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Wall Design Eurocode
Wall Design Eurocode
Draft Version
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application.
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information is accepted by the Concrete Centre or their subcontractors, suppliers or
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Readers should note that this is a draft version of a document and will be subject to
revision from time to time and should therefore ensure that they are in possession of the
latest version.
Walls
6.1
General
Walls are defined as being vertical elements whose lengths are four times greater than
their thicknesses. Their design does not differ significantly from the design of columns in
that axial loads and moments about each axis are assessed and designed for.
Generally, the method of designing walls is as follows:
1. Determine design life.
2. Assess actions on the column.
3. Determine which combinations of actions
apply.
4. Assess durability requirements and determine
concrete strength.
5. Check cover requirements for appropriate fire
resistance period.
6. Determine cover for fire, durability and bond.
7. Analyse structure for critical combination
moments and axial forces.
8. Check slenderness and determine design
moments.
9. Determine area of reinforcement required.
10. Check spacing of bars
Example 6.2 shows the design of a simple linear shear wall as typically used in medium rise
buildings. Similar principals may be applied to walls that are shaped as C, L, T, Z and rectangles
in-plan but issues of limiting flange dimensions and shear at corners need be addressed. The
example shows only ULS design as, apart from minimum areas of steel to control cracking, SLS
issues are generally non-critical in medium-rise structures. For shear walls in high-rise
structures, reference should be made to specialist literature (ref to CIRIA R102 Design of shear
wall buildings).
6.2
Wall A is 200 mm thick and in addition to providing vertical support to 200 mm flat slabs at
roof level and floors 1 to 3, it helps to provide lateral stability to the four storey office block.
Assuming the stair itself provides no lateral stability, the wall is to be designed for the critical
section at ground and first floor level using BS EN 1990 Exp. (6.10). The concrete is C30 / 37.
The wall is supported on pad foundations and the ground floor is ground bearing.
Figure 6.1
Typical floor plan
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Figure 6.2
Section XX
The example is intended to show how a shear wall providing part of the lateral stability in
one direction in a medium rise structure might be designed by hand.
Axial loads and first order moments are determined. The designs consider slenderness in
order to determine design moments, MEd in the plane perpendicular to the wall. The effects
of allowing for imperfections are also illustrated.
6.2.1
Actions
Roof
kN / m2
qk
gk
Paving 40 mm
Waterproofing
Insulation
Suspended ceiling
Services
Self-weight 200 mm slab
<Section 2.3.2>
1.00
0.50
0.10
0.15
0.30
5.00
7.05
Variable action
0.60
Floor slabs
Carpet
Raised floor
Suspended ceiling
Services
Self-weight 200 mm slab
0.03
0.30
0.15
0.30
5.00
5.78
Variable action
Ground floor slab (ground bearing)
Carpet
Raised floor
Services
Self-weight 200 mm slab
2.50
0.03
0.30
0.15
5.00
5.48
Variable action
2.50
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Stairs
150 waist @ 30
Treads 0.15 0.25 25 4 / 2 =
Screed 0.05 22 =
Plaster
Tiles and bedding
4.40
1.88
1.10
0.21
1.00
8.59
Variable
Cavity wall
2.50
102 mm brickwork
50 mm insulation
100 mm blockwork
Plaster
2.37
0.02
1.40
0.21
4.00
200 mm wall
Plaster both sides
5.00
0.42
5.42
RC wall
Wind
Wk =
1.10
Roof
Roof
Wall
@ level
154.3
13.7
78.7
246.7
3
floor
Landing
Wall
Stair
Gk
@ level
13.1
1.2
14.3
100.6
43.5
11.6
78.7
41.6
232.5
5.0
232.5
232.5
74.9
60.6
711.7
135.5
60.6
944.2
12.1
60.6
479.2
63.6
13.2
76.8
196.1
29.0
29.0
1021.0
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14.3
246.7
Qk
225.1
Page 4 of 15
Qk = n 196.1
where
n = 1.1 n / 10
where
n =no. of storeys qualifying for reduction*
<BS EN 1991-1-1 6.3.1.2(11) & NA>
=3
= 1.1 3 / 10 = 0.8
Qk /m = 156.9 / 4.4 = 35.7 kN /m
Qk = 0.8 196.1 = 156.9 kN
ILS
Wall A:
IWallA
Area
5.76
4.00
0.32
1.44
x
1.2
1.2
2.3
Ax
6.912
4.800
0.732
1.38
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Page 5 of 15
x
Figure 6.4 Lift shaft
x = Ax / A = 1.38 / 1.44 = 0.956 m
i.e. from face of lift shaft to CoG of shaft
= 2.40 0.956 = 1.444 m
Shear centre, Cw of walls, from centreline of wall A
=
or
1.36 25.49
1.36 + 1.41
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Page 6 of 15
= 502.9 kN
For medium rise shear walls there are a number of methods of design. Cl. 9.6.1 suggests strut-andtie (see Section xx). Another method [ref to Concrete Buildings Design manual] is to determine elastic
tensile and compression stresses from NEd/bL +/ 6MEd/bL2 and determine reinforcement
requirements based on those maxima. The method used here assumes a couple, consisting of 1.0 m of
wall either end of the wall. The reinforcement in tension is assumed to act at the centre of one end and
the concrete in compression (with a rectangular stress distribution) acts at the centre of the other
end. The forces generated by the couple add or subtract from the axial load in the 1 m ends of the
walls. The method is useful for typical straight shear walls of say 2.5 to 5.0 m in length.
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Page 7 of 15
= (1 / 200)hm
<5.2(1),
5.2(5), 5.2(8)
& NA>
where
where
m
Nb, Na
(Nb Na)
<Exp. (5.4)>
At roof level
Area
Perimeter
(Na Nb)
= 420.3 m3
= 89.8 m
(Na Nb)
= 3615.7 + 1050.8 kN
(Na Nb)
= 3615.7 + 1050.8 kN
(Na Nb)
= 3615.7 + 1050.8 kN
At 3rd floor
= 3286.4 + 252.2 kN
At 2nd floor
At 1st floor
HiR = 0.0024 (3286.4 + 252.2) = 7.9 + 0.6 = 8.5 kN
Hi3 = Hi2 = Hi1 = 0.0024 (3615.7 + 1050.8) = 8.7 + 2.5 = 11.2 kN
As Hi derives mainly from permanent actions its resulting effects are considered as being a
permanent action too.
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Page 8 of 15
kw
**
17 Sep. 07
Page 9 of 15
ks
M
17 Sep. 07
Page 10 of 15
Gk = 214.6 kN / m
Qk = 35.7 kN / m
Wk = 502.9 kN / m
Vertical load due to in-plane bending and imperfections
GkH = 50.1 kN / m
Maximum moment out of plane, floor imposed load as leading action
M = 31.6 kN / m @ ULS
Maximum moment out of plane, floor imposed load as accompanying action
M = 28.4 kN / m @ ULS
<5.8.8.2(1)
6.1.4>
<5.2(7), 5.2(9)>
<6.1.4>
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Page 11 of 15
<Exp. (4.1)>
<BS EN 199212:
Table 5.4>
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Page 12 of 15
Gives:
Asfyk / bhfck
<9.6.2(3),SMDSC>
Figure 6.12 Stresses and strains in wall subject to tension and out of plane moment
For tensile load and moment:
Working from first principles, referring to Figure 6.12 and ignoring contribution from concrete in tension
NEd
= (st1 + st2) As / 2
and
MEd
= (st1 st2) As / 2 (d d2)
so
st1 + st2 = 2NEd / As
and
st1 st2 = 2MEd / [(d d2)As]
= 2NEd / As + 2MEd / [(d d2)As]
2st1
A
= 1397 + 730
= 2127 mm2
st2
= 2NEd / As st1 = 571.7 434.8 = 136 MPa
By inspection all concrete is in tension zone and may be ignored.
Use 6 no. H16 @ 200 cc both sides for at least 1 m each end of wall (2412 mm2)
17 Sep. 07
<9.6.3(2)>
<9.6.4(1)>
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