Power System

Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT

Power System Protection

CCVT in Power Line

Communication

Ferro
Resonance
Problem
Classification
of CCVTs
Summary

S.A.Soman
Department of Electrical Engineering
IIT Bombay

Introduction to VT

Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman

Equivalent Circuit of a VT

CCVT
CCVT in Power Line Communication

Ferro Resonance Problem

Classification of CCVTs

Summary

Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT
CCVT in Power Line
Communication

Ferro
Resonance
Problem
Classification
of CCVTs
Summary

Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT
CCVT in Power Line
Communication

Ferro
Resonance
Problem
Classification
of CCVTs
Summary

Voltage Transformers
The measurement of voltage for various relaying
schemes is done by a VT.
The equivalent circuit of a VT is similar to that of a
conventional transformer.

Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT
CCVT in Power Line
Communication

Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformer

A capacitor potential divider is used to cut down VT
size and cost.

Ferro
Resonance
Problem

A reduced voltage is fed to primary of the VT.

Classification
of CCVTs

A tuning inductor is connected to compensate for

capacitance effect.

Summary

When L =
voltage.

1
(C1 +C2 ) ,

the relay sees the actual

Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT
CCVT in Power Line
Communication

Ferro
Resonance
Problem
Classification
of CCVTs
Summary

Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT
CCVT in Power Line
Communication

Ferro
Resonance
Problem
Classification
of CCVTs
Summary

Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman

Equivalent Circuit of a VT

CCVT
CCVT in Power Line Communication

Ferro Resonance Problem

Classification of CCVTs

Summary

Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT
CCVT in Power Line
Communication

Ferro
Resonance
Problem
Classification
of CCVTs
Summary

Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT
CCVT in Power Line
Communication

Ferro
Resonance
Problem
Classification
of CCVTs
Summary

CCVT in Power Line Communication

Capacitance potential
divider provides a shunt
path for high frequency
signals.
High frequency signals
can be coupled to power
line for communication.
Frequency range is 50 400kHz.
A drainage reactor is
connected to block the
path to ground for RF
signal.

Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT
CCVT in Power Line
Communication

Ferro
Resonance
Problem
Classification
of CCVTs
Summary

Ferro Resonance Problem in CCVT

Nonlinearity of the iron cores of reactor and transformer
causes ferroresonance.
Hence, ferroresonance suppression circuit is included
in the secondary of CCVT.
This will aggravate transients in the CCVT.
The differential equation of the equivalent R-L-C circuit is
given by,
dv
di
1
d 2i
= R +
i +L 2
dt
dt
Ceq
dt
During fault, v(t)=0 and the equation will be,
R di
1
d 2i
+
i = 0
+
L dt
LCeq
dt 2

Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT

The standard form of the equation is given by,

d 2i
+ 2n + n2 i = 0
dt 2

CCVT in Power Line

Communication

Ferro
Resonance
Problem
Classification
of CCVTs
Summary

It can be seen that the response of the circuit depends upon

The damping constant .
The natural frequency n in rad/sec.
The point on the voltage waveform where the fault
strikes.
The transients formed are known as subsistence transients.
It can reduce the accuracy of distance relays.

Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT
CCVT in Power Line
Communication

Ferro
Resonance
Problem
Classification
of CCVTs
Summary

Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT
CCVT in Power Line
Communication

Ferro
Resonance
Problem
Classification
of CCVTs
Summary

Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT
CCVT in Power Line
Communication

Ferro
Resonance
Problem
Classification
of CCVTs
Summary

Classification of CCVTs
CCVTs are classified into two types:
Class 1

Class 2

Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT
CCVT in Power Line
Communication

Ferro
Resonance
Problem
Classification
of CCVTs
Summary

Classification of CCVTs
CCVTs are classified into two types:
Class 1
Maximum ratio error is 1%.
Maximum phase angle error is 40 min.

Class 2

Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT
CCVT in Power Line
Communication

Ferro
Resonance
Problem
Classification
of CCVTs
Summary

Classification of CCVTs
CCVTs are classified into two types:
Class 1
Maximum ratio error is 1%.
Maximum phase angle error is 40 min.

Class 2
Maximum ratio error is 2%.
Maximum phase angle error is 80 min.

Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT
CCVT in Power Line
Communication

Ferro
Resonance
Problem
Classification
of CCVTs
Summary

Summary
Role of voltage transformers.
Equivalent Circuit of a CCVT.
Use of CCVT in pilot wire communication.
Ferroresonance problem in CCVTs.
Classification of CCVTs.