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Chng IX - Transistor
1. Cu to ca Transistor. ( Bng bn dn ) Transistor gm ba lp bn dn ghp vi nhau hnh thnh hai mi tip gip P-N , nu ghp theo th t PNP ta c Transistor thun , nu ghp theo th t NPN ta c Transistor ngc. v phng din cu to Transistor tng ng vi hai Diode u ngc chiu nhau .

Cu to Transistor Ba lp bn dn c ni ra thnh ba cc , lp gia gi l cc gc k hiu l B ( Base ), lp bn dn B rt mng v c nng tp cht thp. Hai lp bn dn bn ngoi c ni ra thnh cc pht ( Emitter ) vit tt l E, v cc thu hay cc gp ( Collector ) vit tt l C, vng bn dn E v C c cng loi bn dn (loi N hay P ) nhng c kch thc v nng tp cht khc nhau nn khng hon v cho nhau c.

2. Nguyn tc hot ng ca Transistor. * Xt hot ng ca Transistor NPN .

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Mch kho st v nguyn tc hot ng ca transistor NPN Ta cp mt ngun mt chiu UCE vo hai cc C v E trong (+) ngun vo cc C v (-) ngun vo cc E. Cp ngun mt chiu UBE i qua cng tc v tr hn dng vo hai cc B v E , trong cc (+) vo chn B, cc (-) vo chn E. Khi cng tc m , ta thy rng, mc d hai cc C v E c cp in nhng vn khng c dng in chy qua mi C E ( lc ny dng IC = 0 ) Khi cng tc ng, mi P-N c phn cc thun do c mt dng in chy t (+) ngun UBE qua cng tc => qua R hn dng => qua mi BE v cc (-) to thnh dng IB Ngay khi dng IB xut hin => lp tc cng c dng IC chy qua mi CE lm bng n pht sng, v dng IC mnh gp nhiu ln dng IB Nh vy r rng dng IC hon ton ph thuc vo dng IB v ph thuc theo mt cng thc . IC = .IB Trong IC l dng chy qua mi CE IB l dng chy qua mi BE

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l h s khuych i ca Transistor Gii thch : Khi c in p UCE nhng cc in t v l trng khng th vt qua mi tip gip P-N to thnh dng in, khi xut hin dng IBE do lp bn dn P ti cc B rt mng v nng pha tp thp, v vy s in t t do t lp bn dn N ( cc E ) vt qua tip gip sang lp bn dn P( cc B ) ln hn s lng l trng rt nhiu, mt phn nh trong s cc in t th vo l trng to thnh dng IB cn phn ln s in t b ht v pha cc C di tc dng ca in p UCE => to thnh dng ICE chy qua Transistor. * Xt hot ng ca Transistor PNP . S hot ng ca Transistor PNP hon ton tng t Transistor NPN nhng cc tnh ca cc ngun in UCE v UBE ngc li . Dng IC i t E sang C cn dng IB i t E sang B.

3. K hiu & hnh dng Transistor .

K hiu ca Transistor

Transistor cng xut nh

Transistor cng xut ln

K hiu ( trn thn Transistor ) * Hin nay trn th trng c nhiu loi Transistor ca nhiu nc sn xut nhng thng dng nht l cc transistor ca Nht bn, M v Trung quc. Transistor Nht bn : thng k hiu l A..., B..., C..., D... V d A564, B733, C828, D1555 trong cc Transistor k hiu l A v B l Transistor thun PNP cn k hiu l C v D l Transistor ngc NPN. cc Transistor A v C thng c cng xut nh v tn s lm vic cao cn cc Transistor B v D

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thng c cng xut ln v tn s lm vic thp hn. Transistor do M sn xut. thng k hiu l 2N... v d 2N3055, 2N4073 vv... Transistor do Trung quc sn xut : Bt u bng s 3, tip theo l hai ch ci. Ch ci thc nht cho bit loi bng : Ch A v B l bng thun , ch C v D l bng ngc, ch th hai cho bit c im : X v P l bng m tn, A v G l bng cao tn. Cc ch s sau ch th t sn phm. Th d : 3CP25 , 3AP20 vv.. 4. Cch xc nh chn E, B, C ca Transistor. Vi cc loi Transistor cng xut nh th th t chn C v B tu theo bng ca nc no s xut , nhng chn E lun bn tri nu ta Transistor nh hnh di Nu l Transistor do Nht sn xut : th d Transistor C828, A564 th chn C gia , chn B bn phi. Nu l Transistor Trung quc sn xut th chn B gia , chn C bn phi. Tuy nhin mt s Transistor c sn xut nhi th khng theo th t ny => bit chnh xc ta dng phng php o bng ng h vn nng.

Transistor cng xut nh. Vi loi Transistor cng xut ln (nh hnh di ) th hu ht u c chung th t chn l : Bn tri l cc B, gia l cc C v bn phi l cc E.

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Transistor cng xut ln thng c th t chn nh trn. * o xc nh chn B v C Vi Transistor cng xut nh th thng thng chn E bn tri nh vy ta ch xc nh chn B v suy ra chn C l chn cn li. ng h thang x1 , t c nh mt que o vo tng chn , que kia chuyn sang hai chn cn li, nu kim ln = nhau th chn c que t c nh l chn B, nu que ng h c nh l que en th l Transistor ngc, l que th l Transistor thun.. 5. Phng php kim tra Transistor . Transistor khi hot ng c th h hng do nhiu nguyn nhn, nh hng do nhit , m, do in p ngun tng cao hoc do cht lng ca bn thn Transistor, kim tra Transistor bn hy nh cu to ca chng.

Cu to ca Transistor Kim tra Transistor ngc NPN tng t kim tra hai Diode u chung cc Ant, im chung l cc B, nu o t B sang C v B sang E ( que en vo B ) th tng ng nh o hai

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diode thun chiu => kim ln , tt c cc trng hp o khc kim khng ln. Kim tra Transistor thun PNP tng t kim tra hai Diode u chung cc Katt, im chung l cc B ca Transistor, nu o t B sang C v B sang E ( que vo B ) th tng ng nh o hai diode thun chiu => kim ln , tt c cc trng hp o khc kim khng ln. Tri vi cc iu trn l Transistor b hng. Transistor c th b hng cc trng hp . * o thun chiu t B sang E hoc t B sang C => kim khng ln l transistor t BE hoc t BC * o t B sang E hoc t B sang C kim ln c hai chiu l chp hay d BE hoc BC. * o gia C v E kim ln l b chp CE. * Cc hnh nh minh ho khi o kim tra Transistor.

Php o cho bit Transistor cn tt . Minh ho php o trn : Trc ht nhn vo k hiu ta bit c Transistor trn l bng ngc, v cc chn ca Transistor ln lt l ECB ( da vo tn Transistor ). < xem li phn xc nh chn Transistor > Bc 1 : Chun b o ng h thang x1

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Bc 2 v bc 3 : o thun chiu BE v BC => kim ln . Bc 4 v bc 5 : o ngc chiu BE v BC => kim khng ln. Bc 6 : o gia C v E kim khng ln => Bng tt. ----------------------------------------------------------------------

Php o cho bit Transistor b chp BE Bc 1 : Chun b . Bc 2 : o thun gia B v E kim ln = 0 Bc 3: o ngc gia B v E kim ln = 0 => Bng chp BE -----------------------------------------------------------------

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Php o cho bit bng b t BE Bc 1 : Chun b . Bc 2 v 3 : o c hai chiu gia B v E kim khng ln. => Bng t BE ---------------------------------------------------------

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Php o cho thy bng b chp CE Bc 1 : Chun b . Bc 2 v 4 : o c hai chiu gia C v E kim ln = 0 => Bng chp CE Trng hp o gia C v E kim ln mt cht l b d CE.

Phn cc cho Trranssistor

1. Cc thng s k thut ca Transistor Dng in cc i : L dng in gii hn ca transistor, vt qua dng gii hn ny Transistor s b hng. in p cc i : L in p gii hn ca transistor t vo cc CE , vt qua in p gii hn ny Transistor s b nh thng. Tn s ct : L tn s gii hn m Transistor lm vic bnh thng, vt qu tn s ny th khuych i ca Transistor b gim . H s khuych i : L t l bin i ca dng ICE ln gp bao nhiu ln dng IBE Cng xut cc i : Khi hoat ng Transistor tiu tn mt cng xut P = UCE . ICE nu cng xut ny vt qu cng xut cc i ca Transistor th Transistor s b hng .

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2. Mt s Transistor c bit . * Transistor s ( Digital Transistor ) : Transistor s c cu to nh Transistor thng nhng chn B c u thm mt in tr vi chc K

Transistor s thng c s dng trong cc mch cng tc , mch logic, mch iu khin , khi hot ng ngi ta c th a trc tip p lnh 5V vo chn B iu khin n ngt m.

Minh ho ng dng ca Transistor Digital * K hiu : Transistor Digital thng c cc k hiu l DTA... ( dn thun ), DTC...( n ngc ) , KRC...( n ngc ) KRA... ( n thun), RN12...( n ngc ), RN22...(n thun ), UN...., KSR... . Th d : DTA132 , DTC 124 vv... * Transistor cng xut dng ( cng xut ngang ) Transistor cng xut ln thng c gi l s. S dng, S ngun vv..cc s ny c thit k iu khin b cao p hoc bin p ngun xung hot ng , Chng thng c in p hot ng cao v cho dng chu ng ln. Cc s cng xut dng( Ti vi mu) thng c u thm cc diode m trong song song vi cc CE.

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S cng xut dng trong Ti vi mu

3. ng dng ca Transistor. Thc ra mt thit b khng c Transistor th cha phi l thit b in t, v vy Transistor c th xem l mt linh kin quan trng nht trong cc thit b in t, cc loi IC thc cht l cc mch tch hp nhiu Transistor trong mt linh kin duy nht, trong mch in , Transistor c dng khuych i tn hiu Analog, chuyn trng thi ca mch Digital, s dng lm cc cng tc in t, lm cc b to dao ng v v... 4. Cp in cho Transistor ( Vcc - in p cung cp ) s dng Transistor trong mch ta cn phi cp cho n mt ngun in, tu theo mc ch s dng m ngun in c cp trc tip vo Transistor hay i qua in tr, cun dy v v... ngun in Vcc cho Transistor c quy c l ngun cp cho cc CE.

Cp ngun Vcc cho Transistor ngc v thun Ta thy rng : Nu Transistor l ngc NPN th Vcc phi l ngun dng (+), nu Transistor l thun PNP th Vcc l ngun m (-)

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5. nh thin ( phn cc ) cho Transistor . * nh thin : l cp mt ngun in vo chn B ( qua tr nh thin) t Transistor vo trng thi sn sng hot ng, sn sng khuych i cc tn hiu cho d rt nh.

* Ti sao phi nh thin cho Transistor n mi sn sng hot ng ? : hiu c iu ny ta hy xt hai s trn : trn l hai mch s dng transistor khuych i tn hiu, mt mch chn B khng c nh thin v mt mch chn B c nh thin thng qua Rt. Cc ngun tn hiu a vo khuych i thng c bin rt nh ( t 0,05V n 0,5V ) khi a vo chn B( n cha c nh thin) cc tn hiu ny khng to ra dng IBE ( c im mi P-N pha c 0,6V mi c dng chy qua ) => v vy cng khng c dng ICE => st p trn Rg = 0V v in p ra chn C = Vcc s th 2 , Transistor c Rt nh thin => c dng IBE, khi a tn hiu nh vo chn B => lm cho dng IBE tng hoc gim => dng ICE cng tng hoc gim , st p trn Rg cng thay i => v kt qu u ra ta thu c mt tn hiu tng t u vo nhng c bin ln hn. => Kt lun : nh thin ( hay phn cc) ngha l to mt dng in IBE ban u, mt st p trn Rg ban u khi c mt ngun tn hiu yu i vo cc B , dng IBE s tng hoc gim => dng ICE cng tng hoc gim => dn n st p trn Rg cng tng hoc gim => v st p ny chnh l tn hiu ta cn ly ra . 6. Mt s mach nh thin khc .

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* Mch nh thin dng hai ngun in khc nhau .

Mch nh thin dng hai ngun in khc nhau * Mach nh thin c in tr phn p c th khuch i c nhiu ngun tn hiu mnh yu khc nhau, th mch nh thin thng s dng thm in tr phn p Rpa u t B xung Mass.

Mch nh thin c in tr phn p Rpa * Mch nh thin c hi tip . L mch c in tr nh thin u t u ra (cc C ) n u vo ( cc B) mch ny c tc dng tng n nh cho mch khuych i khi hot ng.

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Chng X - Mch khuch i

1. Khi nim v mch khuyh i . Mch khuych i c s dng trong hu ht cc thit b in t, nh mch khuych i m tn trong Cassete, mply, Khuych i tn hiu video trong Ti vi mu v.v ... C ba loi mch khuych i chnh l : Khuych i v in p : L mch khi ta a mt tn hiu c bin nh vo, u ra ta s thu c mt tn hiu c bin ln hn nhiu ln. Mch khuych i v dng in : L mch khi ta a mt tn hiu c cng yu vo, u ra ta s thu c mt tn hiu cho cng dng in mnh hn nhiu ln. Mch khuych i cng xut : L mch khi ta a mt tn hiu c cng xut yu vo , u ra ta thu c tn hiu c cng xut mnh hn nhiu ln, thc ra mch khuych i cng xut l kt hp c hai mch khuych i in p v khuych i dng in lm mt. 2. Cc ch hot ng ca mch khuych i. Cc ch hot ng ca mch khuych i l ph thuc vo ch phn cc cho Transistor, tu theo mc ch s dng m mch khuych i c phn cc K ch A, ch B , ch AB hoc ch C a) Mch khuych i ch A. L cc mch khuych i cn ly ra tn hiu hon ton gin vi tn hiu ng vo.

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Mch khuych i ch A khuych i c hai bn chu k tn hiu ng vo * Transistor hot ng ch A, ta phi nh thin sao cho in p UCE ~ 60% 70% Vcc. * Mch khuych i ch A c s dng trong cc mch trung gian nh khuych i cao tn, khuych i trung tn, tin khuych i v v.. b) Mach khuych i ch B. Mch khuych i ch B l mch ch khuych i mt na chu k ca tn hiu, nu khuych i bn k dng ta dng transistor NPN, nu khuych i bn k m ta dng transistor PNP, mch khuych i ch B khng c nh thin.

Mch khuych i ch B ch khuych i mt bn chu k ca tn hiu ng vo.

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* Mch khuych i ch B thng c s dng trong cc mch khuch i cng xut y ko nh cng xut m tn, cng xut mnh ca Ti vi, trong cc mch cng xut y ko , ngi ta dng hai n NPN v PNP mc ni tip , mi n s khuych i mt bn chu k ca tn hiu, hai n trong mch khuych i y ko phi c cc thng s k thut nh nhau : * Mch khuych i cng xut kt hp c hai ch A v B .

Mch khuych i cng xut mply c : Q1 khuych i ch A, Q2 v Q3 khuych i ch B, Q2 khuych i cho bn chu k dng, Q3 khuych i cho bn chu k m. c) Mch khuych i ch AB. Mch khuych i ch AB l mch tng t khuych i ch B , nhng c nh thin sao cho in p UBE sp s 0,6 V, mch cng ch khuych i mt na chu k tn hiu v khc phc hin tng mo giao im ca mch khuych i ch B, mch ny cng c s dng trong cc mch cng xut y ko . d) Mch khuych i ch C L mch khuych i c in p UBE c phn c ngc vi mc ch ch ly tn hiu u ra l mt phn nh ca tn hiu u vo, mch ny thng s dng trong cc mch tch tn hiu : Th d mch tch xung ng b trong ti vi mu.

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ng dng mch khuych i ch C trong mch tch xung ng b Ti vi mu.

3. Transistor mc theo kiu E chung. Mch mc theo kiu E chung c cc E u trc tip xung mass hoc u qua t xung mass thot thnh phn xoay chiu, tn hiu a vo cc B v ly ra trn cc C, mch c s nh sau :

Mch khuych i in p mc kiu E chung , Tn hiu a vo cc B v ly ra trn cc C Rg : l in tr ghnh , Rt : L in tr nh thin, Rpa : L in tr phn p . c im ca mch khuych i E chung. Mch khuych i E chung thng c nh thin sao cho in p UCE khong 60% 70 % Vcc.

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Bin tn hiu ra thu c ln hn bin tn hiu vo nhiu ln, nh vy mch khuych i v in p. Dng in tn hiu ra ln hn dng tn hiu vo nhng khng ng k. Tn hiu u ra ngc pha vi tn hiu u vo : v khi in p tn hiu vo tng => dng IBE tng => dng ICE tng => st p trn Rg tng => kt qu l in p chn C gim , v ngc li khi in p u vo gim th in p chn C li tng => v vy in p u ra ngc pha vi tn hiu u vo. Mch mc theo kiu E chung nh trn c ng dng nhiu nht trong thit b in t. 4. Transistor mc theo kiu C chung. Mch mc theo kiu C chung c chn C u vo mass hoc dng ngun ( Lu : v phng din xoay chiu th dng ngun tng ng vi mass ) , Tn hiu c a vo cc B v ly ra trn cc E , mch c s nh sau :

Mch mc kiu C chung , tn hiu a vo cc B v ly ra trn cc E c im ca mch khuych i C chung . Tn hiu a vo cc B v ly ra trn cc E Bin tn hiu ra bng bin tn hiu vo : V mi BE lun lun c gi tr khong 0,6V do khi in p chn B tng bao nhiu th p chn C cng tng by nhiu => v vy bin tn hiu ra bng bin tn hiu vo . Tn hiu ra cng pha vi tn hiu vo : V khi in p vo tng => th in p ra cng tng, in p vo gim th in p ra cng gim.

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Cng ca tn hiu ra mnh hn cng ca tn hiu vo nhiu ln : V khi tn hiu vo c bin tng => dng IBE s tng => dng ICE cng tng gp ln dng IBE v ICE = .IBE gi s Transistor c h s khuych i = 50 ln th khi dng IBE tng 1mA => dng ICE s tng 50mA, dng ICE chnh l dng ca tn hiu u ra, nh vy tn hiu u ra c cng dng in mnh hn nhiu ln so vi tn hiu vo. Mch trn c ng dng nhiu trong cc mch khuych i m (Damper), trc khi chia tn hiu lm nhiu nhnh , ngi ta thng dng mch Damper khuych i cho tn hiu kho hn . Ngoi ra mch cn c ng dng rt nhiu trong cc mch n p ngun ( ta s tm hiu trong phn sau ) 5. Transistor mc theo kiu B chung. Mch mc theo kiu B chung c tn hiu a vo chn E v ly ra trn chn C , chn B c thot mass thng qua t. Mach mc kiu B chung rt t khi c s dng trong thc t.

Mch khuych i kiu B chung , khuych i v in p v khng khuych i v dng in.

Khi nim v ghp tng : Mt thit b in t gm c nhiu khi kt hp li, mi khi li c nhiu tng khuych i c mc ni tip vi nhau v khi mc ni tip thng s dng mt trong cc kiu ghp sau : Ghp tng qua t in. Ghp tng qua bin p . Ghp tng trc tip.

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Ta hy xt cc trng hp c th : 6. Ghp tng qua t in. * S mch ghp tng qua t in

Mch khuych i u t - c hai tng khuych i c ghp vi nhau qua t in. trn l s mch khuych i u t trong i Cassette, mch gm hai tng khuych i mc theo kiu E chung, cc tng c ghp tn hiu thng qua t in, ngi ta s dng cc t C1 , C3 , C5 lm t ni tng cho tn hiu xoay chiu i qua v ngn p mt chiu li, cc t C2 v C4 c tc dng thot thnh phn xoay chiu t chn E xung mass, C6 l t lc ngun. u im ca mch l n gin, d lp do mch c s dng rt nhiu trong thit b in t, nhc im l khng khai thc c ht kh nng khuych i ca Transistor do h s khuych i khng ln. trn l mch khuych i m tn, do cc t ni tng thng dng t ho c tr s t 1F 10F. Trong cc mch khuych i cao tn th t ni tng c tr s nh khong vi nan Fara. 7.Ghp tng qua bin p . * S mch trung tn ting trong Radio s dng bin p ghp tng

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Tng Trung tn ting ca Radio s dng bin p ghp tng. trn l s mch trung tn Radio s dng cc bin p ghp tng, tn hiu u ra ca tng ny c ghp qua bin p i vo tng pha sau. u im ca mch l phi hp c tr khng gia cc tng do khai thc c ti u h s khuych i , hn na cun s cp bin p c th u song song vi t cng hng khi mch khuych i mt tn s c nh. Nhc im : nu mch hot ng di tn s rng th gy mo tn s, mch ch to phc tp v chim nhiu din tch. 8.Ghp tng trc tip . * Kiu ghp tng trc tip thng c dng trong cc mch khuych i cng xut m tn.

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Mch khuych i cng xut m tn c n o pha Q1 c ghp trc tip vi hai n cng xut Q2 v Q3.

9. Trong cc mch khuych i ( ch A ) th phn cc nh th no l ng.

Mch khuych i c phn cc ng. Mch khuych i ( ch A) c phn cc ng l mch c UBE ~ 0,6V ; UCE ~ 60% 70% Vcc Khi mch c phn cc ng ta thy , tn hiu ra c bin

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ln nht v khng b mo tn hiu . 10. Mch khuych i ( ch A ) b phn cc sai.

Mch khuych i b phn cc sai, in p UCE qu thp .

Mch khuych i b phn cc sai, in p UCE qu cao . Khi mch b phn cc sai ( tc l UCE qu thp hoc qu cao ) ta thy rng tn hiu ra b mo dng, h s khuych i ca mch b gim mnh. Hin tng mo dng trn s gy hin tng m thanh b r hay b nght cc mch khuych i m tn.

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Phng php kim tra mt tng khuych i. Mt tng khuych i nu ta kim tra thy UCE qu thp so vi ngun hoc qu cao sp s bng ngun => th tng khuych i c vn . Nu UCE qu thp th c th do chp CE( hng Transistor) , hoc t Rg. Nu UCE qu cao ~ Vcc th c th t Rt hoc hng Transistor. Mt tng khuych i cn tt thng thng c : UBE ~ 0,6V ; UCE ~ 60% 70% Vcc

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959