OIL AND FAT

TECHNOLOGY
LECTURES
I
(Classification of Oil-Bearing Materials)
Prof.Dr.Ayta SAYGIN GMKESEN
Yrd.Do.Dr.Fahri YEMOLU

FAYDALI LNKLER
http://www.bysd.org.tr/
http://www.zae.gov.tr/
http://www.eurofedlipid.org/
http://www.aocs.org/
http://www.internationaloliveoil.org/
http://www.kkgm.gov.tr
http://www.tagem.gov.tr
http://www.rapanelli.it
http://www.alfalaval.com
http://www.lurgi.com
http://www.desmetgroup.com
http://www.polatmakina.com.tr
http://www.engelhard.com
http://www.sud-chemie.com

KAYNAKLAR
Bernardini, E. (1973). Oil and Fat Technology. II.Revised edition.
Publishing House Technology s.r.l., Rome, 763 s.
Brennar, J.G., Butters, J.R., Cowell, N.D., Lilly, A.E.X. (1976). Food
Engineering Operations. 2nd edition. Applied Science Publishers
Ltd. 700 s.
Hoffmann, G. (1989) . The chemistry and Technology of Edible
Oils and Fats and Their Fat Products. Academic Press, USA, 384
s.
Keskin, H. (1981). Besin Kimyas. Fatih Yaynevi Matbaas,
Istanbul, 656 s.
Patterson, H.B.W. (1983). Hydrogenation of Fats and Oils. Applied
Science Publishers, Ireland, 310 s.
Patterson, H.B.W. (1989). Handling and Storage of Oilseeds, oils,
fats and meal. Elsevier Applied Science, London, New York, 394 s.
Swern, D. (1982). Baileys Industrial Oil and Fat Products.
Vol.1,2,3. John Wiley & Sons, Canada, 841 s., 603 s., 353 s.
Wan, P.J. (1991). Introduction to Fats and Oils technology.
American Oil Chemists Society, Champaign, USA.

Raw materials
Oil bearing materials used as raw
materials in fats and oils manufacturing
may be of either plant (seed or fruit) or

animal (land or marine animal) origin.

 Plants used to produce edible

products:
Soybean, cottonseed, sunflower seed, safflower
seed, corn germ, peanut, olive, rice bran,
rapeseed,canola, coconut, palm fruit, and
carob.
Plant sources for ind. oils:Flax (linseed), castor
bean, tung nut, and jojoba seed.

Animal sources and animal fat

products:
Cattle, sheep, pigs, fish
Butter, lard, tallow, whale oil and fish oil.

In TURKEY
Main raw materials used for oil
manufacturing process are:
cottonseed
sunflower seed
rapeseed (canola)
olive

SUNFLOWER SEED
Healthy, natural sunflower oil is produced from oil type
sunflower seeds. Sunflower oil is light in taste and
appearance and supplies more Vitamin E than any other
vegetable oil. It is a combination of monounsaturated and
polyunsaturated fats with low saturated fat levels.
There are three types of sunflower oil available; mid-oleic,,
linoleic and high oleic sunflower oil. All are developed with
standard breeding techniques. They differ in oleic levels
and each one offers unique properties.

 Mid-oleic sunflower oil

It is lower in saturated fat (less than
10%) than linoleic sunflower oil and
has higher oleic levels (55-75%) with
the remainder being linoleic (1535%).

 Linoleic sunflower oil

Linoleic sunflower oil is the original sunflower oil and until recently
has been the most common type of sunflower oil.

It is a polyunsaturated oil with low saturated fat levels. This

type of sunflower oil is predominantly (65%) polyunsaturated.

The type of polyunsaturated oil it contains is linoleic acid (an

omega-6 acid) and is one of two essential fatty acids. Our bodies
need this essential nutrient but cant make it. It must be supplied by
food sources.

The balance of this sunflower oil is monounsaturated fats (oleic)

at 21% and a low saturated fat level of 11%.

Linoleic sunflower oil is available as a liquid salad oil and is used

in margarine and shortening applications. Because of the
high levels of polyunsaturated fats in linoleic sunflower oil, the oil is
susceptible to oxidation during commercial usage, especially frying.
Like other highly polyunsaturated oils, such as soybean and canola,
it can be hydrogenated to a more stable form.

 High oleic sunflower oil

High oleic sunflower oil is very high in oleic
(monounsaturated) acid. High oleic sunflower
oil is usually defined as having a minimum 80
percent oleic acid.
The oil provides excellent stability without
hydrogenation. High oleic sunflower oil offers a
trans free oil solution for customers. The oil
has many uses including bakery applications,
spray coating oils for cereal, crackers and
dried fruit; it is used in non-dairy creamers,
many types of frying and other uses.

COTTONSEED
Like the name suggests, cottonseed oil is extracted
from cottonseed. Cottonseed is mainly an
unsaturated oil, as 70% of this oil is unsaturated
(18% monounsaturated (oleic acid), and 52%
polyunsaturated (from linoleic acid).
Cottonseed oil is often preferred over many other
oils that would have to be hydrogenated (like
soybean oil).

SOYBEAN
The soybean (U.S.) or soya bean (UK) (Glycine
max) is a species of legume native to East Asia.
The oil and protein content together account for
about 60% of dry soybeans by weight; protein
at 40% and oil at 20%. The remainder consists
of 35% carbohydrate and about 5% ash.
Soybean cultivars comprise approximately 8%
seed coat or hull, 90% cotyledons and 2%
hypocotyl axis or germ.

Types of Sunflower Oil and Their

Fatty Acid Profiles

Linoleic
High-oleic
Mid-oleic

C 18:1
20%
82%
65%

C 18:2
69%
9%
26%

C 18:0
11%
9%
9%

Soybean composition
Protein
40 %
Oil (dry basis) 20 %
Cellulose and hemicellulose 17 %
Sugars
7%
Crude fiber
5%
Ash (dry basis) 6 %

RAPESEED
Traditionally, rapeseed is used for birdseed or industrial
purposes.
Industrial varieties of rapeseed contain about 55 percent erucic
acid and are used to make lubricants and diesel fuel
substitutes and to manufacturer plastics.These varieties have
high levels of toxic glycosinolates along with high erucic-acid
levels, which renders the processed meal unsuitable for
human or livestock consumption.
New varieties of rapeseed, developed in Canada and Europe,
are low in erucic acid and glycosinolates. These varieties are
the so-called double low types and sometimes are marketed
as Canola. The extracted oil is used as an edible vegetable
oil. Domestic markets are expected to increase because
previousrestrictions are being relaxed.

CORN GERM
Corn oil is oil extracted from the germ of corn (maize). Its main use
is in cooking, where its high smoke point makes it a valuable
frying oil. It is also a key ingredient in some margarines.
One bushel of corn contains 3% of oil. Corn agronomists have
developed high-oil varieties, however, these varieties tend to
show lower field yields, so they are not universally accepted by
growers. Refined corn oil is 99% triglyceride, with proportions of
approximately 59% polyunsaturated fatty acid, 24%
monounsaturated fatty acid, and 13% saturated fatty acid.
Corn oil is also one source of biodiesel. Other industrial uses for
corn oil include soap, paint, rustproofing for metal surfaces, inks
, textiles, and insecticides. It is sometimes used as a carrier for
drug molecules in pharmaceutical preparations.

HAZELNUT
Hazelnuts are rich in protein and
unsaturated fat . Moreover, they contain
significant amounts of thiamine and
vitamin B6 , as well as smaller amounts of
other B vitamins.
Hazelnut oil, pressed from hazelnuts, is
strongly flavoured and used as a cooking oil.

 In the fatty acid composition of

hazelnut oil, there is around 71-91% of
oleic acid.
Hazelnut oil also contains linoleic acid
at a rate of around 2-21%.
Hazelnut oil is rich in calcium and
vitamin E.

OLIVES
The Olive (Olea europaea) is a species of
small tree in the family Oleaceae, native
to coastal areas of the eastern
Mediterranean region, from Syria and the
maritime parts of Asia Minor and northern
Iran at the south end of the Caspian Sea .
Its fruit, the olive, is of major agricultural
importance in the Mediterranean region
as the source of olive oil.

1-2% Epicarp
63-86% Mesocarp
(pulp)
%10-30 Endocarp (stone)
%2-6 Kernel

PALM FRUITS

Palm fruit

Palm kernel

Palm pulp

Palm oil is a form of edible vegetable oil obtained from the

fruit of the oil palm tree.
The palm fruit is the source of both palm oil (extracted
from palm fruit) and palm kernel oil (extracted from the
fruit seeds). Palm oil itself is reddish because it
contains a high amount of beta-carotene. It is used as
cooking oil, to make margarine and is a component of
many processed foods. Boiling it for a few minutes
destroys the carotenoids and the oil becomes
colourless. Palm oil is one of the few vegetable oils
relatively high in saturated fats (such as coconut oil)
and thus semi-solid at room temperature.
It is also an important component of many soaps,
washing powders and personal care products, and has
controversially found a new use as a feedstock for
biofuel.

Fatty acids composition

Palm oil
C8
C10
C12
C14
C16
C18
C18:1
C18:2

1
50
3
40
6

Palm kernel oil

3
6
50
16
6
1
17
1

Palm oil is rich in carotenoids and its

deep red color. The major component
of its glycerides is the saturated fatty
acid, palmitic acid.

Oleic acid content of vegetable oil

Oil

Oleic acid (%)

Sunflower

14-39

Soybean

17-26

Sesam

35-42

Coconut

5-8

Cottonseed

14-21

Corn germ

20-42

Olive

65-85

Whole seed

Oil Extraction

Oil

Meal
(Crude protein 48 %)