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Worked Examples for Eurocode 2

Draft Version

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Readers should note that this is a draft version of a document and will be subject to
revision from time to time and should therefore ensure that they are in possession of the
latest version.

Walls

6.1

General
Walls are defined as being vertical elements whose lengths are four times greater than
their thicknesses. Their design does not differ significantly from the design of columns in
that axial loads and moments about each axis are assessed and designed for.
Generally, the method of designing walls is as follows:
1. Determine design life.
2. Assess actions on the column.
3. Determine which combinations of actions
apply.
4. Assess durability requirements and determine
concrete strength.
5. Check cover requirements for appropriate fire
resistance period.
6. Determine cover for fire, durability and bond.
7. Analyse structure for critical combination
moments and axial forces.
8. Check slenderness and determine design
moments.
9. Determine area of reinforcement required.
10. Check spacing of bars

<BS EN 1990 & NA Table NA 2.1>


<BS EN 1991 (10 parts) & UK
NAs>
<BS EN 1990 & NA Tables NA
A1.1 & NA A1.2(B)>
<BS 85001>
<Approved Document B
BS 199212>
<BS EN 199211 Cl. 4.4.1>
<BS EN 199211 Section 5>
<BS EN 199211 Section 5.8>
<BS EN 199211 Section 6.1>
<BS EN 199211 Sections 8 & 9>

Example 6.2 shows the design of a simple linear shear wall as typically used in medium rise
buildings. Similar principals may be applied to walls that are shaped as C, L, T, Z and rectangles
in-plan but issues of limiting flange dimensions and shear at corners need be addressed. The
example shows only ULS design as, apart from minimum areas of steel to control cracking, SLS
issues are generally non-critical in medium-rise structures. For shear walls in high-rise
structures, reference should be made to specialist literature (ref to CIRIA R102 Design of shear
wall buildings).

6.2

Shear wall (Wall A)

Wall A is 200 mm thick and in addition to providing vertical support to 200 mm flat slabs at
roof level and floors 1 to 3, it helps to provide lateral stability to the four storey office block.
Assuming the stair itself provides no lateral stability, the wall is to be designed for the critical
section at ground and first floor level using BS EN 1990 Exp. (6.10). The concrete is C30 / 37.
The wall is supported on pad foundations and the ground floor is ground bearing.

Figure 6.1
Typical floor plan

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Figure 6.2
Section XX
The example is intended to show how a shear wall providing part of the lateral stability in
one direction in a medium rise structure might be designed by hand.
Axial loads and first order moments are determined. The designs consider slenderness in
order to determine design moments, MEd in the plane perpendicular to the wall. The effects
of allowing for imperfections are also illustrated.

6.2.1

Actions

Roof

kN / m2
qk
gk
Paving 40 mm
Waterproofing
Insulation
Suspended ceiling
Services
Self-weight 200 mm slab

<Section 2.3.2>

1.00
0.50
0.10
0.15
0.30
5.00
7.05

Variable action

0.60

Floor slabs
Carpet
Raised floor
Suspended ceiling
Services
Self-weight 200 mm slab

0.03
0.30
0.15
0.30
5.00
5.78

Variable action
Ground floor slab (ground bearing)
Carpet
Raised floor
Services
Self-weight 200 mm slab

2.50
0.03
0.30
0.15
5.00
5.48

Variable action

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2.50

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Stairs
150 waist @ 30
Treads 0.15 0.25 25 4 / 2 =
Screed 0.05 22 =
Plaster
Tiles and bedding

4.40
1.88
1.10
0.21
1.00
8.59

Variable
Cavity wall

2.50

102 mm brickwork
50 mm insulation
100 mm blockwork
Plaster

2.37
0.02
1.40
0.21
4.00

200 mm wall
Plaster both sides

5.00
0.42
5.42

RC wall

Wind

Wk =

1.10

<BS EN 199114 & NA>

6.2.2 Load take down


Consider whole wall

Roof
Roof
Wall

(6.0 / 2 + 2.5 / 2) (4.4 + 1.5 / 2) (7.05 + 0.6) =


(6.0 / 2) (1.3 / 2) (7.05 + 0.6) =
3.3 4.4 5.42 =

@ level
154.3
13.7
78.7
246.7

@ above 3rd floor


rd

3
floor
Landing
Wall
Stair

Gk

@ level
13.1
1.2

14.3

(6.0 / 2) (1.3 / 2 + 4.4 + 1.5 / 2) (5.78 + 2.5) =

100.6

43.5

(2.5 / 2 1.5 / 2) (5.78 + 2.5)


a. b.
say 1.1 4.4 (8.59 + 2.5)

11.6
78.7
41.6
232.5

5.0

232.5

1st floor, landing, wall and stair a. b.


@ above ground floor

232.5

74.9
60.6

711.7

135.5
60.6

944.2

Ground floor assume 1 m all round =


2 (1.3 / 2 + 4.40 + 1.5 / 2) (5.48 + 2.5) =
250 mm wall to foundation 4.4 0.2 0.6 25 =
@ above foundation

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12.1
60.6
479.2

2nd floor, landing, wall and stair a. b.


@ above 1st floor

63.6
13.2
76.8

196.1
29.0
29.0

1021.0

17 Sep. 07

14.3
246.7

@ above 2nd floor

Qk

225.1

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6.2.3 Design actions due to vertical load at ground 1st


Gk = 944.2

Gk /m = 944.2 / 4.4 = 214.6 kN / m

Qk = n 196.1
where
n = 1.1 n / 10
where
n =no. of storeys qualifying for reduction*
<BS EN 1991-1-1 6.3.1.2(11) & NA>
=3
= 1.1 3 / 10 = 0.8
Qk /m = 156.9 / 4.4 = 35.7 kN /m
Qk = 0.8 196.1 = 156.9 kN

6.2.4 Vertical loads from wind action: moments in plane


Consider wind loads, NS

Figure 6.3 Lateral stability against wind loads NS


Check relative stiffness of lift shaft and wall A to determine share of load on wall A.
Lift shaft:

ILS

Wall A:

IWallA

= 2.44 / 12 2.04 / 12 0.2 1.63 / 12


= 1.36 m4
= 0.2 4.43 / 12
= 1.41 m4

Wall A takes = 1.41 / (1.41 + 1.36) = 51% of wind load.


Check shear centre to resolve the effects of torsion.
Determine centre of reaction of lift shaft
2.4 2.4 =
2.0 2.0 =
1.6 0.2 =

Area
5.76
4.00
0.32
1.44

x
1.2
1.2
2.3

Ax
6.912
4.800
0.732
1.38

Includes storeys supporting Categories A (residential & domestic), B (office), C (areas of


congregation) and D (shopping) but excludes E (storage and industrial), F (traffic), G (traffic) and H
(roofs).

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x
Figure 6.4 Lift shaft
x = Ax / A = 1.38 / 1.44 = 0.956 m
i.e. from face of lift shaft to CoG of shaft
= 2.40 0.956 = 1.444 m
Shear centre, Cw of walls, from centreline of wall A
=
or

ILS (1.44 + 24.00 + 0.05)


ILS + IWallA

1.36 25.49
1.36 + 1.41

= 12.56 m from wall A

= 12.56 + 2.80 0.05 = 15.31 from east end of building

Figure 6.5 Shear centres


Note: centre of action and shear centre (almost) coincide. There is no torsion to resolve in the stability
system for wind in a NS direction. (Had there been significant torsion this would have been resolved into
+/ forces in a couple based on the shear walls.)

Assuming centreline of wall A is 50 mm to right hand side of grid.

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Wall A takes 51% of wind load


so characteristic wind load on wall A,
Wk = 51% wk Lx = 51% 1.1 30.7 = 17.2 kN / m
at just above ground floor, characteristic inplane moment in wall A, Mk
= 17.2 1412 / 2 = 1709.8 kNm
Resolving into couple using 1 m either end of wall,
characteristic wind load in each end, Wk
= 1709.8 / 3.4

= 502.9 kN

Figure 6.6 Wall A wind loads NS

6.2.5 Effects of global imperfections in plane of wall A

Figure 6.7 Global imperfections

For medium rise shear walls there are a number of methods of design. Cl. 9.6.1 suggests strut-andtie (see Section xx). Another method [ref to Concrete Buildings Design manual] is to determine elastic
tensile and compression stresses from NEd/bL +/ 6MEd/bL2 and determine reinforcement
requirements based on those maxima. The method used here assumes a couple, consisting of 1.0 m of
wall either end of the wall. The reinforcement in tension is assumed to act at the centre of one end and
the concrete in compression (with a rectangular stress distribution) acts at the centre of the other
end. The forces generated by the couple add or subtract from the axial load in the 1 m ends of the
walls. The method is useful for typical straight shear walls of say 2.5 to 5.0 m in length.

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Global imperfections can be represented by forces Hi at floor level where


Hi = i(Nb Na)
where

= (1 / 200)hm

<5.2(1),
5.2(5), 5.2(8)
& NA>

where

where
m

Nb, Na
(Nb Na)

<Exp. (5.4)>

= 0.67 2 / l0.5 1.0


= 0.67 2 / 14.70.5 1.0
= 0.67 0.52 1.0
= 0.67
= [0.5(1 + 1 / m)]0.5
= no. of members contributing to the total effect
= 25 vertical elements on 4 floors
= 100
= 0.71
= 0.67 0.71 / 200
= 0.0024
= axial forces in members below and above
= axial load from each level

At roof level
Area
Perimeter
(Na Nb)

= 30.4 14.5 1.3 2.5 3.6 4.8


= 2 (30.4 + 14.5)
= axial load from roof level
= 420.3 (7.05 + 0.6) + 89.8 0.9 4.0

= 420.3 m3
= 89.8 m

(Na Nb)

= 420.3 (5.78 + 2.5) + 89.8 3.3 4.0

= 3615.7 + 1050.8 kN

(Na Nb)

= 3615.7 + 1050.8 kN

(Na Nb)

= 3615.7 + 1050.8 kN

At 3rd floor

= 3286.4 + 252.2 kN

At 2nd floor
At 1st floor
HiR = 0.0024 (3286.4 + 252.2) = 7.9 + 0.6 = 8.5 kN
Hi3 = Hi2 = Hi1 = 0.0024 (3615.7 + 1050.8) = 8.7 + 2.5 = 11.2 kN

Characteristic design moment at ground floor

= 8.5 13.2 + 11.2 (9.90 + 6.60 + 3.30)


= 112.2 + 221.8 = 334.0 kNm
As before, wall A resists 51% of this moment. Resolving into couple using 1 m either end of wall,
GkH = 0.51 334.0 / 3.4 = 50.1 kN
i.e. GkH = 50.1 kN / m
Mk

As Hi derives mainly from permanent actions its resulting effects are considered as being a
permanent action too.

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6.2.6 Design moments perpendicular to plane of wall

Figure 6.8 Plan of wall A and location of sections


A A and B B

Figure 6.9 Section A A

Section A A @ 1st floor.


The slab frames into the wall. For the purposes of assessing fixed end moments, the width of slab
contributing to the moments in the wall is assumed to be the length of the wall plus distances half
way to adjacent supports either end. Therefore, consider the fixed end moment for 1.50/2 + 4.40 +
1.30/ 2 = 5.8 m width of adjoining slab framing into the 4.4 m long shear wall (see Figure 6.8).

Figure 6.10 Subframe section A A @ 1st floor


FEM **

kw

**

Assuming variable action is a leading action:


= nl2/8
= 5.8 (1.35 5.78 + 1.5 2.5) 6.02 / 8
= 5.8 11.6 62 / 8 = 302.8 kNm
= EI / l
= E 4400 2003 / (12 3300)
= E 8.88 105

<BS EN 1990 Exp.


(6.10) & NA>

FEM Fixed End Moment for 1 m width of adjoining slab.

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ks
M

= E 5800 2003 / (2 12 6000)


= E 3.22 105
= 302.8 8.88 / (2 8.8 + 3.22)
= 121.2 kNm
= 302.8 0.42
i.e. 121.2 / 4.40
= EI / 2l

= 27.5 kNm / m @ ULS

Similarly, assuming variable action is an accompanying action:


= 5.8 (1.35 5.78 + 0.7 1.5 2.5) 62 / 8
= 5.8 10.4 62 / 8 = 271.4 kNm
= 25.9 kNm / m @ ULS
271.4 0.42 / 4.40

Section A A @ ground floor. By inspection not critical nominal moment.


Section B B @ 1st. Consider the landing influences half of wall (2.2 m long) and that this section of
wall is subject to supporting half the slab considered before at 1st floor level at Section AA.

Figure 6.11 Section B B


FEM
kw
ks
M

Assuming variable action is a leading action:


= 302.8 / 2 = 151.4 kNm
=I/l
= 2200 2003 / (12 1650) = 8.88 105
= 3.22 105 / 2 = 1.61 105
= 151.4 8.88 / (2 8.88 + 1.61)
= 151.4 0.46
= 69.6 kNm
i.e. 63.8 / 2.2

= 31.6 kNm / m @ ULS

Similarly, assuming variable action is an accompanying action:


= 5.8 (1.35 5.78 + 0.7 1.5 2.5) 62 / 8
= 5.8 10.4 62 / 8 = 271.4 kNm
= 28.4 kNm / m @ ULS
271.4 0.46 / (2 2.2)

Section B B at landing level and ground floor. By inspection not critical.

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6.2.7 Consider slenderness of wall at ground floor (max.)


<Concise Table 5.1>
Effective length, l0 = 0.75 (3300 200) = 2325
<5.8.3.2(1)>
= 3.46 l0 / h = 3.46 2325 / 200 = 40.2
<5.8.3.1(1),
Limiting slenderness, lim = 20 ABC / n0.5
Exp. (5.13N)>
where
A = 0.7
B = 1.1
C = 1.7 rm
where
= M01 / M02
rm
= say = 0.25
= 1.95
n = NEd / Acfd
where
NEd
= 214.6 1.25 + 31.2 1.5 0.7 + 502.9 1.5 + 98.2 1.5 0.7
= 268.3 + 32.8 + 754.4 + 103.1
= 1158.6 kN
Acfd
= 200 1000 0.85 30 / 1.5 = 3400 kN
n = 0.34
lim = 20 0.7 1.1 1.95 / 0.340.5 = 51.5
As < lim wall is not slender and no secondary moments

6.2.8 Summary: design forces on wall, ground 1st floor


At ground to 1st consider maxima.
Vertical loads
Vertical load due to in-plane bending and wind

Gk = 214.6 kN / m
Qk = 35.7 kN / m

Wk = 502.9 kN / m
Vertical load due to in-plane bending and imperfections
GkH = 50.1 kN / m
Maximum moment out of plane, floor imposed load as leading action
M = 31.6 kN / m @ ULS
Maximum moment out of plane, floor imposed load as accompanying action
M = 28.4 kN / m @ ULS

6.2.9 Combinations of actions at ground 1st floor


a) At ULS, for maximum axial load, Wk is leading variable action.
NEd = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk1 + 1.50Qki
= 1.35 (214.6 + 50.1) + 1.5 502.9 + 1.5 0.7 35.7
= 357.3 + 754.4 + 37.5
= 1149.2 kN / m
MEd = M + eiNEd e0NEd
where
M
= moment from 1st order analysis
= 28.4 kNm / m
= l0 / 400 = 2325 / 400 = 5.8 mm
ei
e0
= h / 30 20 mm = 20 mm
MEd = 28.4 + 0.0058 1149.2.1 0.020 1149.2
= 28.4 + 6.7 23.0 = 35.1 kNm/m

<5.8.8.2(1)
6.1.4>

<5.2(7), 5.2(9)>
<6.1.4>

Ignoring effect of landing.


Assuming wind load is lead variable action.

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b) At ULS, for minimum axial load, Wk is leading variable action.


NEd = 1.0 214.6 1.35 50.1 1.5 502.9 + 0 35.7
= 607.4 kN / m (tension)
MEd = 28.4 + 0.0058 607.4 0.020 602.4
= 28.4 + 3.5 23.0
= 31.9 kNm / m
c) At ULS, for maximum out of plane bending assuming Qk is leading variable action.
NEd = 1.35 (214.6 + 50.1) + 1.5 35.7 + 1.5 0.5 502.9
= 357.3 + 53.6 + 377.2
= 788.1 kN / m
MEd = 31.6 + 0.0058 788.1 0.020 788.1
= 31.6 + 4.6 15.8
= 36.2 kNm / m
or NEd = 1.0 214.6 1.35 50.1 0 31.2 1.5 0.5 502.9
= 214.6 67.6 0 377.2
= 230.2 kN / m (tension)
MEd = 31.6 + 0.0058 230.2
= 33.0 kNm / m
Consolidate c) into a) and b) to consider two load cases:
NEd = 1149.4 kN / m,
MEd = 36.2 kN / m (out of plane)
and
NEd = 607.4 kN / m,
MEd = 36.2 kN / m (out of plane)

6.2.10 Design: for cover


cnom = cmin + cdev
where
= max[cmin,b ; cmin,dur]]
cmin
where
= diameter of bar = 20 mm vertical or 10 mm lacers
cmin,b
= for XC1 = 15 mm
cmin,dur
cdev = 10 mm
25 mm to lacers
cnom = 15 + 10 =
(35 mm to vertical bars)

<Exp. (4.1)>

6.2.11 Fire resistance


Assuming 1 hour fire resistance required for, as a worst case, fi = 0.7
and fire on both sides.
Min. thickness = 140 mm, min. axis distance = 10 mm
i.e. not critical

<BS EN 199212:
Table 5.4>

6.2.12 Design using charts


For compressive load:
d2 / h = (25 + 10 + 16 / 2) / 200 = 0.215
interpolate between charts 15.5d and 15.5e for
NEd / bhfck
MEd / bh2fck

<Concise EC2 Figs


15.5d, 15.5e>

= 1149.4 103 / (200 1000 30) = 0.192


= 36.2 106 / (2002 1000 30) = 0.030

Strictly incompatible with Qk = 0. However, allow Qk= 0.

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Gives:
Asfyk / bhfck

= 0 minimum area of reinforcement required


= 0.002 Ac
= 0.002 200 1000
= 400 mm2 / m
= 200 mm2 / m each face
max. 400 mm cc, min. 12 mm diameter
Try T12 @ 400

<9.6.2 & NA>

<9.6.2(3),SMDSC>

Figure 6.12 Stresses and strains in wall subject to tension and out of plane moment
For tensile load and moment:
Working from first principles, referring to Figure 6.12 and ignoring contribution from concrete in tension
NEd
= (st1 + st2) As / 2
and
MEd
= (st1 st2) As / 2 (d d2)
so
st1 + st2 = 2NEd / As
and
st1 st2 = 2MEd / [(d d2)As]
= 2NEd / As + 2MEd / [(d d2)As]

2st1
A

= (NEd / st1) + MEd / (d d2)st1


s
st1
= fyk / m = 500 / 1.15 = 434.8
As

= 607.4 103 / 434.8 + 36.2 106 / [(157 43) 434.8]

= 1397 + 730

= 2127 mm2
st2
= 2NEd / As st1 = 571.7 434.8 = 136 MPa
By inspection all concrete is in tension zone and may be ignored.
Use 6 no. H16 @ 200 cc both sides for at least 1 m each end of wall (2412 mm2)

6.2.13 Horizontal reinforcement


As, hmin

= 0.001As or 25% As vert


= 200 mm2 or 0.25 2036 = 509 mm2 / m
requires 254 mm2 / m each side
Spacing 400 mm
Links not required
Use H10 @ 300 (262 mm2 / m) both sides.

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<9.6.3(1) & NA>

<9.6.3(2)>
<9.6.4(1)>

Page 13 of 15

6.2.14 Check for tension at top of foundation


Permanent and variable (see Section6.2.2)
<Section 6.2.2>
= 1021.0 / 4.4 = 232.0 kN / m
Gk
Qk
= 225.1 / 4.4 = 51.2 kN / m
<Section 6.2.4>
Wind
Mk
= 17.2 14.1 [14.1 / 2 + 0.6] = 1855.3 kN / m
Resolved into couple 1 m either end of wall
Wkw
= 1855.3 / 3.4 = +/- 545.7 kN / m
<Section 6.2.5>
Global imperfections(see Section 6.2.5)
Mk
= 8.5 13.8 + 11.2 (10.5 + 7.2 + 3.9 + 0.6)
= 365.9 kNm
GkH
= 365.9 0.51 / 3.4 = 54.9 kN / m
At ULS for maximum axial tension Wk is lead variable action:
NEd
= 1.0 232.0 1.35 54.9 1.5 545.7 + 0 51.2
= 660.7 kN / m
MEd
<6.1.4>
= nominal = e2NEd = 0.02 660.7
= 13.2 kNm / m
As before
NEd
MEd
As
=
+
fyk / m
(d d2)fyk / m
= 660.7 103 / 434.8 + 13.2 106 / [(157 43) 434.8]
= 1520 + 266
= 1786 mm2 i.e. not critical
Use 6 no. H16 @ 200 cc b.s. for at least 1 m either end of wall.

6.2.15 Check stability


Assume base extends 0.3 m beyond either end of wall A, i.e. is 5.0 m long
and is 1.2 m wide by 0.9 m deep
Overturning moments

<BS EN 1990 Table


A1.2(A) & NA>

Wind (see Figure 6.6)


Mk = 0.51 x 17.2 14.1 [14.1 / 2 + 1.5] = 1057.5
Global imperfections (see Figure 6.7)
Mk = 0.51 x [8.5 14.7 + 11.2 (11.4 + 8.1 + 4.8 + 1.5)]
= 0.51 x [125.0 + 11.2 25.8]
= 0.51 x 414.0
= 211 kNm
Restoring moment
Mk = (1021.0 + 5.0 x 1.2 x 0.9 x 25 + 0 x 225.1 ) x (0.3 + 2.2)
= 2890 kNm
At ULS of EQU,
Overturning moment
= fn(Q,1Qk1 + G,supGk)
= 1.5 x 1057.5 + 1.1 x 211.0 = 1818.4 kNm
Restoring moment
= fn(G,infGk)
= 0.9 x 2890 = 2601 kNm i.e. > 1818.4 kNm

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<BS EN 1990 Table


A1.2(A) & NA>
<BS EN 1990 Table
A1.2(A) & NA>
OK

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6.2.16 Design summary

Figure 6.13 Wall design summary

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