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Gii thiu v vt liu v

i cng v tinh th hc
1. Gii thiu

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VL l nhng cht rn m con ngi s dng ch to
dng c, thit b, my mc, chi tit, xy dng cng
trnh, thay th b phn c th, th hin ngh
thut,
Lch s pht trin VL: ng St VL tin tin

Khoa hc v k thut VL: nghin cu mi quan h cu

trc v tnh cht ca VL, ra cc bin php cng
ngh nhm ci thin tnh cht v s dng thch hp v

ngy mt tt hn.
iu ch

Cu trc

Tnh cht

ng dng

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Phn loi VL:

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Phn loi VL:
kim loi-hp kim, gm (ceramic), hu c (polymer),

composite
tinh th, v nh hnh
dn in, cch in, bn dn

VL tin tin: VL in t, VL siu dn

VL tng lai: VL phn hy sinh hc, VL nano,
VL thng minh
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2.

i cng v tinh th hc
a)

Cc dng lin kt

LK cng ha tr
LK ion
LK kim loi

LK Van der Waals-LK hydro

b) Sp xp nguyn t trong vt cht
Cht kh: nguyn t sp xp mt cch hn lon

Cht rn tinh th: nguyn t sp xp c trt t (c trt t gn v trt

t xa)
Cht lng : c trt t gn, khng c trt t xa
Cht rn v nh hnh: khng c cu trc tinh th, c trt t gn

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c)

c s

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Khng th biu din mng TT vi v s

nguyn t/phn t/ion. Cc NT, PT, ion:
nt mng.
c s: hnh khng gian nh nht c
trng cho quy lut sp xp mng tinh th.
L khi hp c cc mt song song c
xc nh bi cc trc thnh phn a, b, c
(hng s mng) v cc gc a, b, g

Mng tinh th: tp hp nhiu c s y ht nhau lp li trong khng gian

Ty thuc tng quan cc cnh a,b,c v cc gc a,b,g m c 7 h tinh th (lp

phng, bn phng, trc thoi, n t, tam t, ba phng, su phng). Ty
thuc cch b tr cc nt mng m c 14 kiu mng Bravais.

7 kiu h tinh th

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14 kiu mng Bravais

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d)

Ta im, k hiu phng v mt tinh th theo Miller

Ta im: A(a,b,c)

A(1,1,1); B(a,0,0)

B(1,0,0)

Phng tinh th:

ng thng gia hai nt mng, k hiu [uvw]
Do quy lut sp xp nt mng, cc phng song song c tnh cht
ging nhau nn c cng k hiu phng l phng i qua gc ta
u, v, w l ba s nguyn t l thun vi ta ca mt

nt mng nm trn phng v gn gc O nht.

Phng OM: M(p,q,r), nu p q r l phn s, quy ng
mu s, tm mu s chung nh nht, khi t s l u v

w (du ca s m t trn u ch s).

Phng AB khng qua O: tm phng song song vi 10

AB v qua O.

Ba phng in hnh (cho khi, cho mt, cnh)

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Phng tinh th:
Cc phng khng song song nhng c gi tr tuyt i u v w ging nhau
s c tnh cht ging nhau to nn h phng <uvw>.
VD: H phng <110> gm cc phng [110], [011], [101], [110], [011],
- --- - [101], [110], [011], [101], [110], [011], [101] (mng lp phng).
Khong cch lp li: chiu di vector y ht nhau c lp li. Phng khc

nhau th chiu di vector lp li khc nhau.

Mt tinh th: l mt phng to nn bi cc nt mng, k hiu l

(hkl). Cc mt TT song song vi nhau c tnh cht ging nhau nn
c cng k hiu.
Cch xc nh k hiu mt TT:

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Mt tinh th:
Cch xc nh k hiu mt TT: Mt phng (P) ct 3 trc x,y,z ti 3 im
A(e,0,0), B(0,f,0), C(0,0,g)

Ly nghch o: 1/e, 1/f, 1/g

Quy ng mu s: h/D, k/D, l/D
(hkl) l k hiu ca mp (P)
Cc mt tuy khng song song nhng c s sp xp cc nt ging nhau
(tnh cht ging nhau) th c xp vo chung 1 h mt TT {hkl}. VD: mng
lp phng, h mt {100} bao gm (100), (010), (001), (100), (010), (001).

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 Mt tinh th:

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Khong cch gia cc mt TT: nhiu x tia X, nh lut Bragg

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Mt tinh th:
Khong cch gia cc mt TT: mng lp phng:

Mt thng (linear density), mt mt (planar density):

Khong cch lp li: length of direction vector

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Gc p gia hai mt TT (h1k111) v (h2k2l2): mng lp
phng:

Gc gia hai phng [u1 v1 w1] v [u2 v2 w2]: mng lp

phng

u1u 2 v1 v 2 w1 w 2
cos
(u12 v12 w12 )1/ 2 (u 22 v 22 w 22 )1/ 2
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Mt th tch (Atomic packing factor):

S phi tr (s sp xp): s lng nt mng cch u gn nht mt

nt mng cho. S phi tr cng ln th mng TT cng dy c.

L hng: khng gian trng b gii hn bi hnh khi nhiu mt m

mi nh khi l tm nguyn t, ion ti nt mng. L hng cho
php cc NT khc loi ha trn vo.

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f) Sp xp theo lp trong cu trc TT:

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