Color Image Processing Fundamentals

Lecture8
Introductionto
ColorImageProcessing
LinZHANG,PhD
SchoolofSoftwareEngineering
TongjiUniversity
Spring2013
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
Outline
Colorfundamentals
Colormodels
Pseudocolor imageprocessing
Basicsoffullcolorimageprocessing
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
ColorFundamentals
In1666,IsaacNewtondiscoveredthatwhenabeam
ofsunlightpassesthroughaglassprism,the
emergingbeamissplitintoaspectrumofcolors
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
ColorFundamentals
Thecolorsthathumansandmostanimalsperceive
inanobjectaredeterminedbythenatureofthe
lightreflectedfromtheobject
Forexample,green
objectsreflectlight
withwavelengths
primarilyintherange
Wh
ite L
of500 570nmwhile
ight
Colours
absorbingmostofthe
Absorbed
energyatother
Light
Green
wavelengths
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
ColorFundamentals
Chromaticlightspanstheelectromagneticspectrum
fromapproximately400to700nm
Aswementionedbeforehumancolorvisionis
achievedthrough6to7millionconesineacheye
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Outline
Colorfundamentals
Colormodels
RGB
CMY(CMYK)
HSI
NTSC
YCbCr
CIEL*a*b*
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
ColorModel
Thepurposeofacolormodelistofacilitatethe
specificationofcolorsinsomestandard
Inessence,acolormodelisaspecificationofa
coordinatesystemandasubspacewithinthatsystem
whereeachcolorisrepresentedbyasinglepoint
Mostcolormodelsareorientedeithertowardspecific
hardwareortowardapplications
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
RGBModel
Red,green,andblue,threeprimarycolors
Conecellsinhumaneyeareresponsibleforcolorvision
Familiar?
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RGBModel
Red,green,andblue,threeprimarycolors
Approximately66%oftheseconesaresensitivetored
light,33%togreenlightand6%tobluelight
Absorptioncurvesforthedifferentconeshavebeen
determinedexperimentally
Forstandardization,theCIE(in1931)designatedred
(700nm),green(546.1nm)andblue(435.8nm)lightas
threeprimarycolors;theyaremixedtogenerateother
spectralcolors
Note:theCIEstandardisnotquiteconsistentwiththe
responsecurvesoftheconecells;thisisbecausethecurvesare
notavailabletill1965
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
RGBModel
Somenotesonprimarycolors
Havingthreespecificprimarywavelengthsforthepurpose
ofstandardizationdoesnotmeanthesethreeRGB
componentsactingalonecangenerateallspectrumcolors
Thewordprimary hasbeenwidelymisinterpretedto
meanthatthethreestandardprimaries,whenmixedin
variousintensityproportions,canproduceall visiblecolors
Whenthethreeprimariesarefixed,wecanapproximate
allthespectrumcolorsbymixingtheprimaries(usually
throughsubjectiveexperiments)
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
RGBModel
RGBmodel
ThismodelisbasedonaCartesiancoordinatesystem
Thecolorsubspaceofinterestisthecube,inwhichRGB
primaryvaluesareatthreecorners;blackisattheorigin
whilewhiteisatthecornerfarthestfromtheorigin
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
RGBModel
RGBmodel
AnRGBcolorimageisanarrayofcolorpixels,
M N 3
whereeachcolorpixelisatriplet,correspondingtothe
red,green,andbluecomponents
AnRGBimagemaybeviewedasastack ofthreegray
scaleimages
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
RGBModel
RGBmodel
Thethreecolor
componentsofa
colorpixel,arranged
asacolumnvector
Bluecomponentimage
Greencomponentimage
Redcomponentimage
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RGBModel
RGBmodel
InMatlab,routinecat canbeusedtostackthreecomponents
toformanRGBimage
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
Outline
Colorfundamentals
Colormodels
RGB
CMY(CMYK)
HSI
NTSC
YCbCr
CIEL*a*b*
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
CMY(CMYK)Model
Theprimarycolors(R,G,B)canbeaddedtoproduce
thesecondary colors
Redplusbluecangeneratemagenta
Greenplusbluecangeneratecyan
Redplusgreencangenerateyellow
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
CMY(CMYK)Model
CMYcolorspace
Ittakescyan,magenta,andyellowasprimarycolors
CMYiswidelyusedforpaintingandprinting
CMYmodelcanbeeasilyconvertedfromRGBmodelby
C 1 R
M 1 G

Y 1 B
whereallcolorvalueshavebeennormalizedtotherange[0,1]
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
CMY(CMYK)Model
CMYcolorspace
Ittakescyan,magenta,andyellowasprimarycolors
CMYiswidelyusedforpaintingandprinting
ImplementationTips
1) ConversionbetweenRGBandCMYimagescanbeeasily
implementedviaimcomplement
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
CMY(CMYK)Model
CMYKcolorspace
Theoreticallyspeaking,equalamountsofpigments
primaries,cyan,magenta,andyellowshouldproduce
black
Inpractice,suchamethodcangenerateaquitemuddy
black
Thus,toproducetrueblack,afourthcolor,black is
addedandgivesrisetotheCMYKcolormodel.(Kmeans
blackinK)
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
Outline
Colorfundamentals
Colormodels
RGB
CMY(CMYK)
HSI
NTSC
YCbCr
CIEL*a*b*
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
HSIModel
Humaneyedistinguishonecolorfromtheother
basedonhue,saturation,andbrightness
Hue,isacolorthatisevokedbyasinglewavelengthoflight
inthevisiblespectrum,orbyarelativelynarrowbandof
wavelengths;huerepresentsdominantcolorasperceived
bytheobserver
Saturation(purity)referstotherelativeamountofwhite
lightmixedwithahue;itisinverselyproportionaltothe
amountofwhitelightadded;todesaturate acolorofgiven
intensityinasubtractivesystem(suchaswatercolor),one
canaddwhite,black,gray
Brightnessembodiestheachromaticnotionofintensity
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HSIModel
Hueandsaturationtogetherarecalledchromaticity
Foranyparticularcolor,theamountsofred,green,
andblueneededtoformitarecalledtristimulus
values,andtheyaredenotedasX,Y,andZ
Acolorisspecifiedbyitstrichromatic coefficients,definedas
X
x
X Y Z
Y
y
X Y Z
Z
z
X Y Z
Ofcourse,
x y z 1
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HSIModel
CIEchromaticity
diagram
Itisafunctionofx
(red)andy (green)
z canbederivedbyz =
1-x-y
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HSIModel
SomenotesonCIEchromaticitydiagram
Anycolorlocatedontheboundaryofthechromaticitychart
isfullysaturated;anypointnotontheboundarybutwithin
thediagramrepresentssomemixtureofspectrumcolors
Thepointofequalenergyrepresentsthestandardwhite
light;itssaturationiszero
Asapointleavestheboundaryandapproachesthepointof
equalenergy,morewhitelightisaddedtothecolorandit
becomeslesssaturated
Astraightlinesegmentjoininganytwopointsinthediagram
definesallthedifferentcolorvariationsthatcanbeobtained
bycombiningthesetwocolorsadditively
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HSIModel
TheHSImodelusesthreemeasurestodescribe
colors,hue,saturation,andintensity
Theirrelationshipcanberepresentedinacylindrical
coordinatesystem
anglearoundthecentralverticalaxiscorrespondsto
"hue",
thedistancefromtheaxiscorrespondsto"saturation",
thedistancealongtheaxiscorrespondsto"value"
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HSIModel
IllustrationforHSImodelusingafigure
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HSIModel
ConversionfromRGBtoHSI
if B G
H
360 if B G
1
R G R B
2
1
where, cos
R G2 R BG B
1
2
3
S 1
minR,G,B
R G B
1
3
R G B
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
HSIModel
ConversionfromHSItoRGB
RGsector(0 <= H < 120)
S cos H
B I 1 S R I 1
G 3I R B
cos 60 H
GBsector(120<= H < 240)
H H 120
S cos H
R I1 S G I 1
B 3I R G
cos 60 H
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
HSIModel
ConversionfromHSItoRGB
BRsector(240<= H <= 360)
H H 240
G I 1 S
S cos H
B I 1
cos 60 H
R 3I G B
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
Outline
Colorfundamentals
Colormodels
RGB
CMY(CMYK)
HSI
NTSC
YCbCr
CIEL*a*b*
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
NTSCModel
NTSC(NationalTelevisionStandardsCommittee)
colorsystemisusedinanalogtelevision
Inthisspace,grayscaleinformationisseparated
fromcolordata;sothesamesignalcanbeusedfor
bothcolorandmonochromeTVsets
Imagedataconsistsofthreecomponents,luminance
(Y),hue(I),andsaturation(Q)
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
NTSCModel
ConversionfromRGBtoYIQ
Y 0.299 0.587 0.114 R
I 0.596 0.274 0.322 G

Q 0.211 0.523 0.312 B
Especially,
Y 0.299 R 0.587G 0.114 B
ThisiswhatMatlab doeswhenyoucallrgb2gray
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
NTSCModel
ConversionfromYIQtoRGB
R 1.000 0.956 0.621 Y
G 1.000 0.272 0.647 I

B 1.000 1.106 1.703 Q
ImplementationTips
1) ConversionfromRGBtoYIQisimplementedinrgb2ntsc
2) ConversionfromYIQtoRGBisimplementedinntsc2rgb
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
NTSCModel
Anexample,anRGBimageanditsY,I,Qcomponents
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
Outline
Colorfundamentals
Colormodels
RGB
CMY(CMYK)
HSI
NTSC
YCbCr
CIEL*a*b*
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
YCbCr Model
YCbCr colorspaceisextensivelyusedindigitalvideo
Inthismodel,luminanceisrepresentedbyasingle
component,Y
Colorinformationisstoredastwocolordifference
components,Cb,andCr
Cb isthedifferencebetweenthebluecomponentand
areferencevalue;Cristhedifferencebetweenthered
componentandareferencevalue
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
YCbCr Model
ConversionfromRGBtoYCbCr
Y 16 65.481 128.553
Cb 128 37.797 74.203

Cr 128 112.000 93.786
24.966 R
112.000 G
18.214 B
ImplementationTips
1) ConversionfromRGBtoYCbCr isimplementedin
rgb2ycbcr
2) ConversionfromYCbCr toRGBisimplementedin
ycbcr2rgb
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
YCbCr Model
AnRGBimageanditsY,Cb,Crcomponents
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
Outline
Colorfundamentals
Colormodels
RGB
CMY(CMYK)
HSI
NTSC
YCbCr
CIEL*a*b*
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
CIEL*a*b*Model
CIEL*a*b*Model(proposedinCIE,1976)
TheL*a*b* systemisbasedonthethreedimensional
coordinatesystembasedontheopponenttheoryusing
blackwhiteL*,redgreena*,andyellowblueb*
components.
Itisperceptuallyuniform,whichmeansthatnumerical
distancescanberelatedtohumanperceptualdifferences
Itisdeviceindependent
L*a*b*valuesdonotdefineabsolutecolorsunlessthe
whitepointisalsospecified
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
CIEL*a*b*Model
CIEL*a*b*Model
TheL*a*b* coordinatesarecomputedfromtheX,Y andZ

tristimulus valuesasfollows:
Y
L* 116 f 16
Yn
X
Y
a * 500 f
f

X
Yn
n
b 200 f
Y
Z
f
Yn
Z n
3
1/3
6
t , if t
29
,where f (t )
2
1
29
4

t
, otherwise
3 6
29
Here Xn, Yn and Zn aretheCIEXYZtristimulus valuesofthe

reference whitepoint (thesubscriptn suggests"normalized")
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
CIEL*a*b*Model
CIEL*a*b*Model
ImplementationTips
1) ConversionsbetweenRGBandCIEL*a*b*canbe
implementedbymakecform andapplycform
Anexample,
imRGB =imread('gate1.bmp');
cform =makecform('srgb2lab','AdaptedWhitePoint',whitepoint('D65'));
imLab =applycform(imRGB,cform);
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CIEL*a*b*Model
CIEL*a*b*Model
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Outline
Colorfundamentals
Colormodels
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
Pseudocolour ImageProcessing
Pseudocolour imageprocessingconsistsofassigning
colorstogreyvaluesbasedonaspecificcriterion
Theprincipleuseofpseudocolour imageprocessing
isforhumanvisualization
Humanscandiscernbetweenthousandsofcolorshades
andintensities,comparedtoonlyabouttwodozenorso
shadesofgrey
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
Pseudocolour ImageProcessing IntensitySlicing
Intensityslicingandcolorcodingisoneofthesimplest
kindsofpseudocolour imageprocessing
Firstweconsideranimageasa3Dfunctionmapping
spatialcoordinatestointensities(thatwecanconsider
heights)
Nowconsiderplacingplanesatcertainlevelsparallelto
thecoordinateplane
Ifavalueisonesideofsuchaplaneitisrenderedinone
color,andadifferentcolorifontheotherside
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LinZHANG,SSE,2013
Ingeneralintensityslicingcanbesummarizedas:
Let[0, L-1]representthegreyscale
Letl0 representblack[f(x, y) = 0]andletlL-1 represent
white[f(x, y) = L-1]
SupposeP planesperpendiculartotheintensityaxisare
definedatlevelsl1, l2, , lp
Assumingthat0 < P < L-1, thentheP planespartitionthe
greyscaleintoP + 1 intervalsV1, V2,,VP+1
LinZHANG,SSE,2013

Greylevelcolorassignmentscanthenbemade
accordingtotherelation:
f (x, y) c k
if f (x, y) Vk
whereck isthecolorassociatedwiththekth intensitylevelVk

definedbythepartitioningplanesatl = k 1 and l = k
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Anexample
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Anotherexample
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Onemoreexample
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Outline
Colorfundamentals
Colormodels
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
BasicsofFullColorImageProcessing
Fullcolorimageprocessingapproachesfallintotwo
majorcategories
Inthefirstcategory,weprocesseachcomponentimage
individuallyandthenformacompositeprocessedcolor
imagefromtheindividuallyprocessedcomponents
Inthesecondcategory,weworkwithcolorpixelsdirectly
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
Colortransformations
Colortransformationscanbeoftheform
si Ti ri , i 1, 2,..., n
whereri andsi arethecolorcomponentsoftheinputandoutput
images,n isthedimensionofthecolorspace.Ti arereferredto
asfullcolortransformation ormappingfunctions
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
(a)(b)
(c)(d)
Examplesforcolormapping
functions.(a)and(c)arelinear
interpolation;(b)and(d)are
cubicspline interpolation
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ImplementationTips
1) Linearinterpolationbyusingcontrolpointsis
implementedininterp1q
2) Cubicspline interpolationbyusingcontrolpointsis
implementedinspline
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
Gonzalezprovidesaninteractivecoloreditor,seeourcourse
website
Itimplementsthecolortransformationfunctions
Italsoprovidesanexcellentdemoforhowtodevelop
applicationwithGUIsinMatlab
Sourcecodeisavailableonourcoursewebsite
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
GUIforice
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
Thanksforyourattention
LinZHANG,SSE,2013

Color Image Processing Fundamentals

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Lecture8

Y 0.299 R 0.587G 0.114 B

TheLab* coordinatesarecomputedfromtheX,Y andZ

Here Xn, Yn and Zn aretheCIEXYZtristimulus valuesofthe

Pseudocolour ImageProcessing IntensitySlicing

Pseudocolour ImageProcessing IntensitySlicing

Pseudocolour ImageProcessing IntensitySlicing

Pseudocolour ImageProcessing IntensitySlicing

whereck isthecolorassociatedwiththekth intensitylevelVk

Pseudocolour ImageProcessing IntensitySlicing

Pseudocolour ImageProcessing IntensitySlicing

Pseudocolour ImageProcessing IntensitySlicing

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