVEHIRUHWKHSURJUDP$SHUVRQZKRVWDUWVWKHSURJUDPZLWK
DKLJKKHDUWUDWHPD\VKRZLPSURYHPHQWEXWZRQ
WKDYHWKHVDPHUDWHDWWKHHQGDV
VRPHRQHZKRVWDUWHGRIIZLWKDORZUDWH:HFDQVD\WKDWLQWKLVVFHQDULRDSHUVRQ
V
HQGLQJKHDUWUDWHLVGHSHQGHQWRQWKHLUEHJLQQLQJKHDUWUDWH
/RRNLQJDWWKHGLIIHUHQFHVLQPDWFKHGSDLUVGDWD
:LWKSDLUHGGDWDZHORRNDWWKHGLIIHUHQFHVLQPHDVXUHPHQWVIRUHDFKLQGLYLGXDOFDVH$IWHU
FROOHFWLQJWKHWZRGHSHQGHQWVDPSOHVRXUPDWFKHGSDLUVZHFUHDWHRQHVDPSOHE\WDNLQJ
WKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHWZRPHDVXUHPHQWV
&UHDWLQJFRQILGHQFHLQWHUYDOVIRUSDLUHGGDWD
7RFUHDWHFRQILGHQFHLQWHUYDOVIRUWKHGLIIHUHQFHVLQSDLUV\RXFDQXVHWKHSURFHGXUHV
\RX
YHSUREDEO\DOUHDG\OHDUQHGIRUGHDOLQJZLWKVLQJOHVDPSOHV7RFRQVWUXFWDFRQILGHQFH
LQWHUYDOIRUDPHDQXVHWKHIRUPXOD
V
HVWLPDWHW
VWDQGDUGHUURURU [ W
Q
6WDWLVWLFV2QOLQH([HUFLVH
0DWFKHG3DLUVRU1RW"
6WXG\6KHHW
3DJHRI
5HFDOOWKDWZH
UHXVLQJWKHWGLVWULEXWLRQDVRXUPRGHOEHFDXVHZHGRQ
WNQRZWKHSRSXODWLRQ
[ [ WRHVWLPDWH
VWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQ:HXVHWKHVDPSOHVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQ V =
Q
)RUSDLUHGGDWDWKHHVWLPDWH [ LVWKHPHDQRIWKHGLIIHUHQFHVZLWKLQWKHSDLUV<RX
OOVHH
ZKDWWKLVPHDQVLQWKHH[DPSOHVEHORZ
&RQGXFWLQJVLJQLILFDQFHWHVWVRQSDLUHGGDWD
&RQGXFWLQJVLJQLILFDQFHWHVWVZLWKPDWFKHGSDLUVLVH[DFWO\WKHVDPHDVFDOFXODWLQJ
VLJQLILFDQFHWHVWVZLWKVLQJOHVDPSOHV,QPDWFKHGSDLUVVLWXDWLRQVZH
UHLQWHUHVWHGLQ
ZKHWKHUWKHUH
VDGLIIHUHQFHLQWKHSDLUHGPHDVXUHPHQWV6LQFHZHXVXDOO\KDYHDQXOO
K\SRWKHVLVWKDWWKHUH
VQRHIIHFWRUQRGLIIHUHQFHRXUQXOOK\SRWKHVLVZLOOXVXDOO\EHWKDW
ZKHUHUHSUHVHQWVWKHSRSXODWLRQPHDQGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHWZRVDPSOHV
:RUNHG([DPSOH
$WWKHVWDUWRIDVHPHVWHUDJ\PWHDFKHUWHVWVDUDQGRPVDPSOHRIVWXGHQWVIRUWKHQXPEHU
RIFKLQXSVHDFKFDQGR7KHVWXGHQWVWDNHDZHLJKWWUDLQLQJFODVVDQGDWWKHHQGRIWKH
VHPHVWHUWKHWHDFKHUUHWHVWVIRUWKHQXPEHURIFKLQXSVHDFKFDQGR7KHGDWDDUHDV
IROORZV
6XEMHFW
%HIRUH
$IWHU
$
%
&
'
(
)
*
+
,
-
$ &RPSXWHWKHGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQ%HIRUHDQG$IWHUREVHUYDWLRQV
% &RPSXWHDFRQILGHQFHLQWHUYDOIRUWKHPHDQRIWKHGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKH
QXPEHURIFKLQXSVFRPSOHWHGEHIRUHDQGDIWHUWKHFRXUVH
& 'UDZDFRQFOXVLRQEDVHGRQWKHFRQILGHQFHLQWHUYDO,VWKHUHDVLJQLILFDQW
GLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHQXPEHURIFKLQXSVEHIRUHWKHFODVVDQGWKHQXPEHUDIWHUWKH
FODVV"
' &RPSXWHWKHWHVWVWDWLVWLFDQG3YDOXHIRUWKHK\SRWKHVLVWHVW + WKHUH
VQR
GLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHQXPEHURIFKLQXSVVWXGHQWVFDQGRDIWHUWKHZHLJKWWUDLQLQJ
FODVVDQGWKHQXPEHUEHIRUHWKHFODVVDQG + D !DIWHUFRPSOHWLQJWKHZHLJKW
WUDLQLQJFODVVDVWXGHQWFDQGRPRUHFKLQXSV
( 'UDZDFRQFOXVLRQXVLQJWKHWHVWVWDWLVWLFDQG3YDOXHEDVHGRQ ,VWKHUHD
VLJQLILFDQWGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHQXPEHURIFKLQXSVVWXGHQWVFDQGREHIRUHWKHFODVV
DQGWKHQXPEHUDIWHUWKHFODVV"
6WDWLVWLFV2QOLQH([HUFLVH
0DWFKHG3DLUVRU1RW"
6WXG\6KHHW
3DJHRI
$QVZHUV
$ 7RFRPSXWHWKHGLIIHUHQFHVVLPSO\VXEWUDFWWKH%HIRUHVFRUHIURPWKH$IWHUVFRUH7KLV
JLYHV\RXRQHOLVWRIQXPEHUVWKDWUHSUHVHQWVWKHGLIIHUHQFHVDQG\RXFDQDQDO\]HWKLV
OLVWDVDVLQJOHVDPSOH
%HIRUH
$IWHU
$IWHU%HIRUH
% )LUVWPDNHVXUH\RXFDQXVHDWSURFHGXUHE\HQVXULQJWKHVDPSOHLVIUHHRIVHYHUH
VNHZQHVVDQGRXWOLHUV$ER[SORWVKRZVQRVHYHUHVNHZDQGWKHPHDQDQGPHGLDQ
DUHIDLUO\FORVH6R\RXFDQDVVXPHWKDWDWSURFHGXUHLV2.KHUH
7KHDQVZHULV
V
[ (DIWHU EHIRUH ) W
Q
& 6LQFHLVLQFOXGHGLQWKHFRQILGHQFHLQWHUYDOIRUWKHWUXHSRSXODWLRQPHDQ
GLIIHUHQFHZHFDQ
WUHMHFWWKHQXOOK\SRWKHVLVWKDWWKHUH
VQRGLIIHUHQFH
' 7KHDQVZHULVW S
[
W
V Q
SW! WFGI
( :HGRQ
WKDYHHQRXJKHYLGHQFHWRUHMHFWWKHQXOOK\SRWKHVLVWKDWWKHUH
VQRGLIIHUHQFH
EHFDXVHS DQG
BBBBBBBBBBBBB
&RS\ULJKW$SH[/HDUQLQJ,QF$OOULJKWVUHVHUYHG7KLVPDWHULDOLVLQWHQGHGIRUWKHH[FOXVLYHXVHRI
UHJLVWHUHGXVHUVRQO\1RSRUWLRQRIWKHVHPDWHULDOVPD\EHUHSURGXFHGRUUHGLVWULEXWHGLQDQ\IRUPZLWKRXWWKH
H[SUHVVZULWWHQSHUPLVVLRQRI$SH[/HDUQLQJ,QF