BSME

V-A

Canillo, dave g.
ESPIRITU, KHAT BIRD G
ESCOBA, John PHILIP V.
CABORNAY, HAROLD
REPOLIDON, RENERIO

Position indicator

Types of position indicator:

Mechanical position indicator
Dial indicator
Valve check indicator
Gear position indicator

Plan position indicator

SONAR(Sound NavigationAndRanging)
SODAR(SOnic Detection And Ranging)
RADAR (RAdioDetectionAndRanging)
LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging)

Mechanical position indicator

Dial indicator

Shaft position
indicator

Valve check indicator

Laser indicator

Plan position indicator

RADAR

SODAR

SONAR

LIDAR

Mechanical position
indicator
Dial Indicator
Itis any of various
instruments used to
accurately measure small
distances andangles,
andamplify them to make
them more obvious.

Dial Indicator
The name comes
from the concept
ofindicatingto the
user that which
their naked eye
cannot discern;
such as the
presence, or exact
quantity, of some
small distance

Dial Indicator
for example, a
small height
difference between
two flat surfaces, a
slight lack
ofconcentricitybet
ween two
cylinders,
shaftings, or other
small physical
deviations.

Dial Indicator
Used to measure:
- The bend or run-out in a
shaft
- The misalignment of
shafts
- The clearance between
two parts and between
an engine valve and its
guide.
Must be firmly
mounted. A magnetic
stand or a stand with
a screw clamp is often

Causes of Misalignment and Runout

The basic causes of misalignment and run-out are:

Movement of one piece of equipment relative to
another due to thermal growth in one or both
machines
Piping strain or strain induced by electrical
connections
Torsional movement taking place at start-up or while
operating
Movement or settling of the foundation or baseplate
Inaccurate or incomplete alignment procedures
(human error)
Misbored couplings

11

Indications of Misalignment
Misalignment in rotating machinery can be detected
in many different ways. Some methods are
incorporated into the plants preventative
maintenance program. Others are inspections that
could be used on a regular basis but usually are
performed after the equipment has failed. Some of
the indications of misalignment are:
Wobbling shafts
Excessive vibration
Excessive bearing temperature
Noise
Bearing wear pattern
Coupling wear

Effects of Misalignment or Run-out

High noise levels or constantly vibrating floors are strong
indications of possible misalignment of machinery.
Lost production
Poor-quality products
Higher than normal repair orders
Increased spare parts purchases and inventory on hand
Reduced profits
Bearings will run hot, causing them to fail prematurely.
Mechanical seals, seal rings, and packing will leak.
Loss of product and lubrication can occur.
Couplingswill fail due to excessive strain on the hubs.
In severe cases, shafts can break, causing extensive
damage to machines.

13

Types of dial indicator

Probe indicator
Dial test indicator
Plunger indicator
Balance reading dial indicator
Continuous dial indicator
Reversed balanced dial indicator
Reversed continuous dial indicator
Lever dial indicator

14

Probe indicator
typically consist of
agraduated dial and
needledriven by
aclockwork (thus
theclockterminology
) to record the minor
increments,
with a smaller
embedded clock face
and needle to record
the number of needle
rotations on the main
dial.

15

Dial test indicator

Also known as alever
arm test
indicatororfinger
indicator, has a
smaller measuring
range than a
standard dial
indicator.
Measure angular
displacement and not
linear displacement

16

Plunger indicator
It is also have a clock-like face but
are characterized by the plungers
mounted on one of their sides
They come in both mechanical
and electronic designs
One common use for plunger dial
indicators is to measure the work
of injection molding machines
The mechanism which allows this
type of dial indicator to work is a
rack and pinion, which changes
the linear thrust of the plunger
into rotary motion for the dial.

17

Balance reading dial

indicators
are so named for the way that
information is arranged upon the
dial's face.
Figures are printed upon the face of
this dial running in two directions,
starting from a zero in the center.
Often, positive numbers are featured
to the right of the zero and negative
numbers to the left.

Continuous dial indicator

Continuously numbered dial
indicators do not have the two
sets of numbers featured on
balanced reading dial indicators.
The figures on this type of dial
indicators run in one direction
without stopping and without
any type of a separation.

19

Reversed balanced dial

indicator
These are named because they
have the same basic positive and
negative scales to each side of a
zero, but the positive numbers
are to the left and the negative
are to the right.

20

Reversed continuous dial

indicator
Reversed continuous, or counterclockwise, dial indicators are the
same as continuous dial
indicators except that the
numbers run in the opposite
direction.

21

Lever dial indicator

Lever type dial indicators are
characterized by their lever and
scroll mechanisms, which cause
the stylus to move.
This type of dial indicators are
more compact and easier to use
than plunger-type dial indicators
and are therefore quite often
used.

Dial indicator gauge parts and

functions:
Dial gauge

Bezel

Bezel Lock

Rotate the
bezel to zero
the needle.

Tighten to lock
the bezel in
place.

Turn
Counter

Counts the
turns of the
needle.

Plunger
Moves in and
out.

Markers
Move these to
provide
reference points.

Point

Can be replaced
with other
shapes.

Has a face or dial marked in divisions of 0.01 mm

(1/100 mm)
Does not take a direct measurement - shows
variations from the original zero setting
These variations are transferred from the spindle to

23

Magnetic base
Indicator Mount
Mounts dial and test
indicators.

Clamp
Holds arms
in position

Fine Adjustment
Makes precise
adjustment of arm.

V Base
Allows use on
round objects

Switch
Turns magnet on
and off.

24

The clamp and indicator mount parts can be

disassembled and reassembled in many ways.
Use them to create a mount that is
appropriate to the job at hand.

25

The point Point

set provides
many1783,
different
shapes of points
that
Set (PN
included
in
can be put on the dial indicator.
1782 set)
Use a point that is appropriate to the job at hand. Use a flat
point to measure convex surfaces. Use a rounded point to
measure concave surfaces. Use small points to reach into
holes.

26

Setting up the dial

indicator

Horizontal and Vertical

set-up

Setting up the dial

indicator
Select the correct
gauge and attachment
Select the gauge type,
size, attachment and
bracket, which fit the
part youre measuring.
Mount the dial indicator
on a firm surface to
keep it still.
Ensure plunger is at 90
degrees
Adjust the indicator so
that the plunger is at
90 degrees to the part
youre measuring.

Setting up the dial

indicator
Press the plunger halfway in
Press the dial indicator gently against the
part, and rotate the part in this case a brake
rotor-- one full turn. Keep pressing until the
plunger settles about halfway into the
indicator.
Lock into position
Lock the indicator assembly into position.
Rotate and read
Carefully rotate the brake rotor a couple of
times, while you observe the dial readings
face on.

Setting up the dial

indicator

Setting up the dial

indicator
Record any movements

If the pointer hovers around a single graduation on the

dial, the part has minimal run out, or surface distortion.
If it moves significantly left and right, you should note
these variations. Find the point of maximum movement
to the left and move the dial so that zero is over this
point. Continue to rotate the brake rotor. Find the point
of maximum movement to the right, and note the
reading. This will indicate the run out value. Continue
this rotation several times to confirm the points of
maximum variation.
Check your results
Check your readings against the manufacturers
specifications. If the deviation is greater than the
specifications allow, consult your supervisor.

Reading the dial indicator

1.Read the whole
millimeters from
the inner scale
(only for absolute
measurements)

2. Read the
tenths of
millimetres
(numbers on
outer scale)

3. Read the
hundredths of
millimetres (small
divisions on outer

Reading the dial indicator

Example
Step1 Read the whole
millimetres. The short
needle is between the 4
and the 5, so the
reading is 4.00 mm.
Step 2 Read the
tenths. The long needle
is between the 0.20 and
the 0.30 mm, so the
reading is 0.20 mm.
Step 3 The long
needle is 6 small
divisions past the 2, so
the reading is 0.06

Step 1

Step 3

Step 2

Reading the dial indicator

Step 4 To get
the final
measurement add up the
measurements
from Steps 1, 2, &
Step 1
3.
4.00 mm
Step 2
0.20 mm

Step 3
0.06 mm

0.20 mm

0.06 mm

Total = 4.26
mm

4.00 mm

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LASER ALIGNMENT METHOD

LASER ALIGNMENT METHOD

The laser alignment method is considered a

precision-based performance technique that
provides a faster, more accurate way to
align equipment.
It is ideal for alignment of equipment over
long distances, and it is less prone for user
error.
The system contains a laser diode and
position sensor on one mounting bracket.

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LASER ALIGNMENT METHOD

The opposite bracket
contains a prism that
redirects the laser
beam back to the
position sensor. Like
other shaft alignment
techniques,
the shafts are rotated
to determine the
vertical and horizontal
readings for angular
and parallel
misalignment.

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LASER ALIGNMENT METHOD

The shaft positions and readings are

automatically provided to a small computer.
The computer then calculates the relative
movement required at the feet of the
moveable machine.

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LASER ALIGNMENT METHOD

A major advantage of the use of laser
alignment is the precise measurement of
misalignment.
Laser alignment can detect misalignment to
0.00004. In addition, with the useof laser
alignment,bar sag concerns are eliminated.
However,there are draw backs and limitations
to the laser alignment method. Laser alignment
equipment typically costs more than $10,000.
Service companies or those companies with
many pumps or large pumps are the primary
buyers of laser alignment equipment.

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LASER ALIGNMENT METHOD

The environment in which the laser
alignment equipment is used is also a
limitation. The atmospheric temperature
must be between 32and 131 Fahrenheit
for the use of laser alignment. The
environment must also be free of steam,
dust, or air currents.
These detractors will prevent the reading of
the laser beam properly. However, it is
possible to use a plastic pipe to shield the
beam from the steam, dust, or air currents.

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Thank you!!!
You failed not
because you plan to
fail, but because you
fail to plan
Olrayt!!!