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4 Gravitaional Constant G
4 Gravitaional Constant G
G -- g
In the wonderland of
celestial objects
29.8km/
sec
152
Mean radius
= 149 m km
146
Distance from sun (All distance in million KM
Minimum : 146 million km
Maximum : 152 million km
Mean : 149 million km
Eccentricity (e) = (3/149) X 100 =0.02%
Exact eccentricity = 0.017%
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
0.206
0.007
0.017
0.093
0.048
0.056
0.046
0.010
Kepler laws
Mean
distance R
Area B covered
in same time intervalt
SUN
Area A
in time t
Planet
Line joining
Sun & planet
Planet move in Elliptical orbits & not round
A line joining planet & sun sweeps equal area in
equal interval of time. Area A = Area B
Square of time required by planet to complete one
revolution around sun ( rotation period T) is proportional
to cube of its mean distance from sun ---- T 2 R 3
T2 is proportional to r3
Astronomical unit
of distance
1AU
1AU = 149million Km
Solar System
Orbital period
Note uneven
distribution of
planets around sun
This suggest
explosion theory of
planet formation
T2
T2
TJ rJ
T Cr so
TE rE
2
rJ
TJ TE
rE
3/2
(5.20 AU)
(1.0 yr)
(1.00 AU)
3/2
11.9 yr
Newtons ingenuity
With this Newton made a bold statement that
the type force responsible for Moons rotation
around Earth, Apple falling on earth &
Planets rotating around sun is of same
nature & governed by same laws & called
them as laws of gravitation
Newtons ingenuity
Newton proposed formula with which
he could calculate the measured force
on apple & moon
F1 on 2
m1m2
F2 on 1 G 2
r
G 6.673 10
11
Newton derived
keplers law using
law of gravity
2
N m /kg
(L3 M-1T-2)
F1 on 2
m1m2
F2 on 1 G 2
r
F1 on 2
m1m2
F2 on 1 G 2
r
F1 on 2
m1m2
F2 on 1 G 2
r
Gravitational force
If gravitational acceleration (g =9.8m/sec 2 )is
considered same at earth surface and for moon
& then calculated value of moons orbital period
will be 11 hr instead of 27.3 days as observed
gM
Rm
Thus product of
g x R2 ( 4.01x1014
3 2
m
/s ) is constant for
gE
moon and earth
Re Hence g 1/R2
This is in line with
Newton's law of
gravitation
F1 on 2
m1m2
F2 on 1 G 2
r
Units of G
Force in Newton = G x ( Kg x Kg) /m2 )
Unit of G = N m2 / kg2
G 6.673 10
11
N m /kg
= (L3 M-1T-2)
r2
r
r1
Mass B
Force due
to mass B
These forces
cancel.Hence
net force
perpendicular
to center line
is zero
m1
m2
F
F
r
F1 on 2
m1m2
F2 on 1 G 2
r
M1 = 4
F1 on 2
Ans to q1
m1m2
F2 on 1 G 2
r
4/16=1/4
1/1=1
1/4
4/16=1/4
16/64=1/4
Ans to q1
4/16=1/4
1/1=1
1/4
4/16=1/4
16/64=1/4
(G ) ( m1 m2 )
r2
= 6.7 10 11 10 4
= 6.7 10 7 N
EARTH
r2
r
r1
Mass B
Force due
to mass B
Force due
to mass A
These forces
cancel.Hence
net force
perpendicular
to center line
is zero
Measured value of G
G 6.673 10
11
N m /kg
F
r
m1 g
(G ) ( m1 Me)
Earth
G Me
mass Me g =
r2
r2
Value of g can
be measured
experimentally
Speed of falling
S = 1/ 2 g t2
Time
sec Distance traveled
1
(9.8)22 = 19.6 m
(9.8)32 = 44.1 m
(9.8)42 = 78.4 m
Earths core
Density =8.8
Fc
F
r
Sun
Ms
F = Fc =
(G ) ( Ms Me )
r2
Ms = 2.0 10 30 kg .
End
Reference slides
Gravitation and tides in sea
Contradiction to value of G
Perihelion of Mercury
Chang in
position of
nearest point of
Mercury to ein
in its orbit.
43 secs change
per 100 years
Mercury
orbit
Hypothesis:
Value of G depends on average
distribution of mass in Universe
If we come very near to a massive
object (Mercury near sun) that time
value of g will change
Satellite motion
Geostationary
Satellites
Rotating
Earth
Satellite
Rotating
at same
angular
velocity
Geostationary Satellites
v
r
Me
PE of satellite at rotating at
radius r = - (G ) ( Me m )
r
Total energy = KE + PE
GM E m
1
2
E K U mv
2
r
Total energy of a GM m mv 2
GM E
2
E
v
satellite in a
2
r
r
r
circular orbit
GM E m
1 GM E GM E m
around the Earth E m
2
r
r
2r
is half of its
1
GM E m
gravitational
U
2
potential energy.
r
E U
M E m mv
Fg G 2
r
r
GM
v
=
r
GM E speed
4
r
Angular
r
2 2
V=r
T2
U g
m
GM
=R
2
3
Angular speed
V=r
R3 =
=
Angular speed
V=r
Angular speed
23
x
10
0.75034
R =
= x 1024 meters 0.075034
R = 0.42178 x 108 meters
3
R = 42178 Km
V=r
r
R = 42178Km
6378km
r = 42178 6378 = 35800km
Let us use this for finding the geostationary orbit of an object in relation to mars.
The geocentric gravitational constant GM (which is ) for mars has the value of
42,828 km3s-2, and the known rotational period (T) of mars is 88,642.66
seconds. Since = 2/T, using the formula above, the value of is found to be
approx .00007088218. Thus, r^3 = 8,524,300,617,153.08. It is then simply a
matter of finding the cube root of r^3, which is 20,427.6255 and subtracting the
equatorial radius of mars (3396.2 km) to give us our answer of 17,031.42 km.
Whether satellite
Positioning satellite
Geo synchronous
satellite
Launching satellite
Revision
End