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Test Methods For Power Transformers QT No: Xx-Yy: Issue
Test Methods For Power Transformers QT No: Xx-Yy: Issue
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
QT No: xx-yy
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Item
1.
Title
Summary of dielectric tests
ID
KPT-QTPT 001E
issue 08.2003.
KPT-QTPT 002E
issue 08.2003.
3.
KPT-QTPT 003E
issue 08.2003.
4.
KPT-QTPT 004E
issue 08.2003.
5.
KPT-QTPT 005E
issue 08.2003.
6.
KPT-QTPT 006E
issue 08.2003.
7.
KPT-QTPT 007E
issue 08.2003.
8.
KPT-QTPT 008E
issue 08.2003.
9.
KPT-QTPT 009E
issue 08.2003.
10.
KPT-QTPT 010E
issue 09.2003.
11.
KPT-QTPT 011E
issue 11.2004.
KPT-QTPT 012E
issue 09.2003.
KPT-QTPT 013E
issue 08.2003.
14.
KPT-QTPT 014E
issue 11.2004.
15.
KPT-QTPT 015E
issue 08.2003.
16.
KPT-QTPT 016E
issue 09.2003.
17.
KPT-QTPT 017E
issue 09.2003.
18.
KPT-QTPT 018E
issue 09.2003.
19.
KPT-QTPT 019E
issue 08.2003.
KPT-QTPT 020E
issue 09.2003.
2.
12.
13.
20.
Prepared by:
Approved by:
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Issue:
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I. ulc
09.2003.
06.2004.
11.2004.
03.2006.
07.2006.
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QT No: xx-yy
Page : 2 / 2
Item
21.
Title
FRA measurement
ID
KPT-QTPT 021E
issue 06.2004.
22.
KPT-QTPT 022E
issue 03.2006.
23.
KPT-QTPT 023E
issue 03.2006.
24.
KPT-QTPT 024E
issue 07.2006.
Issue :
08.2003.
09.2003.
06.2004.
11.2004.
03.2006.
07.2006.
Konar
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1.
KPT-QTPT 001E
Page: 1 / 4
The Basic rules for insulation requirements and dielectric tests are summarized in table 1 (IEC 60076-3).
Levels of standard withstand voltages, identified by highest voltage for equipment Um of winding are given in
tables 2, 3 and 4.
The choice between the different levels of standard withstand voltage in these tables depends on the
severity of over voltage conditions to be expected in the system and on the importance of the particular
installation.
Tests
Category
of
winding
Highest voltage
for
equipment Um
Lightning
impulse (LI)
Switching
impulse (SI)
Long duration
AC (ACLD)
Short duration
AC (ACSD)
Separate
source AC
Not applicable
Not applicable
(note 1)
Special
Routine
Routine
72,5<Um170
Type
(note 1)
Routine
Routine
Routine
170<Um<300
Routine
Routine
Um300
Routine
Special
(note 2)
Special
kV
Uniform
insulation
Um72,5
Uniform
and
non
uniform
insulation
Not applicable
Routine
(note 2)
Routine
Routine
Routine
Routine
NOTE 1 In some countries, for transformers with Um72,5 kV, LI tests are required as routine tests, and ACLD tests are required as
routine or type tests.
NOTE 2 If the ACSD test is specified, the SI is not required. This should be clearly stated in the enquiry document.
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Kv r.m.s.
kV peak
KPT-QTPT 001E
Page: 2 / 4
20
3,6
10
40
7,2
20
60
12
28
75
17,5
38
95
24
50
125
145
36
70
170
52
60
72,5
250
280
325
95
115
140
380
150
100
450
185
550
230
650
275
750
325
123
145
170
NOTE Dotted lines may require additional phase-to-phase withstand tests to prove that
the required phase-to-phase withstand voltages are met.
Table 2 Rated withstand voltages for transformer winding with highest voltage for
equipment Um170 kV Series I based on European practice
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kV peak
Distribution (note 1)
and class I
transformers
(note 2)
15
26,4
36,5
48,3
72,5
121
145
169
CLASS II
transformers
(note 3)
95
110
34
34
125
150
200
250
350
150
200
250
350
350
450
550
650
750
40
50
70
95
140
50
70
95
140
140
185
230
275
325
NOTE 1 Distribution transformers transfer electrical energy from a primary distribution circuit to a
secondary distribution circuit.
NOTE 2 Class I power transformers include high-voltage windings of Um72,5 kV.
NOTE 3 Class II power transformers include high-voltage windings of Um121 kV.
Table 3 Rated withstand voltages for transformer windings with highest voltage for equipment
Um169 kV - Series II based on North American practice
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Highest voltage for
equipment Um
kV r.m.s.
Rated lightning
impulse withstand
voltage
kV peak
kV peak
KPT-QTPT 001E
Page: 4 / 4
Rated short-duration
induced or separate
source AC withstand
voltage
kV r.m.s.
650
550
325
750
650
360
245
850
750
300
395
950
850
362
460
1 050
950
510
1 175
1050
850
460
1175
950
420
510
1300
1050
550
570
1425
1175
630
1550
1300
680
1675
1300
note 3
1800
800
1425
note 3
1950
1550
note 3
2100
NOTE 1 Dotted lines are not in line with IEC60071-1 but are current practice in some countries.
NOTE 2 For uniformly insulated transformers with extremely low values of rated AC insulation levels, special measures may
have to be taken to perform the short-duration AC induced test.
NOTE 3 Note applicable, unless otherwise agreed.
NOTE 4 For voltages given in the last column, higher test voltages may be required to prove that the required phase-to-phase
withstand voltages are met. This is valid for the lower insulation levels assigned to the different Um in the table.
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2.
2.1
KPT-QTPT 002E
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1 / 2
The voltage ratio of a transformer is the ratio at no-load of rated voltage of one winding to the rated voltage
of another winding (line to line voltage in a three-phase transformer).
The purpose of the measurement is to check that the deviation of the voltage ration does not exceed the limit
of the transformer standard (generally 0,5%).
The vector group is also checked at the same time.
2.2
The voltage ratio measurements are carried out by means of a measuring bridge. The accuracy of the bridge
is 0,1%.
The voltage supply used for the bridge is 400/230 (380/220) V, 50 Hz.
The function of the bridge is shown in Fig. 2-1. The voltages of the transformer under test are compared to
the corresponding voltages of a regulating inductive divider, which is placed inside the bridge and equipped
with a decade display. When the zero indicator is equilibrated, the voltage ration of the inductive divider is
the same as that of the transformer under test. The result of deviations is shown directly on the display of the
bridge.
Test object
1
U
2U
1V
2V
1W
2W
1N
2N
U1 x + y
=
U2
x
~
U1
x
U2
Fig. 2-1
Because the bridge measuring device works on the single-phase principle the voltage ratio is measured
phase by phase between two windings mounted on the same leg. The indication on the bridge display
depends on the vector group of the transformers main voltages (See Fig. 2-2)
At the same time with the voltage ratio measurement the vector group symbol of the transformer is also
checked. When the measuring conductors of the transformer are connected to the bridge according to
Fig. 2-1 and Fig. 2-2, the bridge can be balanced only if the vector group is correct.
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The ratio measurement is performed with the test object in no-load condition.
The voltage ratios are measured for each tapping connection of the transformer. In the report the specified
tapping voltage ratios are stated, as well as the deviations of measured ratios from these values. The
connection symbol is also stated in the test report.
0
Dd 0
I
I
i
iii
0
II
II
III
III
Yy 0
Dz 0
iii
ii
Dy I
Yd I
ii
Yz I
i
ii
iii
ii
i
ii
iii
Dd 2
iii
i
iii
ii
Dz 2
iii i
iii i
ii
Dd 4
ii
Dz 4
iii
ii
ii
iii
i
Dy 5
Yd 5
Yy 6
Yd 7
ii
iii
iii
Yz 7
ii
iii
i
Dd 8
Dz 8
ii
i
ii iii
i
Dz 6
ii
i
iii
ii
i
Dd 10
iii
Dz 10
10
10
i ii
iii
iii
II
II
Dy II
Yd II
i
iii
Fig. 2-2
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i
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II
iii
iii
ii
iii
ii
Dy 7
Yz 5
iii
ii
ii iii
ii
Dd 6
iii
ii
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3.
3.1
KPT-QTPT 003E
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The resistance between all pairs of phase terminals of each transformer winding are measured using direct
current. The measurement is performed for each connection of connectable windings and for each tapping
connection. Furthermore the corresponding winding temperature is measured.
The measured resistances are needed in connection with the load loss measurement when the load losses
are corrected to correspond to the reference temperature.
The measurement will also show whether the winding joints are in order and the windings correctly
connected.
3.2
Test object
1U
2U
1V
2V
1W
2W
+
battery
Re
Fig. 3-1
The resistance value is then determined as
R=
3.3
voltmeter reading
ampermeter reading
Before the measurement starts, the transformer is standing for at least 3 hours filled with oil and without
excitation. During this period the temperature differences of the transformer will equalize and the winding
temperature will become equal to the oil temperature.
The average winding temperature is obtained by determining the average oil temperature. The average oil
temperature is obtained by measuring the top oil temperature in an oil-filled thermometer pocket situated in
cover, and the bottom oil temperature in the drain valve and taking the average of these two. When switching
on the supply voltage E to the measuring circuit the winding inductance L tends to resist the increase of the
current.
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E
i = 1 e L
R
Rt
(3.1)
To shorten the time for the current to become steady so high a measuring current is used that the core will
be saturated and the inductance will be low. The measuring current is usually 510 times the no-load
current of the winding. However, the current should be less than 10% of the rated current of the winding,
otherwise the temperature rise of the winding caused by measuring current will give rise to measuring errors.
Furthermore the time constant can be reduced by using as high a supply voltage as possible enabling an
increased series resistance in the circuit. When using a battery, the supply voltage is approximately constant
and the current is adjusted by means of the series resistance Re.
3.4
TEST RESULT
The resistance values and the average temperature are calculated. In the report the terminals, between
which the resistances are measured, the connection, the tapping position and the average temperature of
the windings during the measurement are stated.
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4.
4.1
KPT-QTPT 004E
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The measurement of impedance and load loss of transformers is a routine test performed on all units. It is
only possible to do in a proper way on the complete unit at the final testing. It serves to verify properties that
are of great importance to the transformer operation. The impedance is decisive for the distribution of
currents and voltages within the power system and load losses are important for an economic operation of
the network. It is not practical to carry out these measurements with the test object in normal operation
transmitting its rated power. The tests are made at short-circuit condition with one winding short-circuited
and current at rated frequency supplied to another winding. For multi-winding transformers the test has to be
repeated for each combination of two windings.
4.2
IMPEDANCE
The measured impedance voltage depends on the voltage rating of the winding where the measurements
are made. Consequently it is customary to express the impedance voltage as a percentage of the rated
voltage of the corresponding winding.
4.3
LOAD LOSSES
The measured load losses will be practically the same independent of which winding is short-circuited and to
which winding the current is supplied. The load losses are losses associated with the load current and the
leakage flux and consist of losses in conductors as for DC, eddy-current losses in conductors caused by the
leakage flux and hysteresis and eddy-current losses in the core, clumps and tank structure. From the total
losses measured and the winding DC-resistances, the stray losses are computed. Separation of the loss
components is necessary as information for prediction and control of losses. It is also necessary for
converting the losses from the temperature at the measurement to the reference temperature as the loss
components are affected differently by a change in temperature.
4.4
On account of the test room facilities it is customary to short-circuit the low voltage winding and supply
current to the high voltage winding. For large test objects the demand for reactive power will be considerable
and is normally supplied by static condenser banks. As the impedance voltage will vary within wide limits, a
step-up transformer is normally necessary between the generator and the test object. Voltages, currents and
power are measured by instruments supplied from measuring transformers as given in fig. 4-1 as an
example. Only high quality measuring transformers and instruments must be used. The impedances of
transformers are linear and there is no need to take creation of harmonics into consideration. Especially
large test objects have low power factors and this imposes severe demands on the measurements of power.
In the state-of-the-art testing installation digital wattmeters will be utilized which have superior ability for data
recording. With a data acquisition system and a suitable computer program the measured data are
processed and a complete test record written out.
In a traditional instrumentation the three-wattmeter method should always be used for three-phase
measurements.
Irrespective of the instrumentation for power measurement, the errors in ratio and phase displacement of the
measuring transformers will introduce errors which have to be corrected. Correction of errors is discussed in
clause 4.5.
The temperature is an important factor in this test and is measured with thermometers in the oil system.
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Page :
A
B
C
C
A
IA
A
IC
IB
UA UB UC
W
W
f
W
IA
V
IB
IC
UA UB UC
Fig. 4-1
4.5
ERROR ANALYSIS
With increasing cost of energy, the loss evaluation has become an important factor in appraisals of
transformers. Consequently it is imperative that the exact losses are established and known errors are stated
and corrected.
Determination of measuring errors and their correction is a complex matter. The present analysis will not
cover the complete subject but deal only with errors in the measuring equipment.
We denote measured values as P, U, I, cos and corrected values as P,U, I and cos respectively.
Consequently, the losses to be measured are:
P=U I cos
Corrections for errors introduced by the recording instruments should be available from calibration sheets for
equipment in question. In a traditional analogue instrumentation the best available instruments should be
used. At present it is customary to use watt meters of class 0,5 with cos=0,1. Ampermeters and voltmeters
have class 0,1 or 0,2. The actual instrument errors are normally only a fraction of their nominal classes.
Digital wattmeters have accuracies of the same order as the best of available analogue instruments, but their
reading will result in greatly improved accuracy because random errors are virtually eliminated due to better
resolution and synchronous recording of values.
It is important that the corrections correspond to the actual ranges and deflections. Additionally, for wattmeters the corrections must cover the range of actual power factors.
Measuring transformers introduce errors in ratio and phase displacement. The errors in phase displacement
are especially important in consideration of the low power factors for load-losses in power transformers.
Ratio and phase displacement errors are given in calibration records as deviations in percent and minutes
respectively and their respective signs.
According to definitions in standards ((for example IEC Publ. 60185 and 60186):
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Ratio errors are considered as positive when the secondary value is greater than the nominal value when the
primary value equals the rated primary value.
Phase displacement errors are considered as positive when the secondary value leads the primary value in
phase.
The ratio errors Ei and Eu are then:
(4.2)
Eu [% ] =
U U
100%
U
(4.3)
Ei [% ] =
I I
100%
I
(4.4)
=u-i
U = U 1 + u
100
i.e.
i.e.
I = I 1 + i
100
Signs of phase displacement of the current and voltage vectors and their combination into a total phase
angle error, valid for inductive conditions.
Fig 4.2
From the definition of error it follows that a relative correction factor c can be expressed as:
c=
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U I cos U I cos( + )
100%
U I cos
E
E
c=
] 100%
E[% ] = + ( Eu [% ] + Ei [% ]
cos
100)%
Phase displacement errors are normally given in minutes and the correction formula is then:
(4.5)
E[% ] = +[Eu [% ] + Ei [% ] ( u i )
0,0291
cos
]%
cos( + ) =
(4.6)
P
U I
and
P
)
U I
In all the formulas (4.2) to (4.6) the errors are to be introduced with their respective signs.
The ratio errors are normally only a small fraction of a percent and can in most cases be neglected.
The phase displacement errors are predominantly dependent on the burden and the degree of excitation of
the measuring transformer.
Consequently, care should be taken to apply the errors corresponding to both the burden in the measuring
circuit and the actual deflection. The corrected value for the power is:
(4.7)
P = P (1
E[% ]
100
The correction shall principally be performed on each phase value. That is easily accomplished using a
computer program. When having to do manual correction, this is more convenient to do on the total threephase losses using average values of currents, voltage and errors, provided these do not deviate much
within the phases.
Analyses of load losses on several large units show that the power factors deviate only slightly within
phases, but the phase displacement errors of measuring transformers can vary considerably even for units
of the same make and with the best available class.
4.6
If the reactive power supplied by the generator G is not sufficient when measuring large transformers, a
capacitor bank C is used to compensate part of the inductive reactive power taken by the transformer.
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The voltage of the supply generator is raised until the current has attained the required value (50100% of
the rated current according to the standard). If a winding in the pair to be measured is equipped with an offcircuit or on-load tap-changer, the measurements are carried out on the principal and extreme tappings.
The readings have to be taken as quickly as possible, because the windings tend to warm up due to the
current and the loss values obtained in measurement are higher accordingly.
If the transformer has more than two windings all winding pairs are measured separately.
If the measuring current I deviates from the rated current I, the power P and the voltage U at rated current
are obtained by applying corrections to the values P and U relating to the measuring current.
The corrections are made as follows:
(4.8)
I
P = r Pm
Im
(4.9)
U =
Ir
Um
Im
Mean values are calculated of the values corrected to the rated current and the mean values are used in the
following. According to the standards the measured value of the losses shall be corrected to a winding
temperature of 75C. The transformer is at ambient temperature when the measurements are carried out,
and the loss values are corrected to the reference temperature 75C according to the standards as follows.
The d.c. losses I2R at the measuring temperature m are calculated using the resistance values R1m and R2m
obtained in the resistance measurement (for windings 1 and 2 between line terminals):
I 2 R = 1,5 I
(4.10)
2
I
R1m + I 2 2 R2 m )
Pam = Pm I 2 R
(4.11)
When the losses are corrected to 75C, it is assumed that the d.c. losses vary directly with resistance and
the additional losses inversely with resistance. The losses corrected to 75C are obtained as follows:
Pc = I 2 R
(4.12)
s + 75C
+ m
+ Pam s
s + m
s + 75C
4.7
RESULTS
The report indicates for each winding pair the power SN and the following values corrected to 75C and the
relating to the principal and extreme tappings.
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5.
KPT-QTPT 005E
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Page :
5.1
In the no-load measurement the no-load losses P0 and the no-load current I0 of the transformer are
determined at rated voltage and rated frequency.
The test is usually carried out at several voltages bellow and above the rated voltage UN , and the results are
interpolated to correspond to the voltage values from 90 to 110% of UN at 5% intervals.
A
IA
IB
IC
U = U rms
UA U B UC
W
W
V
W
IA
IB
IC
UA U B U C
U = U a v 1,11
Fig. 5-1
5.2
PERFORMANCE
While two last mentioned losses are small, they are generally ignored.
When carrying out the no-load measurement, the voltage wave shape may somewhat differ from the
sinusoidal form. This is caused by the harmonics in the magnetizing current which cause additional voltage
drops in the impedances of the supply. The readings of the mean value meter and r.m.s. meter will be
different. The test voltage wave shape is satisfactory if the readings Uand U are equal within 3%.
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Because the losses are to be determined under standard conditions, it is necessary to apply a wave shape
correction whereby the losses are corrected to correspond to test conditions where the supply voltage is
sinusoidal.
In the test the voltage is adjusted so that the mean value voltmeter indicates the required voltage value (U).
At the same time, a voltmeter responsive to the r.m.s. value of voltage shall be connected in parallel with the
mean-value voltmeter and its indicated voltage U shall be recorded.
P0 = Pm (1 + d )
d=
U U
(usually negative)
U
The current and power readings of different phases are usually different (the power can be negative in some
phase).
This is due to the asymmetric construction of the 3-phase transformer; the mutual inductances between
different phases are not equal.
5.3
RESULTS
The report shows the corrected readings at each voltage value, as well as the mean values of the currents of
all three phases.
A regression analysis is carried out on the corrected readings. From the no-load curve thus obtained the noload losses and no-load apparent power corresponding to voltage values from 90 to 110% of UN at 5%
intervals are determined and stated.
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6.
6.1
KPT-QTPT 006E
Page :
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The object of the test is to secure that the insulation terminals between the phase windings, turns, tapping
leads and terminals, withstand the temporary overvoltages and switching overvoltages to which the
transformer may be subjected during its lifetime.
For non-uniformly insulated windings this test will also demonstrate the strength of insulation from windings
to earth and between phases of multi-phased units.
The induced voltage test is a routine test for all units and it is specified as the last dielectric test.
6.2
PERFORMANCE
The transformer is excited to the terminals of the low-voltage windings and all other windings are left opencircuited. Voltages are then induced in all windings according to the turn ratio.
To avoid excessive magnetizing current during the test, the test object is supplied from 200 Hz generator
through a step-up transformer.
Induced voltage tests are specified as short duration or long duration tests.
Standard short duration test is routine test for transformer with highest voltage Um170 kV and long duration
test is routine test for transformer with highest voltages Um>170 kV. In other cases one of these two tests
could be specified as a special test.
6.2.1
Short duration induced AC withstand voltage test [ACSD] for transformers with
uniformly insulated high voltage windings
On transformer with uniformly insulated windings, only phase-to-phase tests are carried out. Phase-to-earth
tests are covered by separate source AC test according to IEC 60076-3, clause 11.
Dependent on the highest voltage for equipment Um, the test shall be carried out with or without partial
discharge measurements.
t=
rated . frequency
120 sec = 30 for 50 Hz ,
test. frequency
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1,1 U m / 3
1,3 U m / 3
U2
U1
test
voltage
U2
1,1 U m / 3
< U start
U start
Fig. 6-1 Time sequence for the application of test voltage with respect to earth
A=5 min;
B=5 min;
E=5 min
6.2.2. Short duration AC withstand voltage test (ACSD) for transformers with non-uniformly
insulated high-voltage windings
For three-phase transformers, two sets of tests are required namely:
a) A phase-to-earth test with specified withstand voltages between phase and earth, with partial
discharge measurement
b) A phase-to-phase with earthed neutral and with rated specified withstand voltage between phases
with partial discharge measurement
a) The test sequence for a three-phase transformer consists of three single-phase applications of test
voltage with different points of the windings connected to earth at each time. There are few possible
methods, which avoid excessive overvoltage between line terminals.
For particular complicated winding arrangements, the test sequence and the test connections should be
agreed upon before test and test diagram should be enclosed to the test report.
The test time and the time sequence for the application of test voltage shall be as shown in Fig. 6-1.
U1 is the specified test voltage and U2=1,5Um/3 (acc. to the table 2,3 or 4 from KPT-QTPT 001E).
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b) For the partial discharge performance evaluation, during the phase-to-phase test, measurements should
be taken at U2=1,3 Um.
The test time and the time sequence for the application of test voltage shall be as described in 6.2.1.b.
6.2.3 Long duration induced AC voltage test (ACLD) with non-uniformly and/or uniformly
insulated high-voltage windings
For the highest insulation levels (>170 kV) a long duration induced voltage test including observation of
partial discharges, should be specified as a routine test (see table 1 in KPT-QTPT 001E).
A three-phase transformer shall be tested preferably in a symmetrical three-phase connection (see Fig. 6-2a)
or in some cases in a single-phase connection that gives voltages in the line terminals according to Fig.6-2b
(successively applied to all three phases).
U
U
-0,5U -0,5U
G
G
a)
b)
Fig. 6-2
A three-phase transformer supplied from the low-voltage winding side with a delta-connected high-voltage
windings can receive the proper test voltages only in a three phase test with a floating high-voltage winding.
The neutral terminal, if present, of the winding under test and/or other separate windings shall be earthed.
Tapped windings shall be connected to the principal tapping, unless otherwise agreed.
The test time and the time sequence for the application of test voltage shall be as shown on Fig. 6-3.
The voltage to earth shall be: U1=1,7Um/3
U2=1,5 Um/3
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D
E
U1 = 1,7 Um / 3
1,1Um / 3
U2 =1,5Um / 3
U2 =1,5Um / 3
U start
1,1Um / 3
< Ustart
Fig. 6-3 Time sequence for the application of test voltage for induced AC long-duration tests (ACLD)
A= 5 min;
B= 5 min;
E= 5 min;
During the whole application of the test voltage, partial discharges shall be monitored.
Further information, about purpose and methods may be obtained from enclosed application guide for partial
discharge measurements. (KPT-QTPT 007E)
The test is successful if:
- no collapse of the test voltage occurs
- the continuous level of partial discharges does not exceed 500 pC during long duration test at U2
- the partial discharge behaviour shows no continuously rising tendency at U2.
In the case of failure to meet the partial discharge acceptance criteria, further investigation should be
undertaken in accordance to IEC 60076-3, clause 12 and Annex A.
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7.1
For power transformers the PD measurement is normally performed during the induced overvoltage test as it
was described in KPT-QTPT 006E.
Figure 7-1 shows the connection of test and measuring equipment used during partial discharge
measurement of one three phase transformer.
8
2U
V
1U
2V
1V
F
V
2W
3 Zm
1W
11
1
4
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7.2
KPT-QTPT 007E
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CALIBRATION MEASUREMENT
The purpose of the measurement is to determine the scale factor K for the measurement with the complete
test and measuring circuit.
The calibration is performed by injecting an apparent charge q0 between each HV terminals and earthed
transformer tank using measuring point selector, as it is shown in Fig. 7-2.
The ratio of q0 to reading of the pC meter gives the scale factor of the pC meter. ( k =
q
qom
Because ERA discharge detector is equipped with suitable variable amplifier the signal can be adjusted to
read the applied charge directly on the pC meter multiplied by scale factor k.
U
12
Zm
F
W
1
4
Fig.
7.3
7-2
Calibration measurement
To achieve the desired low PD level, it is necessary to perform a thorough preparation of the test
transformer.
The terminals should be shielded, the bushings must be cleaned and all foreign objects removed from the
cover and tank because unearthed surface can give undesired discharges.
The background level should be recorded with the complete test circuit connected, including the supply
circuit, but at nearly zero voltage.
The voltage is increased stepwise, first up to 1,1 Um/3 and held there for a duration of 5 min; raised to U2
and held there for a duration of 5 min; raised to U1, held there for the test time as stated in instruction Part
for induced voltage (KPT-QTPT 006E)
Immediately after test time, reduced to U2 and held thee for a specified duration for 5, 30 or 60 min (KPTQTPT 006E); reduced to 1,1 Um/3 and held there for a duration of 5 min, reduced to a value below onethird of U2 before switching off.
The standard PD measuring sequence is reading of the PD levels at specified voltage levels at specified
intervals (5 min) during the induced voltage test.
If higher then prescribed or specified PD levels occur the inception and extinction voltages should be
determined.
The voltage should be increased and subsequently reduced until the discharges are decreased below the
specified level and the voltage are recorded as inception / extinction voltage.
In such case further investigations have to be performed to check the severity of the PD.
For example: From the distribution of discharged pulses which appear an ellipse (on oscilloscope)
conclusions can be drawn as a to the type of defect.
7.4
TEST REPORT
A summary of test results which include measurement of PD for each terminal or measuring channel; applied
calibration charge, applied voltage, time intervals and background level will put down on a form made for this
purpose.
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8.1
The object of the test is to secure that the insulation between the windings and the insulation between
windings and the earthed parts withstand temporary overvoltages and switching overvoltages which may
occur in service.
8.2
TEST CIRCUIT
T2
T1
G1
T3
GS
P1
Fig. 8-1
P2
P3
The voltage is measured using a capacitive voltage divider in conjunction with voltmeters responsive to
r.m.s. and peak values. The peak-voltmeter indicates the peak value divided by 2. The test voltage is
adjusted according to this meter.
8.3
PERFORMANCE
The test is made with single-phase voltage of rated frequency. The test voltage is applied for 60 seconds
between all terminals of the winding under test and all terminals of the remaining windings, core and tank of
the transformer, connected together to earth. (Fig. 8-1)
On windings with non-uniform insulation the test is carried out with the test voltage specified for the neutral
terminal.
The test is successful if no collapse of the test voltage occurs.
8.4
TEST REPORT
The test voltage, frequency and test duration are stated in the report.
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After the tap-changer is fully assembled on the transformer, the following tests are performed at (with
exception of b) 100% of the rated auxiliary supply voltage:
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The phase terminals of the Y-connected winding are short-circuited and the voltage is applied between this
connection and the neutral point.
For units where the current-carrying windings are equipped with tap changers, the measurements should be
performed on the three main taps. Any tests on other tap positions should be specified in the contract.
For test objects with auxiliary or stabilizing windings, care should be taken to control that the current
capacities of these are not exceeded. When necessary the final result is obtained by extrapolation.
The applied voltage and current are recorded.
Z0 = 3
U
[ohms]
I
Like short-circuit impedances the zero-sequence impedance is normally expressed in percent of the per-unit
value:
Z0 =
Z0
U P
100% = 3 r 2 100%
Zr
I Ur
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C20
C12
C10
C12
C10
C 20
1
1
C23
2
C13
a
Fig. 11-1
Transformer capacitances
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The term guard signifies one or more conducting elements arranged and connected on an electrical
instrument or measuring circuit so as to divert unwanted currents from measuring means.
The basic diagrams of the test circuits are shown on Fig. 11-2.
The capacitance, power factor and the average temperature values are stated in the test report.
High
VNHV
(Tettex Type
5281/2805)
NN-L
V
C
N
C1-0
C1-2
C2-0
Low
Ispitivani transformator - Tranformer under test
Test circuit for measurement C1-2 (UST). (Capacitance of HV-winding to LV-winding)
High
VNHV
(Tettex Type
5281/2805)
NN-L
V
C
N
C1-0
C1-2
C2-0
C
R
Low
Ispitivani transformator - Tranformer under test
Test circuit for measurement C1-2+C1-0 (GST or GND). (Capacitance of HV-winding to LV-winding
and a tank. Tank and LV-winding to ground.)
High
VNHV
(Tettex Type
5281/2805)
NN-L
V
C
N
C1-0
C1-2
C2-0
Low
Ispitivani transformator - Tranformer under test
Test circuit for measurement C1-0 (GSTg or GRD). (Capacitance of HV-winding to tank.)
Fig. 11.2
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R1-3
NN-LV
STN-STW
R2-3
R3-0
VN-HV
R1-0
R1-2
L
(+)
(-)
R2-0
m
Transformer under test
Basic test circuit for insulation resistance measurement, using GUARD - G terminal
( Measurement R1-0 = HV - m (LV + STW) ; HV - winding to tank (m) LV and STW winding to ''G'' terminal )
R1-3
NN-LV
STN-STW
VN-HV
R1-0
R1-2
R2-3
R3-0
E
(-)
L
(+)
Measuring instrument (Megger)
R2-0
m
Transformer under test
Basic test circuit for insulation resistance measurement, using GUARD - G terminal
( Measurement R1-2 = HV - LV (STW+m) - HV - winding to LV winding, STW-winding and tank (m), to G terminal )
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The top oil temperature is measured by thermometer placed in an oil-filled thermometer pocket on the cover.
In addition the temperatures of oil coming in and going out of the cooler and the surface temperatures at
different points are measured by means of thermocouples and a chart recorder.
The readings of the thermometers mounted on the transformer are checked in connection with the
temperature rise test.
14.4 RESULTS
The temperature rises are calculated as follows:
Oil temperature rise
The temperature rise of top oil t is t = t - a
(14.1)
t = top oil temperature as mean value measured by sensors immersed in top oil
a= external cooling medium temperature (ambient air or water)
When the test has been performed with applied test losses different from actual total losses the recorded top
oil temperature rise above the temperature of the cooling medium has to be corrected according to the
formula (14.2).
x
Pr
( t a )
P
t=
(14.2)
Pr= sum of referenced load loss (at maximum loss tapping) and no-load loss
P = power supplied during the test
x = exponent according to actual standard (x=0,9 for ON and x=1,0 for OF and OD cooling)
t= recorded top oil temperature
The average temperature rise e of the oil is
t + b
a
2
e=
(14.3)
b = temperature of oil entering the windings (i.e. oil returning from cooling equipment), bottom oil
temperature
or as above but corrected in similar way acc. to the formula (14.2)
P
e = r
P
b
t
a
2
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oil 2 =
t 2 + b 2
(14.5)
where t2 and b2 are top and bottom oil temperatures during hot-resistance measurement.
The average winding temperatures are calculated on the basis of the hot and cold resistance values and the
oil temperature as follows:
2 =
R2
(235 + 1 ) 235
R1
(14.6)
w-oil = 2 oil2
(14.7)
If the current in the rated current period has deviated from the rated value (less than 10% of the rated
current) the temperature rise of the winding above oil temperature has to be corrected according to:
w-oil =
Ir
( 2 oil2 )
I
(14.8)
w = w-oil + e
(14.9)
The temperature rise of the hot spot h.spt of the winding above the ambient temperature is:
h.spt = t + H w
(14.10)
where H is hot-spot factor and is taken 1.1 if different value has not been specified.
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Rb
Fn
F an
C3
Rc
Ra
Cs impulse capacitor
Rc charging resistor
Rs series resistor
Ra low-ohmic discharging resistor for
lightning impulse
Rb high-ohmic discharging resistor for
switching impulse
F1 Fn main spark gaps
Fal Fan auxiliary spark-gaps
Rs
F2
Rb
C
Ra
Fa2
Cs
Rc
Rs
F1
Rb
Cs
Ra
Fa1
Rs
Fig. 15-1
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When the charging voltage has reached the required value, breakdown of the sparkgap F1 is initiated by an
external triggering pulse. When F1 breaks down, the potential of the following stage (point B and C) rises.
Because the series resistors Rs is of low-ohmic value compared with the discharging resistors Rb (4,5 k)
and the charging resistor Rc, and since the low-ohmic discharging resistor Ra is separated from the circuit by
the auxiliary spark-gap Fal, the potential difference across the spark-gap F2 rises considerably and the
breakdown of F2 is initiated.
Thus the spark-gaps are caused to break down in sequence.
Consequently the capacitors are discharged in series-connection. The high-ohmic discharge resistors Rb are
dimensioned for switching impulses and the low-ohmic resistors Ra for lightning impulses. The resistors Ra
are connected in parallel with the resistors Rb, when the auxiliary spark-gaps break down, with a time delay
of a few hundred nano-seconds. The arrangement is necessary in order to secure the functioning of the
generator.
The wave shape and the peak value of the impulse voltage are measured by means of an Impulse Analysing
System (DIAS 733) which are connected to the voltage divider.
The required voltage is obtained by selecting a suitable number of series-connected stages and by adjusted
the charging voltage. In order to obtain the necessary discharge energy parallel or series-parallel
connections of the generator can be used. In these cases some of the capacitors are connected in parallel
during the discharge.
Voltage
divider
R2
Transformer
under test
C2
C1
U=
R1
V=
1U
2U
3U1
1V
2V
3V2
1W
2W
3V
2N
3W
C3
S1
Impulse generator
Voltage
recorder
Channel 1 (U)
of digital
tranzient rec.
Fig. 15-2
Current recorder
Channel 2(I) of
digital tranzient rec.
The required impulse shape is obtained by suitable selection of the series and discharge resistors of the
generator.
The front time can be calculated approximately from the equation:
For R1 >> R2 and Cg >> C
(15.1)
T1 = 3 R2 C t
T2 0,7 R1 C1
In practice the testing circuit is dimensioned according to experience.
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S1
S1
RECORDER
Ra
S1
Ra
b
RECORDER
Ra
S1
RECORDER
S1
RECORDER
RECORDER
Ru
d
Fig. 15-4
Ra
S1
Rb
When the low voltage winding in service cannot be subjected to lightning overvoltages from the low voltage
system (e.g. step-up transformers, tertiary windings) the low voltage winding may be impulse tested
simultaneously with the impulse tests on the high voltage winding with surges transferred from the high
voltage winding to the low voltage winding (Fig. 15-4e, test with transferred voltages).
According to the standard IEC 60076-3 the line terminals of the low voltage winding are connected to earth
through resistances of such value (resistances Ra in Fig. 15-4e) that the amplitude of transferred impulse
voltage between line terminal and earth or between different line terminals or across a phase winding will be
as high as possible but not exceeding the rated impulse withstand voltage. The resistance shall not exceed
5000 .
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The neutral terminal is normally tested directly or indirectly by connecting a high-ohmic resistor between the
neutral and earth (voltage divider Ra, Ru) and by applying the impulse (Fig. 15-4c and d) to the line terminals
connected together.
The impulse test of a neutral terminal is performed only if requested by a customer. The front time is allowed
to be up to 13 sec. The failure detection is normally accompolished by exmination of the oscillograms of the
applied test voltage, the neutral current and / or the capacitively transferred current.
U
1,0
0,9
0,5
0,3
T1 =1,67 T
T2
Fig. 15-5
In practice the impulse shape may deviate from the standard impulse when testing low-voltage windings of
high rated power and windings of high input capacitance.
The impulse test is performed with negative polarity voltages to avoid erratic flashovers in the external
insulation and test circuit.
Waveform adjustments are necessary for most test objects. Experience gained from results of tests on
similar units or eventual precalculation can give guidance for selecting components for the wave shaping
circuit.
The test sequence consists of one reference impulse (RW) at 75% of full amplitude followed by the specified
number of voltage applications at full amplitude (FW) (according to IEC 60076-3 three full impulses).
The equipment for voltage and current signal recording consists of digital transient recorder, monitor,
computer, plotter and printer.
The recordings at the two levels can be compared directly for failure indication.
For regulating transformers one phase is tested with the on-load tap changer set for the rated voltage and
the two other phases are tested in each of the extreme positions.
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Detection of correctness at impulse testing is based on comparison of voltage and current records obtained
at reduced and full amplitudes.
The two traces should have a perfect match to constitute evidence that the insulation has passed the test.
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16.1
KPT-QTPT 016E
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The purpose of the chopped lightning test is to secure that the transformer insulation withstand the voltage
stresses caused by chopped lightning impulses, which may occur in service.
16.2
TEST EQUIPMENT
For the chopped lightning impulse test the same testing and measuring equipment and the same testing and
fault detection connections are used as for the standard lightning impulse test. The impulse is chopped by
means of triggered-type chopping gap connected to the terminal to which the impulse is applied. The delay
of the choppinggap ignition impulse in relation to the impulse generation is adjustable, thus the time Tc from
the start of the impulse to the chopping can be adjusted (Fig. 16-1).
16.2
The test is performed with impulses of negative polarity. The duration Tc from the beginning of the impulse to
the chopping can vary within the range of 2...6s (Fig. 16-1) According to the standard IEC 60076-3 the
amount of overswing to opposite polarity shall be limited to not more than 30% of the amplitude of the
chopped impulse (Fig. 16-1). If necessary the overswing amplitude will be limited to the value mentioned by
means of damping resistor inserted in the chopping circuit.
1,0
0,9
0,3
T1
Tc
Fig 16-1
Yc =
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The fault detection is also for chopped impulses primarily based on the comparison of voltages and winding
currents obtained at 75% and 100% test voltages. At high test voltages there is a small delay in the ignitions
of the chopping-gap, which causes differences in the fault detection of voltages and winding currents.
Furthermore differences in the instant of firing of the stages in the impulse generator may give rise to initial
high-frequency oscillations in the first part of the voltage front. In this case the fault detection must be based
primarily on the recordings obtained at the application of full impulses.
When carrying out the chopped-impulse test, unless otherwise agreed, different tappings are selected for the
tests on the three phases of a three-phase transformer, usually the two extreme tappings and principal
tapping.
16.5
TEST REPORT
The test voltage values, impulse shapes, tappings and the number of impulses at different voltage levels are
stated in the report.
The oscillographic records and measurement records are stored in the archives, where they are available
when required.
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-0,5U - 0,5 U
current
recorder
Loading resistor
C1
S1
C2
voltage
recorder
Fig. 17-1
The test is performed with impulses of negative polarity. The requirements on the switching impulse shape
given in the standard IEC 60076-3 are summarized in Fig. 17-2.
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1.0
0.9
Tp = 1,67 T
0,3
T
Td
T0
Fig. 17-2
Switching impulse
Front time
Time above 90%
Time to the first zero passage
Tp> 100s
Td> 200s
T0> 500s ( preferably 1000 s )
At full test voltage each phase will be tested with the number of impulses required by the relevant standard.
When comparing the wave shape it is to be noticed that the magnetic saturation causes drastic reduction of
voltage and increase in winding current and the time to saturation is dependent on the amplitude of the
applied voltage. Thus voltage and current oscillograms obtained at full test voltage and at 75% voltage level
will deviate from each other in this respect.
The fault detection is mainly based on the voltage oscillograms. The test is successful if no sudden collapse
of voltage caused by flashover or breakdown is indicated on the voltage oscillograms and no abnormal
sound effects are observed.
When the core reaches saturation a slight noise caused by magnetosriction can be heard from the
transformer.
Test report
The test voltage values, impulse shapes, and number of impulses at different voltage levels are stated in the
report. The oscillographic records are stored in the archives, where they are available when required.
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KPT-QA.029E.
08.2003.
09.2003.
Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
18.
KPT-QTPT 018E
Page :
1 / 2
9
15
19
STV
HV
40
LV
38
22
30
D=2m; x=1m
31
36
Prepared by:
Controlled by:
J. Bujanovi
Issue:
KPT-QA.029E
08.2003.
Approved by:
I. ulc
09.2003.
I. ulc
Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
KPT-QTPT 018E
Page :
2 / 2
pA
1 N
= 10 lg
10
N i =1
0 , 1 LpAi
or when the range of values of LpAi does not exceed 5dB, a simple arithmical average will be used.
Corrections for background level and environmental correction, in case of need or as circumstances require,
should be done in accordance with relevant standard.
L WA
or
= L
pA
+ 10 lg S
[dB ]
Issue :
KPT-QA.029E.
08.2003.
09.2003.
Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
19.
KPT-QTPT 019E
Page :
1 / 1
19. 1 GENERAL
At imposed sinus voltage on a transformer, because of non-linear magnetic curve of the core, magnetizing
current at no-load contains besides basic harmonics also higher harmonics.
Higher harmonics in the current can cause in electric grid voltage distortion, that is, they can cause even
higher harmonics. Such current and voltage harmonics can cause disturbances in electric grid or in
connected appliances.
However, since the portion of higher harmonics in relation to transformer rated current is smaller than 1%,
they are insignificant for a user.
19.2
MEASURING EQUIPMENT
In the Test Station, the measurement of higher harmonic contents, as a rule, is carried out during the
measurement of no-load losses and in the same connection (see in KPT-QTPT 005E Fig 5-1). The test
generator and intermediate transformer are used, as a rule, only in the linear range of their characteristics.
The test circle is carried out without a feedback line so that the third degree harmonics cannot flow. The
transmitting ratio of voltage transformers as well as the load of current transformers are selected in such a
way that their working points lie in the linear range of the magnetizing characteristics.
The measurement of higher harmonics in magnetizing currents is carried out with a Wide Band Power
Analyser, producer NORMA, type D 6000.
19.3
For the measurement, first, a required voltage is adjusted, usually 100% of rated voltage, gradually
increasing the value from zero to higher values. The measurement of voltage is carried out with a meanvalue voltmeter.
During the measurement of higher harmonics the power voltage should be maintained so that it has a
constant value. Therefore, in the Test Station, during this period, the above mentioned fast-registering
analyser with the memory in real-time procedure is used.
19.4
By using this registering analyser, the final measured values of higher harmonics are immediately obtained
for the test protocol.
Higher harmonics are expressed in percentage of the fundamental one.
Prepared by:
Controlled by:
J. Bujanovi
Issue:
KPT-QA.029E
08.2003.
1/2 izdanje 03.2002.
Approved by:
I. ulc
I. ulc
Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
20.
20.1
KPT-QTPT 020E
Page :
1 / 1
The purpose of the test is to prove tightness of transformer tank and accessories assembled on the
transformer.
20.2
Transformer is assembled and filled with oil. Overpressure of 35 kPa is applied on the tank cover and kept
for 12 hours. Welds and joints on the tank are checked on leak.
If requirements in the contract differ from those stated procedure and values as per contract should apply.
20.3.
TEST REPORT
Value of overpressure and elapsed time are recorded with confirmation of tightness.
Prepared by:
Controlled by:
J. Bujanovi
Issue:
KPT-QA.029E
09.2003.
1/2 izdanje 03.2002.
Approved by:
I. ulc
I. ulc
Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
21.
21.1
KPT-QTPT 021E
FRA MEASUREMENT
Page :
1 / 2
FRA MEASUREMENT
PURPOSE
The purpose of the FRA (Frequency Response Analysis) measurement is to detect displacement (or
movement) of windings in the transformer. Usually the first measurement in the factory is used as a
fingerprint. Results of later measurements are compared with the first one in the factory.
21.2
MEASURING EQUIPMENT
TrafTek B&C Diagnostics, Budapest, Hungary
Test connection - 20 m long measuring cable (triple coax cable)
The TRAFTEK equipment is designed for scanning the geometrical and mechanical movements and
distortions of transformer windings using the swept frequency measuring methods.
It is known that a transformer winding with its stray capacitances and inductances form a complicated RLC
network. If we apply small AC voltage (about 4Vrms) with frequency range of 50 Hz to 1 MHz we shall get a
typical voltage attenuation or winding impedance curve as a function of frequency.
21.3
The transformer under the test and measuring equipment are connected acc. to the Fig. 21-1.
Transform er
T rafT ek
75
SW G , 50Hz-1MHz
75
75
AD Conversion
Display
Controlled by:
R. Gardijan
Issue:
KPT-QA.029E
06.2004.
1/2 izdanje 03.2002.
Approved by:
I. ulc
I. ulc
Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
21.4
FRA MEASUREMENT
KPT-QTPT 021E
Page :
2 / 2
TEST REPORT
Impedance value Z in k versus frequency or attenuation A (or damping) in dB (20 log (Uoutput / Uinput ) versus
frequency can be plotted on the diagram with indication of terminals with applied and response voltage.
Examples are given below.
Z (k)
10,00
1,00
0,10
1000
10000
100000
1000000
frequency (Hz)
A (dB)
0,00
-10,00
-20,00
-30,00
-40,00
-50,00
1000
10000
100000
frequency (Hz)
Issue :
KPT-QA.029E.
06.2004.
2/2 izdanje 03.2002.
1000000
Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
22.
22.1
KPT-QTPT 022E
Page :
1 / 1
The purpose of the measurement is to check and prove that the transformer core is insulated from the tank
and core frame.
22.2
Earthing links from core to earth and from core frame to earth (if the latter one exists) are removed
(disconnected) in earthing connection box (terminal box). Several combinations of measurement of insulation
resistance are possible depending upon the performance of core and frame earthing : core to frame; core to
tank; core frame to tank; core to (tank + core frame); (core + core frame) to tank. At least combination core to
(tank + core frame) or core to tank is to be measured. In all measurements tank is assumed as earth
potential.
The measurement is performed by by means of an insulation resistance meter (Megger). For each
measurement a DC voltage of at least 500 V (but not greater than 2500 V) is applied between pair of
terminal bushings in earthing terminal box for a measuring period 1 min. or until the measuring insulation
resistance become stable.
Measured values for each combination shall be above 50 M.
22.3
TEST REPORT
Measured values with indication of measured combination are documented in transformer routine test report.
Prepared by:
Controlled by:
S. Maro
Issue:
KPT-QA.029E
03.2006.
1/2 izdanje 03.2002.
Approved by:
F. Jurakovi
I. ulc
Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
23.
23.1
KPT-QTPT 023E
Page :
1 / 1
The purpose of the test is to measure power consumption of transformer cooling plant or saying by another
words to measure losses consumed by transformer cooling system. Depending upon the transformer cooling
system this power can be consumed by fans and oil pumps.
This measurement is performed only if required by the contract or transformer specification.
23.2
The measuring circuit and used equipment is in principle the same as for load and/or no-load measurement
(described in KPT-QTPT 04E and KPT-QTPT 05E).
The transformer cooling system is supplied from voltage adjustable power source. The voltage is adjusted to
rated value for motors or acc. to specified value in transformer specification. Values of current, voltage and
loss are measured and recorded.
Power consumption for each cooling group is measured if the transformer cooling system is divided into
several groups.
23.3
TEST REPORT
Measured values of current, voltage and loss at specified frequency are recorded in transformer test report.
Prepared by:
Controlled by:
S. Maro
Issue:
KPT-QA.029E
03.2006.
1/2 izdanje 03.2002.
Approved by:
F. Jurakovi
I. ulc
Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
MEASUREMENT OF TRANSFERRED
SURGES
KPT-QTPT 024E
Page :
1 / 2
PURPOSE
Measurements of lightning or switching surges transferred from the HV winding to the LV winding on power
transformer determination of transient voltage transfer characteristics
24.2
MEASURING EQUIPMENT
Recurrent surge generator, Haefelly, type 481, 400 Vpp
Digital oscilloscope, Tektronix, Type: TDS 544A, 1Gs/sec.
The reccurrent surge generator is the low voltage equipment and equivalent of a high voltage impulse
generator. Its wide range of applications includes the testing of models, the study of voltage distribution on
high voltage windings during the impulse voltage stresses and the predetermination of the circuit parameters
of impulse test plants. The components in the impulse circuit (impulse and load capacitances, front and tail
resistors as well as inductances) are adjustable in steps. The wave form can thus be adjusted over a wide
range with a high degree of precision.
24.3
The transformer under the test and measuring equipment are connected acc. to the Fig. 24-1.
N
A
a2
b2
c2
RSG
a1
c1
b1
TDS
Fig. 24-1 Connection of the transformer and measuring equipment
The manual adjustable impulse wave (lightning, chopped and switching) up to 400 Vpp, shape T1 =
0,06s up to 500s and T2 = 2s up to 5000s.
Voltage from the generator is applied to the one transformer terminal (one winding end) and
response (or distribution) voltage is measured on another terminal (the other winding end).
Prepared by:
Controlled by:
R. Gardijan
Issue:
KPT-QA.029E
07.2006
1/2 izdanje 03.2002.
Approved by:
I. ulc
I. ulc
Konar
PowerTransformers
Ltd.
24.4
MEASUREMENT OF TRANSFERRED
SURGES
KPT-QTPT 024E
Page :
2 / 2
TEST REPORT
a) Example of test report for lightning impulse for the transformer 48,4 MVA, 237 / 3,6 / 3,6 kV :
450 A
a2
450
b2
c2
N. isolated
a1,b1,c1,a2,b2,c2... isolated
c1
Voltage
%
+100
Transferred voltage
on the terminal
b1
a1
Oscillogram
No
01
front wave
+100
02
tail wave
-5,35
a1
03
-5,80
b1
04
120
%
100
120
%
100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
-20
Remark
-20
20
01 Front of wave
40
60
80
s 100
40
02 tail of wave
6
%
-2
-2
-4
-4
-6
-6
-8
-8
0
10
20
30
40
Issue :
KPT-QA.029E.
07.2006
2/2 izdanje 03.2002.
50
10
20
30
50