Fire 1 Kruppa

EUROCODES
Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop
Structural Fire Design

according to Eurocodes
Jol KRUPPA
CTICM
Coordinator CEN TC 250 / Horizontal Group "FIRE"
EUROCODES
ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS
SAFETY in CASE of FIRE

concerning the construction work :
Load bearing capacity of the construction can be
assumed for a specific period of time
The generation and spread of fire and smoke
within the works are limited
The spread of fire to neighbouring construction
works is limited
The occupants can leave the works or be
rescued by other means
The safety of rescue teams is taken into
consideration
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HARMONISATION of ASSESSMENT METHODS
To prove compliance with Essential

Requirements :
Tests + extended applications of results

calculation and/or design methods
combination of tests and calculations
EUROCODES
EUROCODES for
STRUCTURAL FIRE DESIGN
Fire parts within :

EC 1 : ACTIONS on STRUCTURES
EC 2 :
EC 3 :
EC 4 :
EC 5 :
EC 6 :
EC 9 :
CONCRETE STRUCTURES
STEEL STRUCTURES
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
TIMBER STRUCTURES
MASONRY
ALUMINIUM ALLOYS STRUCTURES
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First Group end of 80's
Under the leadership of M. Kersken-Bradley (G):

J. C. Dotreppe (B- Concrete),
C. Hahn (G Masonry)
B. A. Haseltine (UK Masonry)
L. Krampf (G Concrete)
J. Kruppa (F Actions - Steel Composite)
M. Law (F Steel)
J. Mathez (F Concrete)
E. Pedersen (DK Timber)
P. Schaumann (G Composite)
J. B. Schleich (L Steel Composite)
G. Storti (F Timber)
L. Twilt (F Actions - Steel Composite)
CEN TC 250 Sub-Committees

involved in Fire Safety
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TC 250
Structural Eurocodes
SC 1
ACTIONS
SC2
CONCRETE
SC 3
STEEL
SC4
COMPOSITE
SC5
TIMBER
SC6
MASONRY
SC9
ALUMINIUM
EC1- part 1.1

General actions
EC2 - part 1.1

general rules
EC3 - part 1.1

general rules
EC4 - part 1.1

general rules
EC5 - part 1.1

general rules
EC6 - part 1.1

general rules
EC9 - part 1.1

general rules
part 1.2
actions in
case of fire
part 1.2
structural
fire design
part 1.2
structural
fire design
part 1.2
structural
fire design
part 1.2
structural
fire design
part 1.2
structural
fire design
part 1.2
structural
fire design
HORIZONTAL GROUP "FIRE"
EUROCODES
NDP for Structural Fire Design
Selection thermal actions

nominal fires
parametric fire (simple fire models)
advanced fire models
Some coefficients for load combination

Default value for reduction factor for the
design load level in fire situation
Use of advanced calculation models
Some material properties
Use of informative annexes on simple
calculation methods
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EC1 1.2 : Actions in case of fire
2.1
General
(1) A structural fire design analysis should take

into account the following steps as relevant :
selection of the relevant design fire scenarios,
determination of the corresponding design fires,
calculation of temperature evolution within the
structural members,
calculation of the mechanical behaviour of the
structure exposed to fire.
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Various Steps for Assessments
9
1200
1000
temperature (C)
Fire Development and

propagation
800
600
400
200
Structural
schematisation
or
20
40
60
80
or
Heat Transfer to
structural elements
Time (min)
Mechanical behaviour
at elevated temperatures
Vert. Disp. V (mm)
0
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
-300
-350
-400
-450
10
20
30
40
50
V
60
70
80
90
100
100
120
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2.2
Design fire scenario
(1) To identify the accidental design situation, the

relevant design fire scenarios and the associated
design fires should be determined on the basis
of a fire risk assessment.
(2) For structures where particular risks of fire
arise as a consequence of other accidental
actions, this risk should be considered when
determining the overall safety concept.
(3) Time- and load-dependent structural
behaviour prior to the accidental situation needs
not be considered, unless (2) applies.
10
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Real scale fires

11
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2.3 Design fire

(1) For each design fire scenario, a design fire, in
a fire compartment, should be estimated
according to section 3 of this Part.
(2) The design fire should be applied only to one
fire compartment of the building at a time, unless
otherwise specified in the design fire scenario.
(3) For structures, where the national authorities
specify structural fire resistance requirements, it
may be assumed that the relevant design fire is
given by the standard fire, unless specified
otherwise .
12
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ISO fire versus "natural" fires
13
Temperature [C]
1200
1000
800
600
ISO
NAT - 1
NAT - 2
NAT - 3
400
200
0
0
10
20
30
Time [min]
40
50
60
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2.4 Temperature Analysis

(1)P When performing temperature analysis of a
member, the position of the design fire in relation
to the member shall be taken into account.
(2) For external members, fire exposure through
openings in facades and roofs should be
considered.
(3) For separating external walls fire exposure
from inside (from the respective fire
compartment) and alternatively from outside
(from other fire compartments) should be
considered when required.
14
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2.4
Temperature Analysis (cont'd)

(4) Depending on the design fire chosen in section 3, the
following procedures should be used :
with a nominal temperature-time curve, the temperature
analysis of the structural members is made for a specified
period of time, without any cooling phase;
NOTE 1 The specified period of time may be given in the National
Regulations or obtained from Annex F following the specifications of the
National Annex.
with a fire model, the temperature analysis of the structural

members is made for the full duration of the fire, including
the cooling phase.
NOTE 2 Limited periods of fire resistance may be set in the National Annex.
15
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2.5 Mechanical Analysis

(1)P The mechanical analysis shall be performed for the same
duration as used in the temperature analysis.
(2) Verification of fire resistance should be in the time domain:
tfi,d tfi,requ
or in the strength domain:
Rfi,d,t Efi,d,t
or in the temperature domain:
d cr,d
where
tfi,d
tfi,requ
Rfi,d,t
Efi,d,t
d
cr,d
design value of the fire resistance

required fire resistance time
design value of the resistance of the member in the fire situation at time t
design value of the relevant effects of actions in the fire situation at time t
design value of material temperature
design value of the critical material temperature
16
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EUROCODES
2 to 6 and 9
parts 1. 2
17
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PARTS on STRUCTURAL FIRE DESIGN
18
The parts dealing with structural fire resistance in EC2 to

EC6 & EC9 have the following layout:
General (scope, definitions, symbols and units)
Basic principles (performances requirements, design values
of material properties and assessment methods)
Material properties (strength and deformation and thermal
properties)
Assessment methods
Constructional details (if any)
Annexes (additional information)
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Requirements
19
2.1.1 General
(1)P Where mechanical resistance in the case of fire is
required, concrete structures shall be designed and
constructed in such a way that they maintain their load
bearing function during the relevant fire exposure.
(2)P Where compartmentation is required, the elements
forming the boundaries of the fire compartment, including
joints, shall be designed and constructed in such a way
that they maintain their separating function during the
relevant fire exposure. This shall ensure, where relevant,
that:
integrity failure does not occur, see EN 1991-1-2
insulation failure does not occur, see EN 1991-1-2
thermal radiation from the unexposed side is limited.
Exemple from EC2-1.2
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Requirements
20
2.1.1 General (cont'd)

(3)P Deformation criteria shall be applied where
the means of protection, or the design criteria for
separating elements, require consideration of the
deformation of the load bearing structure.
(4) Consideration of the deformation of the load
bearing structure is not necessary in the
following cases, as relevant:
the efficiency of the means of protection has been evaluated
according to [],
the separating elements have to fulfil requirements
according to nominal fire exposure.
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Requirements
21
2.1.3 Parametric fire exposure

(2) For the verification of the separating function the following
applies, assuming that the normal temperature is 20C:
the average temperature rise of the unexposed side of the construction
should be limited to 140 K and the maximum temperature rise of the
unexposed side should not exceed 180 K during the heating phase until
the maximum gas temperature in the fire compartment is reached;
the average temperature rise of the unexposed side of the construction
should be limited to 1 and the maximum temperature rise of the
unexposed side should not exceed 2 during the decay phase.
Note: The values of 1 and 2 for use in a Country may be found in

its National Annex. The recommended values are 1 = 200 K and
2 = 240 K.
Background for 1 = 200 K
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22
1200
1100
1000
Standard fire
Temperature [C]
900
800
700
Unexposed side of the separating element
Separating
Seperating
element for I 120:
element for I 30 :
+187
K at 181 min
+210 K at 49 min.
600
500
400
300
200
+ 140 K
100
0
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
Time [min]
Experimentations carried out in the 80s ("Investigating the unexposed surface

temperature criteria of standard ASTM E 119", by K. J. Schwartz and T.T. Lie, Fire
technology, vol 21, N0 3, August 1985):
- concluded the self-ignition temperatures of ordinary combustibles, in contact with
unexposed surface of separating element are in excess of 520 F (271C),
- suggested to use 400F (222 K) for average temperature rise and 450F (250 K) for
maximum temperature rise at any point
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Material Properties
23
2.3 Design values of material properties

(1)P Design values of mechanical (strength and deformation) material properties Xd,fi are
defined as follows:
Xd,fi = k Xk / M,fi
Xk
k
characteristic value of a strength or deformation property

reduction factor for a strength or deformation property dependent on
M,fi
partial safety factor for the relevant material property, for the fire situation
temperature
(2)P Design values of thermal material properties Xd,fi are defined as follows:
Xd,fi = Xk, /M,fi

Xk,
M,fi
or
Xd,fi = M,fi Xk,
value of a material property in fire design

partial safety factor for the relevant material property, for the fire situation.
Note 1: The value of M,fi for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The
recommended value is: M,fi = 1,0
Note 2: If the recommended values are modified, the tabulated data may require modification
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Verification method :
BASIC PRINCIPLE
Load-bearing function of a structure

shall be assumed for the relevant
duration of fire exposure t if :
Ed,t, fi Rd,t, fi
where :
Ed,t, fi : design effect of actions (Eurocode 1
part 1.2)
Rd,t, fi : design resistance of the structure at
time t
24
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Schematisation of the structure
Various possibilities for

analysis of a structure
global structural
analysis
analysis of parts of
the structure
member analysis (mainly
when verifying
standard fire
resistance requirements)
25
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Member Analysis
(1) The effect of actions should be determined for time t = 0

using combination factors 1,1 or 1,2 according to EN 1991-12 Section 4.
(2) As a simplification to (1) the effects of actions may be
obtained from a structural analysis for normal temperature
design as:
Ed,fi = fi Ed
Where
Ed is the design value of the corresponding force or moment for
normal temperature design, for a fundamental combination of
actions (see EN 1990);
fi is the reduction factor for the design load level for the fire
situation.
Gk + fi Qk,1
fi =
G Gk + Q,1Qk,1
26
fi
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27
0,8
fi
0,7
fi,1 = 0,9
0,6
fi,1 = 0,7
0,5
fi,1 = 0,5
0,4
0,3
fi,1 = 0,2
0,2
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
Q k,1 / G k
assumptions: G, = 1,35 and Q,1 = 1,5.
Note 2: As a simplification a recommended value of fi = 0,7

may be used.
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Member Analysis (cont'd)
28
(4) Only the effects of thermal deformations

resulting from thermal gradients across the
cross-section need be considered. The
effects of axial or in-plane thermal
expansions may be neglected.
(5) The boundary conditions at supports and
ends of member, applicable at time t = 0,
are assumed to remain unchanged
throughout the fire exposure.
EUROCODES
Global structural analysis
(1)P When global structural analysis for the

fire situation is carried out, the relevant
failure mode in fire exposure, the
temperature-dependent material properties
and member stiffnesses, effects of thermal
expansions and deformations (indirect fire
actions) shall be taken into account.
29
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Assessment methods
30
covering both thermal model and mechanical

model
tabulated data
standard
fire
dimensi
resistance
on
[min]
axis
distanc
e
R 30
bmin
a
R 60
bmin
a
R 90
bmin
a
R 120
bmin
a
R 180
bmin
a
R 240
bmin
a
Minimum dimensions [mm]
Possible combinations of a (average

axis distance) and bmin (width of
beam)
80
120
160
200
25
15
10
10
120
160
200
300
40
35
30
25
150
200
250
400
55
45
40
35
200
240
300
500
65
55
50
45
240
300
400
600
80
70
65
60
280
250
500
500
90
80
75
70
Web
thickness
80
100
100
120
140
160
simple calculation models

a,t
p A p / V ( g ,t - a ,t )
t
(1 + /3 )
d p ca a
- (e
/ 10
- 1 ) g,t
HD
advanced calculation
models
EUROCODES
Data on fire protection systems
Membrane protection
TS 13381-1 : horizontal membranes
ENV 13381 -2 : vertical membranes
Fire protection to :
ENV 13381 -3 : concrete members
ENV 13381 -4 (& -8 ?) : steel members
ENV 13381 -5 : concrete/profiled steel sheet
ENV 13381 -6 : concrete filled hollow steel columns
ENV 13381 -7 : timber members
(Developed by CEN TC 127)
31
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Possible Design Procedures
32
Project Design
Prescriptive Regulation
(Thermal Actions given
by a Nominal Fire)
Performance-Based Code
(Physically Based
Thermal Actions)
1000
1200
625
Gas temperature [C]
Temperature [C]
900
900
600
Standard time-temperature
curve
Hydrocarbon fire
300
External fire
800
700
356
600
310
500
400
189
300
200
100
30
60
90
120
Time [min]
150
180
210
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90 100 110 120 130 140 150
Time [min]
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Possible Design Procedures (contd)
33
Member analysis
Mechanical
actions at boundaries
Tabulated data
1200
Temperature [C]
Prescriptive Regulation
(Thermal Actions given
by a Nominal Fire)
900
600
Standard time-temperature
curve
Hydrocarbon fire
300
External fire
0
0
30
60
90
120
Time [min]
150
180
Analysis of part
of the structure
Analysis of the
entire structure
Mechanical
Selection of
mechanical actions
Simple calculation
models
Advanced calculation
models
210
EUROCODES
Possible Design Procedures (contd)
34
1000
625
900
Gas temperature [C]
Performance-Based Code
800
700
356
600
310
500
400
189
300
200
Fire development Model
Member analysis
Mechanical
100
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90 100 110 120 130 140 150
Time [min]
Analysis of part
of the structure
Analysis of the
entire structure
Mechanical
Selection of
mechanical actions
Simple calculation
models
Advanced calculation
models
EUROCODES
ISO Concept vs FSE* Approach
Model
35
ISO concept
FSE* Approach
(current approach)
fire model
ISO-fire
all design fires
1100C @ 120min
300C @120min
1300C @ 20min
And cooling phase
structural
model
isolated
elements
(part of) structure with

interaction between
elements
heat transfert
model
uniform temperature
over the whole surface
thermal gradient in 2 , 3
directions
mechanical
model
mainly ultimate load

bearing capacity
ultimate and
"deformation" limit states
* : Fire Safety Engineering
EUROCODES
36

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EUROCODES

Background and Applications

Structural Fire Design

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

SAFETY in CASE of FIRE

HARMONISATION of ASSESSMENT METHODS

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

To prove compliance with Essential

Tests + extended applications of results

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Fire parts within :

First Group end of 80's

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Under the leadership of M. Kersken-Bradley (G):

CEN TC 250 Sub-Committees

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

EC1- part 1.1

EC2 - part 1.1

EC3 - part 1.1

EC4 - part 1.1

EC5 - part 1.1

EC6 - part 1.1

EC9 - part 1.1

HORIZONTAL GROUP "FIRE"

NDP for Structural Fire Design

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Selection thermal actions

Some coefficients for load combination

EC1 1.2 : Actions in case of fire

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

(1) A structural fire design analysis should take

Various Steps for Assessments

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Fire Development and

Vert. Disp. V (mm)

EC1 1.2 : Actions in case of fire

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Design fire scenario

(1) To identify the accidental design situation, the

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Real scale fires

EC1 1.2 : Actions in case of fire

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

2.3 Design fire

ISO fire versus "natural" fires

Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

EC1 1.2 : Actions in case of fire

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

2.4 Temperature Analysis

EC1 1.2 : Actions in case of fire

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Temperature Analysis (cont'd)

with a fire model, the temperature analysis of the structural

EC1 1.2 : Actions in case of fire

Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

2.5 Mechanical Analysis

design value of the fire resistance

PARTS on STRUCTURAL FIRE DESIGN

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

The parts dealing with structural fire resistance in EC2 to

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Exemple from EC2-1.2