NUMERICAL METHODS IN TERMAL TESTING OF BUILDING MATERIALS USING IR THERMOGRAPHY

Zvonko Damnjanovi, Nada trbac1, Radoje Pantovi, Zoran Stojkovi2

Technical Faculty in Bor, University of Belgrade, V.J. 12, 19210 Bor, Serbia zdamnjanovic@tf.bor.ac.rs, nstrbac@tf.bor.ac.rs , pan@tf.bor.ac.rs 2 Fakultet za menadment Zajear, Megatrend Univerzitet Beograd zoran.stojkovic@fmz.edu.rs

ABSTRACT: Initially developed for the military market by US defense companies, use of uncooled infrared (IR) cameras in commercial applications has been growing over the last ten years. In the infrared spectrum, Long Wave Infrared (LWIR) is the most commonly used wavelength (8-12 microns). Thermography and a variety of vision enhancement applications are the main growth markets for uncooled IR cameras. Camera prices have been significantly reduced in the thermography business, which has allowed expansion of the use of IR cameras to maintenance engineers and building inspectors. This paper deals with the mathematical model to calculate amount of energy absorbed at the surface of moveable insulation (TIM) and at the Outside surface of the Wall Key words: Numerical methods, thermography, energetic efficiency, energetic loss. mathematical model
0 INTRODUCTION Thermovision is one of the methods used for the buildings energy efficiency assessment. It is ideal for quick and effective energy loss analysis for each heating system, as it is founded on the fact that each body emanates heat. The waves from infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum are transposed to colours of the visible region by the thermovision camera, making them visible for the human eye. Due to its high temperature resolution, thermovision camera visualises in details insufficient insulation, thermal cold bridges, damages and badly condusted construction work, in the field of building construction [1], [2]. Infrared thermography also known as thermal imaging can provide accurate, nondestructive information about the thermal envelope performance of any building. This includes validation of structural details, verification of energy performance (conduction and air leakage), location of moisture intrusion, and the identification of structural and system degradation of roofs and facades. Thermography has been used since the 1960s to detect and diagnose building problems. During the 1970s fuel crisis, it was widely used to visualize the thermal signatures related to many building problems. It is common today for many professional home inspectors and energy auditors to use infrared imaging technology to evaluate the performance of this thermal envelope (i.e. the walls, fenestration, foundation, and ceiling or roof) for performing energy auditing of homes and buildings. The IR radiation exchange is accomplished by introducing special IR Transparent (IRT) surfaces to link adjacent zones. These surfaces transmit the IR radiation incident on them to the surfaces in adjacent zone. The special surfaces have no thermal resistance, and they also have zero convective heat transfer coefficients on both sides. Consider a stratified atrium as an example. The atrium would be

divided into stacked vertical zones, with each zone having the special IRT surface between it and the next lower zone. All physical surfaces in the two zones exchange radiation with the IRT surface, but it does not impede the transfer of radiation from one zone to the other. On each side it interacts as a black body surface and any radiation incident on it is absorbed. Since it has no other heat transfer mechanisms, it comes to equilibrium with zero net radiation transfer.,[3], [6]. Thermal camera measuring belong to the non destructive group of analysis that make possible determine the temperature distribution of system continuously, precisely and quickly which are analyzed in real terms. The analysis of thermo vision information enables multiple comparatives analysis of thermograms and the other measurements. The base of thermal analysis is temperature contrast between different construction parts. Temperature on object surface gives clearly image about tension construction insides. Thermography allows you to find the critical points in the system quickly and easily which can cause damage. Also, reduce the cost of system maintenance, [3]. 1 PRINCIPLES OF THERMAL IMAGINING ANALYSIS It is fact that every body emits some quantity of heat if it is has temperature higher than absolute temperature. Every part of electromagnetic spectrum gives some information about object or process where it is generated, Figure 1. While visible part of spectrum gives information about morphology characteristic of object and very specific information of colors, thermal properties of process or object manifest in infrared part of electromagnetic radiation.

Fig. 1. Electromagnetic spectrum of radiation Infrared thermography is traditional method for temperature mapping of objects. This methodology is special applicable for visualization distribution of temperature on electronic devices like as PC boards, hybrid modules, printed boards, as well as detection of overheating places of every system in which are manifesting dissipation temperature. Thermal cameras record images in infrared area of 7.5-13m, with a spectral resolution of objects is performed on of 1.3mrad. In this infrared spectrum area give us information about distribution of temperature on the surface of the observed object or process. A results of analysis IR image are visual information with intensity, measured IR radiation which are represented by color. Provided thermal imaging pictures are pseudoimages obtained using appropriate LUT tables or program linking temperature for color. In this way the user get immediate information on the distribution of temperature on the observed object in the form of visual information, figure 2.

 quality of raw data measurement parameters size of data sets 2 ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM The electromagnetic spectrum is a freely segmented to a large number of parts, depending on the wavelength. They are called bars and they differ in the methods used to induce and detect radiation. It is no big difference between intensity of radiation in any strip of spectrum. All of them respect same rules and only difference is wavelength. Black body is defined as an object that absorbs all active radiation at all wavelengths.

Fig. 2. Thermal image wall and window Too day, thermograpfy systems use third generation semiconductor sensors, which don`t need refrigeration, which represents a significant improvement in use in various applications. The new detectors allows recording on higher wavelengths, which allows better image, higher measurement accuracy and the elimination of the influence of solar reflectivity. The resolution of obtained images are 640x480 pixels, which corresponds to a modern imaginig systems. It is possible to measure without contact in temperature areas since 40o to 2000o C, with an average accuracy of measurement of 2o C. The emissivity of object can be defined by separate measuring or it can automatic select form the list of commonly testing materials. During data processing, information is extracted from the data enabling interpretation and visualisation of the results and presenting these to the customers. If the testing problems are simple and the experimental data are very clear, the processing and visualisation of the results can already be performed at the building site. But in the case of more complex challenge and large amounts of data sets, it is required to perform data processing and visualisation separately, after the measurement campaign. In most cases, data processing and interpretation cannot be isolated from each other. The single steps of data processing depend on the applied method: impulsethermography or pulse-phase-thermography. The selection of the method thus depends on the following topics: testing problem and object under investigation available information about the object

Fig. 3. Electromagnetic spectrum with IR part of spectrum Max Planck (1858-1947) was able to describe the distribution of spectrum with blackbody radiation using the formula:

W b =

2hc 2 hc 2 e kt

(1)

where are: Wb c h k T Black body radiation at wavelenght Velocity of light 3 x 108 m/s Planck`s const 6.6 x 10-34 J/s Boltzmann const1.4 x 10-23 J/K Absolute temperature of black body

 Wavelenght Factor 10-6 is taken because the black body radiation is expresed in W/m2m. If the factor not used, the unit is W/m2m. When the graphic display Planck's formula for different temperatures, gives the related curve Thermography uses infrared part of spectrum. In shorter wavelength IR part of spectrum the end of spectrum is on visible part, and at higher wavelengths near IR spectrum range is bordered by microwave part of the spectrum. For practical reason IR part of spectrum is parted on four smaller areas. This infrared parts of spectrum contained: - close IR area (0.75 do 3 m), - middle IR area (3 do 6 m), - alien IR area (6 do 15 m) and - final extreme IR area (15 do 100 m). Following the Planck curve for a temperature range of emissions is equal to zero for = 0, then quickly grows to a maximum at max, and then decreases to zero at high wavelength. The higher the temperature, the lower the wavelength at which achieves maximum (max) for each curve. When Planck`s formula is integrate for the values of = 0 to = , we get a total black body radiation:

S p e c t r a l r a d ia t io n

a v e l e n g t h

Fig.4. Planck's law introduced in the scheme log - coordinate system. Dashed line represents the locus of maximum temperature to Wien`s law

Wb = T 4

[Wm ]
2

(2) 3 NUMERICAL METHODS IN TERMAL TESTING The behavior of the IRT surface can be analyzed by considering three parallel black plates infinite in extent, as shown in Figure 5. The outside plates are held at two different temperatures, and the intermediate plate assumes an equilibrium temperature when the net heat flux goes to zero. All plates have black body surface characteristics. Specifying an Infrared Transparent (IRT) surface The Infrared Transparent (IRT) surface is similar to a resistance-only surface. The idd object for this type of surface is shown below. The fields indicate that the surface will actually participate in the transfer of visible and solar radiation by doing a wavelength transformation and making all short wavelength radiation that is incident on the surface into long wavelength radiation and having it participate in the long wavelength radiant exchange. The Material: Infrared

This is the Stefan-Boltzmann formula, which shows that the total emissivity of the black body is proportional to the fourth degree of temperature. Graphically, the Wb is the area under the Planck curve for each temperature,[5], [6].

Transparent object requires only a name. All other parameters are set internally. The Infrared Transparent surface should not participate in a convective/conductive exchange between the zones it separates. In order to minimize this effect, the Surface Property: Convection Coefficients object must be used.

Equation (4) is obtained by implicitly discretizing equation:

a p p = a E E + aW W + a N N + + a S S + a T T + a B B + b

(4)

with coefficients:

a E = e

y z y z aW = w ( x ) e ( x ) w y z y z a N = e a S = e ( x ) n ( x ) s y z y z aT = e a B = e ( x ) t ( x ) b
0 b = v x y z + a 0 p p

(5) (6) (7) (6) (7)

a0 = p
Fig. 5. Radiation Exchange Model [6]. A numerical simulation of heat transport through an object with defects makes it possible to evaluate the behavior of various types of defects (position, geometry, defect material properties) with different initial and boundary conditions, without the noise that is normally present in experiments. A comparison of the results of the numerical analysis performed using the control volume method with the measurement results confirms the reliability of the numerical procedure. The procedure of the numerical analysis of heat transport starts with the threedimensional non steady heat-transport equation in rectangular coordinates:

c x y z
t

0 b = v x y z + a 0 p p

t a p = a + aE + aW + aN + aS +
0 p

a0 = p

c x y z

+ aT + aB
4 DATA PROCESSING

(8),[3].

c
+

= + t x x y y
(3)

+ v z z
-density, kg/m3 c-specific heat capacity, J/(kgK) -thermal conductivity, W/(mK) -temperature, C x,y,z- spatial coordinates, m -heat source or sink,W/m 3, [4].

where:

Data processing related to PPT is also performed if qualitative and quantitative information is needed about inhomogeneities and defects in the surface near region. Here, the conditions are not so strange as for IT as inhomogeneous heating, non unique emissivity at the surface and indirect reflection have a reduced influence on the results (see chapter 3). Also the sensitivity to deeper defects is enhanced. As raw data, temporal sequences of thermograms are available containing information about environmental and measurement parameters in the header similar to IT. The single steps of PPT data processing are the following: Correction of temperature data related to surface emissivity and environmental parameters, if this has not been already performed on-site

 Enhancing of signal to noise ratio, e. g. by averaging of thermograms or spatial or temporal filtering Calculation of Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) of each transient curve resulting in amplitude and phase spectra. For enhancing the frequency resolution, zero padding of the transient curves can be performed (enhancing the transient curves in total time range with room or offset temperature). Since most of the information in the spectra is included in the very low frequencies, zero padding is essential. For each frequency, amplitude and phase can be presented for each pixel resulting in amplitude and phase images. Thus also in amplitude and phase images can be presented in sequences (as a function of frequency). Analysis of the amplitude and phase images. As an example, selected amplitude and phase images of the concrete test specimen with voids in different depths. In the phase image at the lowest frequency in Figure 2, all defects can be clearly seen with much better contrast as in the time sequences. With increasing frequency, the deeper defects disappear in the amplitude as well as in the phase images, but earlier in the amplitude images. 5 CONCLUSION Throughout the last few decades, researchers have been exploring the thermal, physiological and psychological response of people in their environment in order to develop mathematical models to predict these responses. Researchers have empirically debated building occupants' thermal responses to the combined thermal effect of the personal, environmental and physiological variables that influence the condition of thermal comfort. Although the largest conservation potential is within the existing buildings, the EU EPB Directive does not deal enough with them. Therefore, we consider incentives to make people undertake thermal improvements in their homes to be crucial. But also regarding the new buildings, the human factor has decisive role in the EP of buildings with good potential. That is, wasteful, unsustainable inhabitants behavior can make an energy-efficient (by design and construction) building to under-perform. This also

calls for creating incentives to make people conserve energy. The IR radiation exchange is accomplished by introducing special IR Transparent (IRT) surfaces to link adjacent zones. These surfaces transmit the IR radiation incident on them to the surfaces in adjacent zone. The special surfaces have no thermal resistance, and they also have zero convective heat transfer coefficients on both sides. Consider a stratified atrium as an example. The atrium would be divided into stacked vertical zones, with each zone having the special IRT surface between it and the next lower zone. All physical surfaces in the two zones exchange radiation with the IRT surface, but it does not impede the transfer of radiation from one zone to the other. On each side it interacts as a black body surface and any radiation incident on it is absorbed. Since it has no other heat transfer mechanisms, it comes to equilibrium with zero net radiation transfer. This paper deals with the mathematical model to calculate amount of energy absorbed at the surface of moveable insulation (TIM) and at the Outside surface of the Wall

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