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NDT in Composite Materials With Flash, Transient, and Lock-In Thermography
NDT in Composite Materials With Flash, Transient, and Lock-In Thermography
In this paper, the names of the techniques reference the heat waveform:
pulsed, which includes flash heat, transient heat; and Lock-In, which involves
repetitive heat as shown in Table 1.
Techniques are further categorized by the method of excitation, as shown
in Table 2.
What is common to all these techniques is the use of infrared cameras.
The most common types for composite inspection are shown in Figure 1.
The uncooled, microbolometer type offers the most affordable solution.
Wide angle and microscopic lenses are available for special applications.
Figure 1. Typical infrared cameras used for composite
inspections.
Solving the Heat Conduction Equation tells us that the thermal propagation
time to the depth of 2 mm to a subsurface defect is about 40 ms in
aluminum and for 2 mm of graphite epoxy is about 30s. This means Flash is
better for materials of high thermal diffusivity, e.g., metals. Materials with
a low thermal diffusivity, e.g., composites, have a long thermal propagation
time, which limits flash thermography to the detection of shallow defects.
The Heat Conduction Equation gives us the curve fit in Figure 3 for the
surface temperature of a sample with a defect after a heat pulse.
A good treatment of the underlying mathematics is given by Maldague1.
L
ock-in allows detection of thermal waves with a sensitivity of 100 to
1,000 greater than the best thermal camera down to -Kelvin range.
The phase image is insensitive to external effects, such as sunlight,
reflections, dirt, and emissivity differences problems common to
conventional thermography.
The phase information is insensitive to uneven distribution of the
applied heat.
Large areas can be examined within a few minutes from a distance via
non-contact measurement.
An un-cooled IR-camera is normally sufficient.
Affordable heat sources are widely available (e.g. halogen lamps).
Visualization of deeper defects is possible than with pulse thermography.
vibration patterns, as shown with turbine blades in Figure 13. The stress
images of Figure 13 are equivalent to having 320 x 240 = 77,000 strain
gages on the sample. Engineers often compare results such as these to
FEA calculations.
References
1. X. Maldague, Theory and Practice of Infrared Technology for
Nondestructive Testing, John Wiley & Sons, 2001.
2. S. Shepard, Understanding Flash Thermography, Materials Evaluation,
454 (2006).
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