Straight Lines

Cartesian Coordinate System

Distance of P from x axis = |b|

Distance of P from y axis = |a|
P (a, b)
Distance of P from Origin =
Distance Formula

Q (x2, y2)

P (x1, y1)
 Section Formula

P (x1, y1) R (x, y) Q (x2, y2)

R (x, y) P (x1, y1) Q (x2, y2)

For convenience, if ratio is to be found we assume it as k : 1 instead of m : n

The ratio in which the line joining the points (3, -4) and (-5, 6) is divided by
x-axis

A. 2 : 3
B. 6 : 4
C. 3 : 2
D. none of these
Area of Triangle
P (x1, y1)

Q (x2, y2) R (x3, y3)

If the area of the triangle formed by the points (1, 2), (2, 3) and (x, 4) is
40 sq. units then find x.
Area of Quadrilateral (#NVStyle)
The area of quadrilateral whose vertices are A(1, 1), B(3, 4), C(5, -2)
and D(4, -7) is:

A.

B.

C.

D.
Let two points be A(1, – 1) and B(0, 2). If a point P(x', y') be such that
the area of △PAB = 5 sq. units and it lies on the line, 3x + y - 4𝛌 = 0, then
a value of 𝛌 is:

A. 4

B. 3

C. 1

D. -3
Slope of Line
Slope of Line

Slope of a line = m = tan 𝜃 where 𝜃 ∈ [0, π)

Slope of Line (Two Point Form)

Q (x2, y2)

P (x1, y1)
Intercepts of Line
Note:
1. Line having equal intercept then m =

1. Line having intercept equal in magnitude but opposite in sign

then m=

1. Line equally inclined with coordinate axes then m =

1. Line cutting of equal non zero distance from origin then m =

Collinearity of 3
Points
Collinearity of 3 Points
Equation of SL in
various forms
1. Slope - Intercept Form
2. Point - Slope Form
3. Two - Point Form
4. Determinant Form
5. Intercept Form
6. Normal/Perpendicular Form
If the equation x cosθ + ysinθ = p is the normal form of the line
√3x+y+2=0 then values of θ and p are
If a straight line passing through the point P(-3, 4) is such that its
intercepted portion between the coordinate axes is bisected at P, then
its equation is :

A. 3x - 4y + 25 = 0

B. 4x – 3y + 24 = 0

C. x-y+7=0

D. 4x + 3y = 0
Angle between 2
Straight Lines
Equation of Straight Line
Condition for SL to be parallel and perpendicular
Equation of Straight Line Parallel to Given Line
Five Important
Points
Five Important Points w.r.t. Triangle

Point of Intersection of

Centroid Medians

Incenter Interior Angle Bisectors

Orthocenter Altitudes

Circumcenter Perpendicular Bisectors for sides

Five Important Points w.r.t. Triangle

A (x1, y1)

B (x2, y2) C (x3, y3)

Five Important Points w.r.t. Triangle

A (x1, y1)

B (x2, y2) C (x3, y3)

Find the circumcentre of the triangle with the vertices A(2,1), B (-2,3) and C
(1,-2)?
Five Important Points w.r.t. Triangle

A (x1, y1)

B (x2, y2) C (x3, y3)

Five Important Points w.r.t. Triangle

A (x1, y1)

B (x2, y2) C (x3, y3)

Five Important Points w.r.t. Triangle
Special Cases: Right Angle Triangle
Special Cases: Right Angle Triangle
Note:
● For any triangle Orthocentre (H), Centroid (G), Circumcentre (O)
are collinear and centroid divides orthocentre and circumcentre in
the ratio 2 : 1 internally.
● For isosceles triangle centroid, circumcentre, orthocentre and
incentre are collinear.
● For equilateral△, centroid, circumcentre, orthocentre and incentre
coincide.
Two vertices of a triangle are (4, -3) & (-2, 5). If the orthocentre of the triangle is
at (1, 2), find the coordinates of the third vertex.

A. (33, 26)

B. (-3, -2)

C. (33, 2)

D. (1, 14)
Consider a triangle having vertices A(-2, 3), B(1, 9) and C(3, 8). If a line L
passing through the circumcenter of triangle ABC, bisects line BC, and
intersects y-axis at point (0, ∝/2), then the value of real number ∝ is

JEE M 2020
Let O(0, 0), P(3, 4), Q(6, 0) be the vertices of the triangle OPQ. The point R inside the
triangle OPQ is such that the triangles OPR, PQR, OQR are of equal area. The
coordinates of R are

A. (4/3, 3)

B. (3, 2/3)

C. (3, 4/3)

D. (4/3, 2/3)
Locus of a Point
4 Easy Steps to find Locus
1. Assume the coordinates of the point whose locus is to be
determined as (h, k)

1. Use Mathematical condition given in the question to find

relation between h and k

1. Eliminate other variables except h and k

1. Replace h → x and k → y
A stick of length 10 units rests against the floor and a wall of a room. If
the stick begins to slide on the floor then

A. Locus of middle point is x² + y2 = 25

B. Locus of middle point is x² + y2= 100

C. Locus of centroid of triangle formed by axes and stick is x² + y2 =

25/9
D. Locus of centroid of triangle formed by axes and stick is x² + y2=
100/9
 Length of
Perpendicular
Length of Perpendicular
Find the point on y-axis whose perpendicular distance from the line 4x – 3y -
12 = 0 is 3
Perpendicular Distance between 2 parallel lines
If the line, 2x – y + 3 = 0 is at a distance 1/√5 and 2√5 from the lines 4x
– 2y + ∝ = 0 and 6x – 3y + ß = 0, respectively, then the sum of all
possible value of ∝ and ß is
JEE Adv. 2020
 Parametric
Equation of SL
Parametric Equation of Straight Line
A triangle ABC lying in the first quadrant has two vertices as A(1, 2) and
B(3, 1). If ⦟BAC = 90°, and ar (△ABC) = 5√5 sq. units, then the abscissa
of the vertex C is:

A. 1 + √5

B. 1 + 2 √5

C. 2 +√5

D. 2 √5 - 1
Position of Point
w.r.t. Straight
Line
Position of Point w.r.t. Straight Line
Concurrency of 3
Lines
Concurrency of 3 Lines

Three lines are concurrent if

The values of k for which lines
kx + 2y + 2 = 0
2x + ky + 3 = 0
3x + 3y + k = 0
are concurrent are

A. {2, 3, 5)

B. {2, 3, -5}

C. {3, -5}

D. {-5}
Family of Straight
Lines
Family of Straight Lines
Equation of line passing through the intersection of L1 & L2 is given by L1 +λ L2 =0
Two lines are given by L1 : 3x – 4y + 6 = 0 & L2 : x + y + 2 = 0.
Find the equation of line passing through the intersection of L1 & L2, if
it is parallel to y = 2x + 3
It the family of straight lines x(a + 2b) + y(a + 3b) = a + b passes
through a fixed point for all values of a and b. Find the point.
A variable line ax + by + c = 0 passes through a fixed point if a, b, c are
in arithmetic progression.Find the fixed point.
Consider the set of all lines px + qy + r = 0 such that 3p + 2q + 4r = 0.
Which one of the following statements is true?

A. The lines are concurrent at the point (¾, ½)

B. Each line passes through the origin.

C. The lines are all parallel

D. The lines are not concurrent.

Optics Based
Problems
Optics Based Problems

Image of Point in Straight Line

Foot of Perpendicular of Point in Straight Line

The image of the point (3, 5) in the line x - y + 1 = 0, lies on :

JEE Main 2021

A. (x - 2)2 + (y – 4)2 =4

B. (x – 4)2 + (y + 2)2 = 16

C. (x – 4)2 + (y - 4)2 = 8

D. (x - 2)2 + (y - 2)2 = 12
#NV_Shortcuts

Image of (a, b) in x-axis is (a, -b)

Image of (a, b) in y-axis is (-a, b)
Image of (a, b) in y=x line is (b, a)
Image of (a, b) in y=-x line is (-b, -a)
Type 2: Reflection Problems
A ray starts from point (1, 1) and is reflected by x-axis and then it passes through
the point (6, 3). Find the equation of
1. Incident Ray
2. Reflected Ray
Let the point B be the reflection of the point A(2,3) with respect to the line
8x – 6y – 23 = 0. Let TA and TB be circles of radii 2 and 1 with centres A and
B respectively. Let T be a common tangent to the circles TA and TB such
that both the circles are on the same side of T. If C is the point of
intersection of T and the line passing through A and B, then the length of
the line segment AC is_
JEE Adv. 2019
Equation of Angle
Bisector
Equation of Angle Bisectors
Identifying Acute and Obtuse Angle Bisectors
Identifying Angle Bisector Containing Origin and not
containing origin
The equation of the bisector of the lines
3x - 4y + 1 = 0 and 5x + 12y - 11 = 0 which do not contain origin is

A. 7x - 56y + 34 = 0

B. 32x + 4y - 21=0

C. 3x + 7y + 11 = 0

D. 16x - 3y + 7 = 0
The equation of the bisector of the acute angle between the lines
3x - 4y + 7 = 0 and 12x + 5y - 2 = 0 is

A. 21x + 77y - 101 = 0

B. 11x - 3y + 9 = 0

C. 21x + 77y + 101 = 0

D. 11x - 3y - 9 = 0
Find the equations of the acute angle bisector between the straight
lines 4x - 3y + 4 = 0 and 6x + 8y - 9 = 0
Pair of Straight
Lines
Pair of Straight Lines
Pair of Straight Lines

will represent pair of straight line if

Pair of Straight Lines Passing through Origin
Pair of Straight Lines Passing through Origin

General Equation of POSL passing through origin

Pair of Straight Lines Passing through Origin

Method to factorise is put y = mx

Example : 12x² – 20xy + 7y2 = 0
Pair of Straight Lines Passing through Origin

Real and Distinct Lines

Coinciding Lines

Lines are imaginary with real point of intersection

Angle between Pair of Straight Lines
Special Cases

The condition that these lines are :

1. At right angles to each other if a+b=0.

i.e. coefficient of x2 + coefficient of y2 = 0.

2. Coincident if h2 = ab.

3. Equally inclined to the axis of x if h = 0. i.e. coeff. of xy = 0.

Angle Bisector between Pair of Straight Lines
JEE 2023
Product of Perpendicular from Point to POSL

Product of perpendiculars from Point (x1, y1) to

Find the centroid of the triangle the equation of whose sides
12x² – 20xy + 7y2 = 0 and 2x - 3y + 4 = 0.
Find the distance between parallel lines

4x2 + 4xy + y2 - 6x - 3y - 4 = 0
The Lines L1 and L2 denoted by 3x2 + 10xy + 8y2 + 14x + 22y + 15 = 0 intersect at the
point P and have gradients m1 and m2 respectively. The acute angle between them is
𝛳. Which of the following relations hold good?
Homogenisation
Homogenisation
Find the value of 'm' if the lines joining the origin to the points common
to x2 + y2 + x - 2y - m = 0 & x + y = 1 are at right angles.
If the straight line joining origin and the points of intersection of the curve
5x2 +12xy-6y2+4x-2y+3=0 and x + ky - 1 = 0 are equally inclined to coordinate axes
then find k

A. 1

B. -1

C. 2

D. None