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Chng I : Ngun in mt chiu

1. Cu trc nguyn t :
hiu v bn cht dng in ta bit rng ( kin thc PTTH ) tt c
cc nguyn t u c cu to ln t cc nguyn t v mi nguyn
t ca mt cht c cu to bi hai phn l
- Mt ht nhn gia cc ht mang in tch dng gi l Proton
v cc ht trung ho in gi l Neutron.
- Cc Electron (in t ) mang in tch m chuyn ng xung
quanh ht nhn .
- Bnh thng cc nguyn t c trng thi trung ho v in ngha
l s Proton ht nhn bng s electron bn ngoi nhng khi c tc
nhn bn ngoi nh p xut, nhit , ma st tnh in, tc ng ca
t trng .. th cc in t electron lp ngoi cng c th tch khi
qu o trqr thnh cc in t t do.
- Khi mt nguyn t b mt i mt hay nhiu in t, chng b
thiu in t v tr thnh ion dng v ngc li khi mt nguyn t
nhn thm mt hay nhiu in t th chng tr thnh ion m.
2 . Bn cht dn in v chiu dng in .
Khi cc in t tp trung vi mt cao chng to ln hiu ng tch
in
- Dng in chnh l dng chuyn ng ca cc ht mang in nh
in t , ion.
- Chiu dng in c quy c i t dng sang m ( ngc vi
chiu chuyn ng ca cc in t - i t m sang dng )
3. Tc dng ca dng in :
Khi c mt dng in chy qua dy dn in nh th nghim sau :

Ta thy rng dng in to ra mt t trng xung quanh lm

lch hng ca nam chm, khi i chiu dng in th t trng cng
i hng => lm nam chm lch theo hng ngc li.
- Dng in chy qua bng n lm bng n pht sng v sing
nhit nng
- Dng in chy qua ng c lm quay ng c quay sinh ra c
nng

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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- Khi ta np c quy cc cc ca c quy b bin i v dng in c

tc dng ho nng..
Nh vy dng in c cc tc dng l tc dng v nhit , tc dng v
c nng , tc dng v t trng v tc dng v ho nng.

4. Cng dng in :
L i lng c trng cho mnh yu ca dng in hay c
trng cho s lng cc in t i qua tit din ca vt dn trong mt
n v thi gian - K hiu l I
- Dng in mt chiu l dng chuyn ng theo mt hng nht
nh t dng sang m theo quy c hay l dng chuyn ng theo
mt hng ca cc in t t do.

n v ca cng dng in l Ampe v c cc bi s :

z

Kilo Ampe = 1000 Ampe

Mega Ampe = 1000.000 Ampe

Mili Ampe = 1/1000 Ampe

Micro Ampe = 1/1000.000 Ampe

5. in p :
Khi mt cc in t tp trung khng u ti hai im A v B nu
ta ni mt dy dn t A sang B s xut hin dng chuyn ng ca
cc in tch t ni c mt cao sang ni c mt thp, nh vy
ngi ta gi hai im A v B c chnh lch v in p v p chnh
lch chnh l hiu in th.
- in p ti im A gi l UA
- in p ti im B gi l UB.
- Chnh lch in p gia hai im A v B gi l hiu in th UAB
UAB = UA - UB
- n v ca in p l Vol k hiu l U hoc E, n v in p c
cc bi s l
z

Kilo Vol ( KV) = 1000 Vol

Mini Vol (mV) = 1/1000 Vol

Micro Vol = 1/1000.000 Vol

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

in p c th v nh cao ca mt bnh nc, nu hai bnh nc

c cao khc nhau th khi ni mt ng dn s c dng nc chy
qua t bnh cao sang bnh thp hn, khi hai bnh nc c cao bng
nhau th khng c dng nc chy qua ng dn. Dng in cng nh
vy nu hai im c in p chn lch s sinh ra dng in chy qua
dy dn ni vi hai im t in p cao sang in p thp v nu
hai im c in p bng nhau th dng in trong dy dn s = 0
6. Ngun in
Ngun in l ngun sinh ra in nng t cc ngun nng lng
khc nh My pht in, c quy, Pin v.v ... c hai ngun in chnh
l
z

Ngun in xoay chiu ( AC) l cc ngun in sinh ra t

cc nh my in.
Ngun in mt chiu ( DC) l ngun in sinh ra t c quy
hoc pin.
Cc mch in thng s dng ngun mt chiu hot ng
do khi chy ngun xoay chiu chng phi c i thnh
mt chiu trc khi a vo my hot ng.

Ngun mt chiu song song v ni tip :

Khi u ni tip cc ngun in li ta c mt ngun in

mi c in p bng tng cc in p thnh phn.
Khi u song song cc ngun in ( cng in p ) ta c
ngun in mi c p khng i nhng kh nng cho dng
bng tng cc dng in thnh phn .

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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V d : nu ta c pin 1,5V vi kh nng cho dng l 0,1A, khi ta cn

mt ngun in 3V vi dng in l 1A th ta phi u ti thiu l 10
cp pin song song v mi cp c hai pin u ni tip.

7. nh lut m
nh lut m l nh lut quan trng m ta cn phi nghi nh
Cng dng in trong mt on mch t l thun vi in p
hai u on mch v t l nghch vi in tr ca on mch .
Cng thc :
z
z
z

I = U / R trong

I l cng dng in , tnh bng Ampe (A)

U l in p hai u on mch , tnh bng Vol (V)
R l in tr ca on mch , tnh bng m

8. nh lut m cho on mch

on mch mc ni tip:
Trong mt on mch c nhiu in tr mc ni tip th in p hai
u on mch bng tng st p trn cc in tr .

Nh s trn th U = U1 + U2 + U3
Theo nh lut m ta li c U1 =I1 x R1 , U2 = I2 x R2,
U3 = I3 x R3 nhng on mch mc ni tip th I1 = I2 = I3
St p trn cc in tr => t l thun vi cc in tr .
on mch mc song song
Trong on mch c nhiu in tr mc song song th cng
dng in chnh bng tng cc dng in i qua cc in tr
v st p trn cc in tr l nh nhau:

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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Mch trn c U1 = U2 = U3 = E

I = I1 + I2 + I3 v U1 = I1 x R1 = I2 x R2 = I3 x R3

Cng dng in t l nghch vi in tr .

9. in nng v cng xut :

* in nng.
Khi dng in chy qua cc thit b nh bng n => lm bng n
sng, chy qua ng c => lm ng c quay nh vy dng in
sinh ra cng. Cng ca dng in gi l in nng, k hiu l W,
trong thc t ta thng dng Wh, KWh ( Kilo wat gi)
Cng thc tnh in nng l :
W=UxIxt
z

Trong W l in nng tnh bng June (J)

U l in p tnh bng Vol (V)

I l dng in tnh bng Ampe (A)

t l thi gian tnh bng giy (s)

* Cng xut .
Cng xut ca dng in l in nng tiu th trong mt giy , cng
xut c tnh bi cng thc
P = W / t = (U. I .t ) / t = U .I
Theo nh lut m ta c P = U.I = U2 / R = R.I2

Chng II - in t trng

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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1. Khi nim v t trng.

* Nam chm v t tnh .
Trong t nhin c mt s cht c th ht c st gi l nam chm
t nhin.
Trong cng nghim ngi ta luyn thp hoc hp cht thp to
thnh nam chm nhn to.
Nam chm lun lun c hai cc l cc bc North (N) v cc nam
South (S) , nu cht thanh nam chm ra lm 2 th ta li c hai nam
chm mi cng c hai cc N v S - l nam chm c tnh cht
khng phn chia..
Nam chm thng c ng dng sn xut loa in ng, micro
hoc m t DC.
* T trng
T trng l vng khng gian xung quanh nam chm c tnh cht
truyn lc t ln cc vt liu c t tnh, t trng l tp hp ca cc
ng sc i t Bc n cc nam.

* Cng t trng
L i lng c trng cho mnh yu ca t trng, k hiu l H
n v l A/m
* t cm
L i lng c trng cho vt c t tnh chu tc ng ca t
trng, t cm ph thuc vo vt liu . VD St c t cm
mnh hn ng nhiu ln . t cm c tnh bi cng thc
B = .H
Trong B : l t cm
: l t thm
H : l cng t trng
* T thng
L s ng sc i qua mt n v din tch, t thng t l thut vi
cng t trng.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

* ng dng ca Nam chm vnh cu.

Nam chm vnh cu c ng dng nhiu trong thit b in t,
chng c dng sn xut Loa, Micro v cc loi M t DC.

2. T trng ca dng in i qua dy dn thng.

Th nghim trn cho thy, khi cng tc bn ngoi ng, dng in

i qua bng n lm bng n sng ng thi dng in i qua dy
dn sinh ra t trng lm lch hng kim nam chm .
Khi i chiu dng in, ta thy kim nam chm lch theo hng
ngc li , nh vy dng in i chiu s to ra t trng cng i
chiu.
3. T trng ca dng in i qua cun dy.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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Khi ta cho dng in chy qua cun dy, trong lng cun dy
xut hin t trng l cc ng sc song song, nu li cun
dy c thay bng li thp th t trng tp trung trn li thp
v li thp tr thnh mt chic nam chm in, nu ta i chiu
dng in th t trng cng i hng
Dng in mt chiu c nh i qua cun dy s to ra t
trng c nh, dng in bin i i qua cun dy s to ra t
trng bin thin.
T trng bin thin c c im l s to ra in p cm ng
trn cc cun dy t trong vng nh hng ca t trng , t
trng c nh khng c c im trn.
ng dng:
T trng do cun dy sinh ra c rt nhiu ng dng trong thc
t, mt ng dng m ta thng gp trong thit b in t l
R le in t.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

R le in t
Khi cho dng in chy qua cun dy, li cun dy tr thnh mt
nam chm in ht thanh st v cng tc oc ng li, tc dng ca
r le l dng mt dng in nh iu khin ng mch cho dng
in ln gp nhiu ln.
4. Lc in t
Nu c mt dy dn t trong mt t trng, khi cho dng in
chy qua th dy dn c mt lc y => l lc in t, nu dy dn
t do chng s chuyn ng trong t trng, nguyn l ny c
ng dng khi sn xut loa in ng.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

www.hocnghe.com.vn

Nguyn l hot ng ca Loa ( Speaker )

Cun dy c gn vi mng loa v t trong t trng mnh gia 2
cc ca nam chm , cc S l li , cc N l phn xung quanh, khi cho
dng in xoay chiu chy qua cun dy , di tc dng ca lc in
t cun dy s chuyn ng, tc ng chuyn ng ca cun dy ph
thuc vo tn s ca dng in xoay chiu, cun dy chuyn ng
c gng vo mng loa lm mng loa chuyn ng theo, nu chuyn
ng tn s > 20 Hz chng s to ra sng m tn trong di tn s tai
ngi nghe c.
5. Cm ng in t .
Cm ng in t l hin tng xut hin in p cm ng ca cun
dy c t trong mt t trng bin thin.
V d : mt cun dy qun quanh mt li thp , khi cho dng in
xoay chiu chay qua, trn li thp xut hin mt t trng bin thin,
nu ta qun mt cun dy khc ln cng li thp th hai u cun dy
mi s xut hin in p cm ng. Bn thn cun dy c dng in
chy qua cng sinh ra in p cm ng v c chiu ngc vi chiu
dng in i vo.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959