4 Matematika PDF

: IV
IV

, .
2011-14. .. .
: IV
1. .................................................................................................................................. 4
1.1. ............................................................................................................................. 4
1.2. .................................................................................................................... 7
1.3 ............................................................................................................ 13
1.4 ........................................................................................................................ 18
2. ............................................................................................................................................... 21
2.1. .......................................................................................................................... 22
2.2. ......................................................................................................................... 25
2.3. ......................................................................................................................... 30
2.4. (sin x)/x ............................................................................................................................. 33
2.5. ........................................................................................................................................... 35
2.6. ................................................................................................................................... 38
3. ................................................................................................................................................ 40
3.1. ........................................................................................................................... 40
3.2. .......................................................................................................................... 47
3.3. ............................................................................................................................... 52
3.4. ............................................................................................................................. 57
3.5*. ................................................................................................................... 60
3.6*. ................................................................................................................. 67
3.7*. ...................................................................................................................... 70
4. ............................................................................................................................................. 75
4.1. ................................................................................................................ 75
4.2*. ..................................................................................................... 82
4.3. .................................................................................................................... 87
4.4*. .......................................................................................... 96
4.5*. ..................................................................................................................... 99
4.6*. ................................................................................................................. 102
5. ................................................................................................................................ 115
5.1. ................................................................................................................................. 116
5.2. .............................................................................................................................. 119
5.3. ............................................................................................................................. 123

2
: IV
5.4. ........................................................................................................... 125
6. .................................................................................................................................... 135
6.1. ....................................................................................................................... 135
6.2. ............................................................................................................................. 139
6.3. .............................................................................................................. 144
7. ....................................................................................................................................... 153
7.1 .............................................................................................................. 153
7.2 ................................................................................................................. 161
7.3. ......................................................................................................... 171
7.4 ................................................................................................................................. 177
8. ........................................................................................................................................ 186
8.1. ........................................................................................................................................ 186
8.2. ............................................................................................................................ 191
8.3. ................................................................................................................................... 198
8.4. ................................................................................................................................. 206
: IV
1.
, ,
. , .
, ,

. , x y ,
z = xy.
1.1.
.
. ,
S = {(1,2), (1,3), (2,4), (3,4), (5,6)}
S : 12, 13, 24, 34 56.
A = { 1, 2, 3, 5},
B = {2, 3, 4, 5}.
, S. .
(f) (D) (K),
x D y K.
f : x y,
y = f(x).
(D) , ,
(K) , , .
, .
1.1.1. f : x y, x = y2,
, . , 9 3 ,
9, , 3, .
1.1.2. f : x y, x2 = y,
, . , 3 9 ,
.
f-1, ,
f, .
, A B,
B ,
, . ,
: IV
A B, 1-1 ,
.
B ()
, .
. , ,
, . .
()
y = x2 2x 3
.
f : x y
.

.
( x = 2)
( y = -3)
. ,

.
.

x = 0, y = -3. ,
. ,
x = 1,
- ()
( x > 1), .
, .
,
. ,
. :
(xD) f(-x) = f(x) ,
(xD) f(-x) = -f(x) .
, , y = x4 5x2 ,
y = x3 5x . . ()
, () .
( - ),
( ).
,
( ).
: IV
-, ,
. , , -.
, -, ,
.
f (a,b) D, x1, x2 (a,b)
x1 x2 f(x1) f(x2).
(<), .
f (a,b) D, x1, x2 (a,b)
x1 x2 f(x1) f(x2).
(<), (>),
.
, , . ()
x 1.58, (
-1.58, x = 0, x =
x < ) . () x -
-1.29, x (-
), x
1.29.
- () .
() , .
() ()
().

6
: IV
f m M (xD) m f(x) M. ,
(m)(xD) m f(x), f(x) M.
1.1.3.
1.
) .
1 0 1 2
f
3 2 3 1
) ?
) , ?
2. y = f(x)
2 x 1 3x 2
,
f
x 2 2x 3
f(2x 3) = 3x + 2,
1
2 f ( x) 3 f 2 x 3 .
x
, ?
3.
y = |x| - 1,
4.
y = |x 2| + 1,
y = |x + 1| - 2.
f(x) = x2 4x 5,
f(x) = x3 3x,
, ?
f(x) = x4 2x2.
5. ()
f ( x)
2x 1
,
3x 2
2 x 2x
f ( x)
,
2
f ( x) sin x cos x .
6.
y = sin x + cos x,
2 | x | 1
,
| x | 1
3x 2 12 x 10
.
x 2 4x 3
1.2.
.
. ,
: IV
: , , ,
,
1. (),
2. ,
3. .
, .
, .
, f(x) = 5 , .
- .

f(x) = anxn + an-1x n-1 + + a1x + a0,
an, an-1, , a1, a0 . ,
f(x) = x2 4x + 3,
. x = 1 x = 3.
, , (1 < x
< 3) . (2,-1),
. ,
.

f(x) = x3 3x2 x + 3.
x1 = -1, x2 = 1, x3 = 3,
( ) .
, = 0,
f(0) = 3,
, f .

,
()

3 2 3 0,15
3
2,15
( ) -
(),
(), +.
,
. ,
. , n n - 1
- n , . n .
: IV
, r(x) =
, g f
() . f g .
x = x0 , f(x0) = 0,
r(x). , , g(a) = 0, x = a
r(x). , x = a ,
, . , x = a
f(x) f(x) x .
1.2.1.
, :
1.
r1 ( x)
x2
x = -2 x = 1,
x 1
x2 4
2 x = 1,
x 1
x2
3. r3 ( x) 2
-2 x = 1.
x 1
2.
r2 ( x)
, , (-,0) ,
(0,+) .
() f = -2, x = 0.
, .
x0 r(x) =
, .

9
: IV
r(x) = f(x)/g(x) , f(x) g(x) .
1.2.2.
( x 1)( x 2)
x 1

.
( x 2)( x 2)
x2
, ,
, . x + 2 0. (x = 2)
, -1/2.
. ,
y(x) = x2 4x + 3 2. fm(x) gn(x) m n,
fm(x)/gn(x) m n.

. , .

.
1.2.3.
r ( x)
x 6 3x 4 x 3 5 x 2 4 x 7
.
x 4 5x 2 4
r ( x) x 2 2
x 3 x 2 4x 1
.
x 4 5x 2 4
A
Ax B
x 2
,
n
( x x0 )
( x px q) n
n = 1, 2, 3, , A, B, x0, p, q
p2 4q < 0, , .

10
: IV
, . g(x) = (x x1)(x x2)(x xn), r(x)

r ( x)
f m ( x)
An
A1
A2
...
g n ( x) x x1 x x2
x xn
A1, A2, , An . , .
g n ( x) ( x x1 ) j1 ( x x2 ) j2 ...( x xk ) jk , , j1 j2 ... j k n ,
r(x)
r ( x)
A1 j1
A11
A12
...
2
x x1 ( x x1 )
( x x1 ) j1
A2 j2
A21
A22
...
x x2 ( x x2 ) 2
( x x2 ) j2
...
Akj2
Ak1
Ak 2
...
.
2
x xk ( x xk )
( x x k ) jk
k,
r(x)
r ( x)
Ak x Bk
A1 x B1
A2 x B2
...
.
2
2
2
ax bx c (ax bx c)
(ax 2 bx c) k
.
f ( x) 5x 3 x , f ( x)
2x 1
, ... .
3x 2 2
1.2.4.
1. -2, 1, 3, 1.
2. 2 4, 4 ,
4.
3.
5
,
x4
2 x
,
3 x
x 2 2x
,
2 x
x2
.
x2 1

11
: IV
4. (2x4 + x3 - 3x2 + x 1) : (x2 2x).
[ 2x2 + 5x + 7, 15x 1, :
}
5. :
2 x 3 x 2 3x 1
,
f ( x)
x2 1
x3 x2 x
,
f ( x)
x2 x
x 4 x 3 2x 2 x
.
f ( x)
x2 x
6. :
2x 3
4 x 13
x2 4
,
,
y
(
x
)
,
y
(
x
)
x2 x
x2 x 6
3x 3 4 x 2 4 x
x 3 10 x 2 3x 36
x 2 29 x 5
x 4 5 x 3 6 x 2 18
,
,
y
y ( x)
(
x
)
.
y
(
x
)
( x 4) 2 ( x 2 3)
( x 1)( x 2 4) 2
x 3 3x 2
2
1
2x 1
5
x2
x
2 6
2
[,
,
, x2 2
.]
2
2
2
2
x x
x3
x 4 ( x 4)
x 3 x 1 x 4 ( x 4)
y ( x)
7*. a, b, p, q
x3 + 15x2 + 3x+ 5 = p(x a)3 + q(x b)3,

x3 + 15x2 + 3x + 5 = 0.
[x
2 3 3
2 3 3
8*. a, b, c
x 3 ax 2 bx c x 3 bx 2 cx a x 3 cx 2 ax b
x 1
x2
x3
.

12
: IV
[a = 4.2, b = -0.9, c = -4.3]
1.3
. :
1.
2.
3.
4.
,
,
,
.
1.3.1.
b > 0 , b 1. f : R R+
(xR) f(x) = bx
b.
,
(R)
. (R+)
.
, b > 1, f ,
b < 1, f .
, ()
e = 2,71828 ,

-1 0,36788.

.
, ,
.
1.3.2.
b
f(x) = logb x.
(R+) , .
, f(f-1(x)) = x f-1(f(x)) = x,
(x R+) b logb x x , (x R) log b b x x .

13
: IV
log b b 1 log b 1 0 . , (x1,x2 > 0):
log b ( x1 x2 ) log b x1 log b x2 , log b
x1
log b x1 log b x2 ,
x2
b x1 b x2 b x1 x2 b x1 : b x2 b x1 x2 ,
(x R) (a > 0) log b a x x log b a .
y
x
, log b a y , a b , . a b ,
x
y
log b a ,
x
. y x log b a . , ,
. , c > 0, 1
log b x
log c x
.
log c b
(log b x) (log c b) log c b logb x log c x .
log b c
1
.
log c b
, ,
,

I III (y = x).
:
e = 2,71828 -1 0,36788.
10,
,
(log naturalis), ,
:
log10 x = log x, ln x = loge x.
1.3.3.
, sin : R [-1,+1], 2.
, . ().

14
: IV
, cos : R [-1,+1], , 2.
, ,
- . , .
, tg : R R, . ,
. x =
, k Z.
, ctg : R R, .
, x = k, k Z.
-, .
y = sin x -
y = cos x -
y = tg x
y = ctg x
(xR):
sin 2 x cos 2 x 1 , sin x cos x , tg x ctg x .

2

15
: IV
sin( x y) sin x cos y cos x sin y , cos( x y) cos x cos y sin x sin y ,
tg( x y )
ctg x ctg y 1
tg x tg y
, ctg( x y )
.
1 tg x tg y
ctg y ctg x
sin 2 x 2 sin x cos x , cos 2 x cos 2 x sin 2 x , tg 2 x
2 tg x
.
1 tg 2 x
sin x sin y 2 sin
cos x cos y 2 cos
x y
x y
x y
x y
, sin x sin y 2 cos
,
cos
sin
2
2
2
2
x y
x y
x y
x y
, cos x cos y 2 sin
.
cos
sin
2
2
2
2
1
sin x sin y [cos( x y) cos( x y)] ,
2
1
cos x cos y [sin( x y) sin( x y)] ,
2
1
sin x cos y [sin( x y) sin( x y)] .
2
1.3.4.
.

16
: IV
,

,
,
2 2
. arc sin = sin-1 : [-1,+1]
sin(arc sin x) = x (|x| < 1), arc sin(sin x) = x (x [-/2, +/2].).

, [0,].
, arc cos = cos-1 : [-1, 1] [0, ].

, .
2 2
, arc tg = tg-1 : R
, arc ctg = ctg-1 : R (0, ).

,
/2 - .
1.3.5.
, , :
sh x
e x ex
e x ex
sh x
ch x
, ch x
, th x
, cth x
.
2
2
ch x
sh x
.
1.3.6.
1. -
3 x 3 x
,
2
tg x
,
f ( x)
x
f ( x)
3 x 3 x
,
2
cos x
,
f ( x)
x
f ( x)
f ( x) x 3 3x sin x ,
f ( x) 2 sin x 5 ctg x .
2. -
y ( x) log
3x 4
,
2x 3
y( x) log 2 (3x 2 5x 2) ,
y( x) 2 ln 2 x 7 ln x 4 .
3.
z ( x) 4 x 6 2 x 8 ,
z ( x) log
x 1
,
x 1
z ( x) [ln( x 3)]1 .
4.
y sin
2x
,
3
y tg x ctg 2 x ,
y sin
x
3x
cos .
2
5

17
: IV
5. f ( x) a sin x b cos x ,
3 sin x 4 cos x ,
(3 tg x 4 ctg x) sin 2 x .
2 cos x 5 sin x ,
6.
cos 1 x cos 1 ( x) ,
cos 1 x sin 1 x
tg 1 x ctg 1 x
1.4
y g, . y = y(g), g x, . g = g(x), y
x.
y = y[g(x)], y = f(x).
, f(x) = log2(x2 + 3x + 5) (g = x2 + 3x + 5)
(y = log2 g).
(. explicare , )
y f (x) .
, , .
. , ,
, , :
y 2x 3 , y x 2 2x 3 , y 9 x 2 .
(. Implicare , )
F ( x, y) 0 .
, .
,
x2 y2
1 0 .
25 16
,
. ,
, . , ,
-
xy cos y 0 .

18
: IV
, a y = f(x)
, . f

f ( f 1 ( x)) x , f 1 ( f ( x)) x ,
(f o f-1)(x) = (f-1 o f)(x) = x.
, (P) (a),
, , .
P a2 , a P .
y = x, I III
.
() y x 2 , 0 (), y
(), I III ( ). ()
y e x y ln x , = 2,71828... .
1.4.1.
1.
2 5 x 3 ,
5 tg x 3 ,
cos(5x 3) sin(5x 3) .
2.
xy 2 0 ,
b 2 x 2 a 2 y 2 a 2b 2 ,
2 x 2 3xy y 2 2 x 3 y 4 0 .

19
: IV
3.
m0
v
1
c
4. .
5.
y x,
x2 y2 r 2 ,
1
.
x
.
6.
x 2 3x 2 ,
x3 9 ,
x x.
x 2x 0 ,
sin x log 2 x .
7.
x 2 ( x 2) 2 8 ,

20
: IV
2.
x x1, x2, x3,
x0 |x x0|
, ,
, x0
lim xn x0 , xn x0 n .
n
x (a,b) x0
,
.
x1, x2, x3, x0 y1, y2, y3, y0. ,
lim xn x0 lim y n y 0 .
n
x n x0 n y n y 0 n ,
n 0 n 0 n . x1 y1 , x2 y 2 , x3 y3 , ... ,
xn y n = ( x0 n ) ( y0 n ) = x0 y0 n n , .
lim ( xn y n ) = x0 y0 0 0 = x0 y 0 .
n
lim ( xn y n ) lim xn lim y n .

n
,
. ,
.
: , , ,
, .
.
2.0.1. (xn) (yn) ,
1.
lim ( xn y n ) lim xn lim y n ,
2.
lim ( xn y n ) lim xn lim y n ,
3.
lim ( xn

: y ) lim x : lim y , lim y
n
0 .

21
: IV
2.1.
2.1.1.
f
c, , , c. L
f
x c, > 0 = () >
0, 0 < |x c| <
|f(x) L| < .
lim f ( x) L .
x c
1
. x
(c-, c+)
y (L-, L+).
, > 0
,
,
. f(x) L, x c, lim f ( x) L .
x c
(. 2.1.1.).
2.1.2.
f x0,
lim f ( x) f ( x0 ) .
x x0

2
. , lim ( x 4) = 32 4 = 5.
x 3
, f ( , ) x0,
, F
f .
lim f ( x0 ) = lim F ( x) F ( x0 ) .
x x0
x x0
2.1.3. (x R\{1})
: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_(mathematics).

22
: IV
f ( x)
x2 1
x3 1
= 1. , f(1) , =1
R . ,
x2 1
( x 1)( x 1)
x 1
= 2
.
3
2
x 1 ( x 1)( x x 1) x x 1
,
f , = 1 . ,
(xR)
F ( x)
x 1
.
x x 1
2
lim f ( x) lim F ( x)
x 1
x 1
2
.
3
f F, ( = 1)
.
2.1.4.
f ( x)
x 1 1
x 1 1
, x R\{0}.
= 0. ,
3
f(x) =
x 1 1
x 1 1
x 1
( x 1) 2 3 x 1 1
( x 1) 2 3 x 1 1
x 1 1
2
x 1 1
x 1 1
x 1 1
( x 1) 2 3 x 1 1
( x 1) 1
F ( x) ,
| x 1 | 1

23
: IV
x 1 1
F ( x)
3
( x 1) 2 3 x 1 1
, x R.
f ( x) F ( x) , x 0.
,
lim f ( x) lim F ( x)
x 0
x 0
2
,
3
, , = 0.
, ,
(: , , 0, - ).
2.1.5. lim
x 1 x .
x 1 x
x 1 x
. lim x 1 x = lim x 1 x
= lim
=
x
x 0
x 1 x
x 1 x x
( x 1) x
1
= lim
= 0, (),
lim
x
x
x 1 x
x 1 x
.
2.1.6.
1.
lim
x 5
lim x 3 3 .
3 3
,
x 5
x 0
2.
lim ( x 2 2 x 3) ,
lim
x 2
cos x
.
x
3.
x2 1
,
x 1 x 3 1
xm 1
lim n
, (m, n N)
x 1 x 1
x4 1
,
x 1 x 3 1
(1 x) n 1
lim
.
x 0
x
lim
lim
4.

24
: IV
lim ( x x 2 5 x ) ,
lim ( x 2 2 x x) ,
lim x x x x ,
x
lim ( x a)( x b) x .
5.
3
lim 4
x a
lim
x 4
x 3 a
x 4 a
8 x x2
84 x
lim 8
lim
x 6 x
x 12 x
x 2 25
5x 5
x 5
,
.
6.
lim 3
x 0
1 x 1 x
1 x 3 1 x
n
7. lim
x 0
lim
2 x 2 3 x 6
x 2
2 x 21 x
x 1 1
, n = 2, 3, 4, .
x
[ (a 1)(a n1 a n2 ... a 1) a n 1 a n x 1 ,
,
= lim
x 0
n 1
1
1
]
a ... a 1 n
n2
2.2.
.
2.2.1.
f x0,
.
: lim f ( x) A . (2.1.1.),
x x0
(A-, A+) , (x0-, x0+)

, x0,
, A < f(x) < A + .
2.2.2.
lim f ( x) A 0 , x0 ( x0) f(x) > 0.
x x0
: > 0, A > 0, A > 0. > 0

: x (x0-, x0+) f(x) (A-, A+). x0 f(x) > A > 0.

25
: IV
2.2.3.
lim f ( x) A lim g ( x) B lim [ f ( x) g ( x)] A B .
x x0
x x0
x x0
: > 0. |a + b| |a| + |b|,

|f(x) + g(x) (A + B)| = |[f(x) A] + [g(x) B]| |f(x) A| + |g(x) B|
(*)
lim f ( x) A 1 > 0 0 < |x x0| < 1 |f(x) A| < . ,

x x0
lim g ( x) B 2 > 0 0 < |x x0| < 2 |g(x) B| < .
x x0
min{1 , 2 } , 0 < |x x0| < |f(x) A| < |g(x) B| < ,

(*)
|f(x) + g(x) (A + B)| < + = ,

.
lim [ f ( x) g ( x)] A B .
x x0
2. , , f(x) g(x) = f(x) +

[-g(x)].
2.2.4.
lim f ( x) A lim g ( x) B lim [ f ( x) g ( x)] A B .
x x0
x x0
x x0
: >0. = 0 , A 0.
|f(x)g(x) AB| = |f(x)g(x) Ag(x) + Ag(x) AB| =

= |g(x)[f(x) A] + A[g(x) B]|
|g(x)||f(x) A| + |A||g(x) B|. (*)
lim g ( x) B 1 > 0 0 < |x x0| < 1 | g ( x) B |
x x0
2| A|
(x0-1, x0+1) ( 2.2.1.); |g(x)| < M, M > 0.

, lim f ( x) A 2 > 0 0 < |x x0| < 2 | f ( x) A |
x x0
2M
= min{1, 2}
2
, . wiki.elemenat.com, , : .

26
: IV
| g ( x) B |
2| A|
, |g(x)| < M | f ( x) A |
2M
(*) 0 < |x x0| <
| f ( x) g ( x) A B | < M
2M
| A|
2| A|
.
2.2.5.
lim f ( x) A , lim g ( x) B B 0 , lim [ f ( x) : g ( x)] A : B .
x x0
x x0
x x0
: (3 4.)
| f ( x ) : g ( x) A : B | =
B f ( x) A g ( x)
f ( x) A
=
=
B g ( x)
g ( x) B
1
B [ f ( x) A] A [ g ( x) B]
| B | | g ( x) |
1
| A|
| f ( x) A |
| g ( x) B | .
| g ( x) |
| B | | g ( x) |
.
, (, , ) (,
, ) .
, . ,
, , .
2.2.6.
lim f ( x) A , lim g ( x) B x0, x0,
x x0
x x0
f(x) g(x), A B.
: , A > B. 2.2.1.
lim [ f ( x) g ( x)] = lim f ( x) lim g ( x) = A B 0 ,
x x0
x x0
x x0
2.2.2. x0 f(x) g(x) > 0, . f(x) > g(x). ,

f(x) g(x).

27
: IV
, . , A > B,
, .
2.2.7.
lim f ( x) lim h( x) A x0, x0,
x x0
x x0
f(x) g(x) h(x), lim g ( x) A .

x x0
: f(x) A g(x) A h(x) A -

x0, 0 < |x x0| < . , |g(x) A| max{|f(x) A|, |h(x) A|} ,
. > 0.
, 1, 2 > 0
0 < |x x0| < 1 |f(x) A| < ,
0 < |x x0| < 2 |h(x) A| < .
* = min{, 1, 2},
0 < |x x0| < * |g(x) A| < ,
. lim g ( x) A , .
x x0
.
2.2.8.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
lim C C , C .
x x0
lim Cf ( x) C lim f ( x) .
x x0
lim f ( x)
x x0
x x0
g ( x)
lim f ( x) x x0
lim g ( x )
x x0
lim n f ( x) n lim f ( x) .
x x0
x x0
lim log b f ( x) log b lim f ( x) .

x x0
x x0
3 2.2.9.
x 1 x2 1
.
lim 2
3
x 1 x 1
x 1
, : , IV
, , 1994.

28
: IV
:
lim
x 1
lim
x 1
x 1
x 1
1
1
= lim
= lim

2
x
1
x
1
x 1 2
( x 1)( x 1)
x 1
x2 1
( x 1)( x 1)
x 1
2
= lim
= lim 2
3
2
x
1
x
1
x x 1 3
x 1
( x 1)( x x 1)
2.2.3.
x 1 x2 1 1 2 7
= .
lim 2
3
x 1 x 1
x 1 2 3 6
3
1
3
.
x 1 x 1
x 1
2.2.10. lim
: 2.2.3. .
, ,
x2 2
( x 1)( x 2)
1
3
=
=
.
3
x 1 x 1 ( x 1)( x 2 x 1) x 2 x 1
, 1 1.
3
x 1 1
x 0 4
x 1 1
2.2.11. lim
: ( 2.1.6.) 7.
3
= lim
x 0 4
3
x 1 1
x 1 1
lim
1
x 0
4
x
x
=
= 3 .
4
3
x 1 1
x 1 1 1
4
lim
x 0
x
x
2.2.12.
1. ( ):
x8 2x 6 3
.
x
3x 8 2
3x 2 4 x 5
,
x 5 x 2 6 x 7
lim
lim
2. ( ):

29
: IV
3x 2 13x 10
,
x 5 2 x 2 13 x 15
2 x 2 13x 7
.
x 7 3 x 2 19 x 14
lim
lim
3. :
1
24
2
lim
2
3
,
x 2 x 2
x 2x 4 x 8
3x 2 x
2
.
lim
x 2 ( x 2)( x 2 x 1)
x 2
, ]
4. ( ):
lim x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 ,
x
lim 3 ( x 1) 2 3 ( x 1) 2 .
x
5.
lim
x
1 sin 2 x
,
1 cos 4 x
lim
x
tg x
,
sin 2 x
sin x
lim
tg 2
cos 2 x
x
2
1 tg x 1 tg x
lim
,
x
sin 2 x
x .
6.
lim a 2 a1 x b1 x 2 a2 x b2 ... x 2 an x bn nx ,
x
lim x x x x x .
x
2.3.
2.2.1.
L f x0, > 0
= () x0 < x < x0 |f(x) L| < .
lim f ( x) f(x0 0).
x x0 0
(2.2.1.) x0 < x < x0 x0 < x < x0 , L

. lim f ( x) f(x0 + 0).
x x0 0

. , ,
. ,
( L), ( L).

30
: IV
2.2.2.
f(x) = [x], . ,
f(-2,03) = [-2,03] = -2, f(-1,98) = -1, f(1,99) = 1, f(3,01) = 3.
, f : x [x] = n (n x < n+1, n Z).
, x0 = 1
. , f(1 0) = 0, a f(1 + 0) = 1. , x0 = 1
, . f(1) = 1.
0, ,
.
f(x) r, . (0 < |x x0| < r,
0 ( 0) , f(x) > 0,
,
lim
x x0
1
0,
f ( x)
0 +
lim f ( x) .
x x0
, f(x) r, 0
( 0) , f(x) < 0,
, 0 -
lim f ( x) .
x x0
.
2.2.3.
f 0, 0. > 0
() > 0
0 < |x x0| < () f(x) > ,
f + 0 lim f ( x) .
x x0
lim f ( x) .
x x0
2.2.4.

31
: IV
1
1
1 x
1
0 = 0 lim , lim , f ( x)
x 0 x
x 0 x
1 x
x
1 x
1 x
0 = 1 lim
, lim
.
x 10 1 x
x 1 0 1 x
f ( x)
, . ,
[r, +), r, lim f ( x) L
x
1
lim f L , , .
t 0
t
2.2.5.
f , [r, +). > 0
() (),
x > () |f(x) L| < ,
L +
lim f ( x) L .
-.
2.2.6.
1.
x 2 1, x 0
f ( x)
2 x , x 0
0 = 2.
x
1
2. lim 0 .
x 3

5 3x 2
.
x x 2 1
3. lim
a m x m a m1 x m1 ... a1 x a0
.
n 1
x b x n b
... b1 x b0
n
n 1 x
4. a b lim
5. lim
1 x .

32
: IV
1
.
x x0 ( x x ) 2
0
6. lim
2.4. (sin x)/x

2.4.1. ,
lim
x 0
sin x
1.
x
: , ( , 1)
x = BOD, , B OD .
OB AD BC, A C
( OD).
, OD = 1, AD = sin x. OB = 1, BC = tg x.
, OBD, O , OBC
P(OBD)
1 AD sin x
x
tg x
x
, P(O BD )
.
(r 2 ) , P(OBC )
2
2
2
2
2
P(OBD) P(O BD) P(OBC ) ,

sin x x tg x
,

2
2
2
| sin x || x || tg x | .
|sin x|,
|x|
1
, .
| sin x | | cos x |
| sin x |
| cos x | .
| x|
, (0 < x < ) .
lim 1 1 lim cos x 1 , 2.2.7 (. Squeeze theorem), lim

x 0
x 0
x 0
sin x
1 ,
x
.
f(x) x0 f(x0) = 0, x x0

33
: IV
sin f ( x)
1.
x x0
f ( x)
lim
2.4.2. :
sin x 2
x0
x2
sin 3x
x 0
5x
1. lim
2. lim
: 1. f ( x)
sin 3x
,
5x
, 3/5. f(0,1) = 0,591..., f(0,01) =

0,59991..., f(0,001) = 0,5999991..., f(x) 0,6 x 0.
, : lim
x 0
2. f ( x)
sin 3x 3
sin t 3
sin 3x 3
= lim
= lim
.
t
0
0
5
5
t
5x
3x
5
sin x 2
( ) ,
x2
1. : f(0,1) = 0.999983, f(0,01) = 0.9999999983 .
sin x 2
sin t
, t = x 0 ( x 0), lim
= lim
1 .
2
x0
t
0
t
x
2
2.4.3.
1. :
sin x
3
lim
,
x
x
3
3
sin(x)
,
x 0
x
sin(sin x)
.
x 0
x
lim
lim
[ arg(x) = t 0]
2. :
1 cos x
,
x 0
x2
tg x
,
x 0
x
lim
sin(tg(sin x))
.
x 0
x
lim
lim
3. :
sin x
lim
x
2
2 ,
lim
x
2 cos x 1
.
1 tg 2 x
4
[: x = /4 + h, h 0, ]

34
: IV
4. :
lim
x 0
arcsin 3x
,
2x
lim
x 0
arctg 2 x
.
3x
5. :
lim
x 0
lim sin x 1 sin x .
1 sin x 1 sin x
,
x
x 0
6. :
lim x arcsin
x
2
x2 1
x
lim arcsin
x
1 x
.
1 x
2.5.
x
1
2.5.1. lim 1 e .
x
x
= 2,71828... , ,
.
: +. = lim 1
1
, n N.
n
x 1, [x] ,
[x] x < [x] + 1.

1
1
1
,

[ x] 1 x [ x]
1
1
1
1
,
1 1
[ x] 1
x
[ x]
1
1
[ x] 1
[ x]
1
1
1 1
x
[ x]
x
[ x ]1
lim 1
[ x ]
[ x] 1
[ x]
= lim 1
[ x ]
[ x] 1
[ x ]1
1
[ x] 1

35
: IV
1
= lim 1
[ x ]
[ x]
[ x ]1
1
= lim 1
[ x ]
[ x]
[ x]
1
= e 1 e ,
1
[ x]
1
2.2.7. lim 1 e .
x
x
x -, y = -x +,
1
1
lim 1 = lim 1
y
x
y
x
y
1
= lim 1
= lim
y
y y 1
y 1
y 1
y 1
= lim
y
y
1
= e 1 e .
1
y 1
1
y 1 () , = 6,
x
2,5 3 (, = 2,71828...).
2.5.2.
lim 1 x x ;
1
1.
x 0
ln(1 x)
;
x 0
x
2. lim
3.
ex 1
.
x 0
x
lim

36
: IV
1
1
ln(1 x)
1
x
lim 1 x x = lim 1 = ; 2. lim
= lim ln 1 x x = ln e 1 ; 3. t = e 1, x =
x 0
x
0
x
0
t
x
t
x
1
e 1
t
1
ln(1 + t), t 0, lim
= lim
= lim
= 1 .
t
0
x 0
t
0
ln(
1
t
)
x
1
ln(1 t )
t
t
1.
2x 3
2.5.3. lim
.
x 2 x 5
3x
2x 3
: lim
x 2 x 5
3x
(2 x 5) 2
= lim
x
2 x 5
2 x 5 2
2 2 x 5
2
lim 1
2
x
3x
3x
= lim 1
x
2x 5
2 x 5
2
2
= lim 1
2
x
3x
6x
2 x 5
lim e
6x
2 x 5
lim e
6
5
x
-3
= .
2.5.4.
1.
x 1
lim
,
x x 1
2x 1
lim
x 2 x 3
2x
x2
2.
(1 x) 1
.
x 0
x
ln(1 x )
x
[ t a 1 ; (1 x) e
]
a x 1
,
x 0
x
lim
lim
3.
ex e x
,
lim
x 0
x
1
x2
lim (cos x) .
x 0
4.
x
x2 x 1
,
lim 2
x x x 1
x 2 3x 1
.
lim 2
x x 3 x 1
ex 1
,
x 0 sin x
lim x( x a 1) , a > 0.
5.
lim
6.

37
: IV
lim
x 0
sin 2 x
1 x sin x cos x
lim
sin x
2
,
lim
x
x
2
2 2 cos
2
2 cos x 3
,
sin x
6
lim (1 tg 2 x ) 2 x .
x 0
2.6.
(. ) .
, .
f : D R
x = x0 lim f ( x) , ;
y = n lim f ( x) n ;
y = kx + n, k 0, lim[ f ( x) y] 0 ,
x x0 0
x
k lim
f ( x)
, n lim[ f ( x) kx] .
x
x
2.6.1. f ( x)
x2
.
1 x
. y = n, n lim f ( x) . ,
x
, , .
, .

38
: IV
x = 1
,
f(x) + x 1-0,
f(x) - x 1+0.
()
(),
x = 1.
,
.
y = -x 1,
x2
1 ,
x 1x ( x)
k lim
x2
n lim
x 1 .
x 1 x
()
, -
+.
2.6.2. .
1
x
x3
4. f ( x)
x4
x2
7. f ( x)
x 1
x
10. f ( x) 2
x 4
2. f ( x)
13. f ( x)
14. f ( x) arctg x
1. f ( x)
x2 1
2
x3
2x 1
5. f ( x)
2x 1
x2 1
8. f ( x)
2x 1
4
11. f ( x) 2
x 1
3
2x 1
2x 3
6. f ( x)
3x 4
x2 1
9. f ( x)
2x 1
x2 1
12. f ( x) 2
3x 2
2x 2 2x 5
15. f ( x) 2
.
x 3x 4
3. f ( x)

39
: IV
3.
y = f(x) x1 x2 x = x2 x1
, y = f(x1+x) f(x1) .
(1, 2).
T1(x1, y1) T2(x2, y2). , x 0

- (1 = 2).
, x 0,
y =
. (16421727) , (1646-1716) .
3.1.

, .
.
y = f(x)
f ' ( x) lim
x 0
f ( x x) f ( x)
,
x
.
, -
. y = f(x)
x = x2 x1 y = f(x2) f(x1),
ABC.
A
tg A
f ( x2 ) f ( x1 ) y
BC
=
.
x2 x1
x
AC
- t, .
A B.
x 0 A B
t
x2 = x1.
3.1.1. f(x) = C,
C 0 ,
. .
: f(x+x) = C, f(x+x) f(x) = 0, f ( x) lim
x 0
f ( x x) f ( x)
= 0.
x

40
: IV
, - C,
. .
3.1.2. f(x) , Cf(x), C ,
Cf ( x) Cf ( x) .
f ( x x) f ( x)
Cf ( x x) Cf ( x)
= C lim
= Cf (x) .
x 0
x 0
x
x
: Cf ( x) lim
3.1.3. u(x) v(x) ,
u( x) v( x) u ( x) v( x) .
f(x) = u(x) + v(x) ,
u ( x x) u ( x) v( x x) v( x)
= u ( x) v( x) .
x
x
f ( x) lim
x 0
u ( x) v( x) u ( x) v( x) .
(u v) u v .
. , (u v + w) = u v + w.
3.1.4. u(x) v(x) ,
u( x)v( x) u ( x)v( x) u( x)v( x) .

: f(x) = u(x)v(x),
f ( x x) f ( x) = u( x x)v( x x) u( x)v( x) =
u( x x)v( x x) u( x)v( x x) u( x)v( x x) u( x)v( x) =

[u( x x) u( x)]v( x x) u( x)[v( x x) v( x)] .

[u( x)v( x)] =
v( x x) v( x)
u ( x x) u ( x)
lim
v( x x) u ( x)
=
x 0
x
x
u( x)v( x) u( x)v( x) .

41
: IV
, (uvw) = uvw + uvw + uvw.
, .

, F(x,y) = 0. , xy = 1
, x = 1, y + xy = 0, y
y
y
y y0
y
.
x
1
,
x
1
. T(x0,y0)
x2
y0
( x x0 ) , . x0 y xy 0 2 x0 y0 ,
x0
x0 y xy0 2 .
3.1.5. v(x) ,
v(x) 0:
v
1
2 .
v
v
: v(x) , v(x) 0
. f ( x)
1
.
v( x)
+ , v(x+x) 0.
f ( x x) f ( x) =
1
1
v( x) v( x x)
=
,
v( x x) v( x)
v( x x)v( x)
1
v( x x) v( x)
f ( x x) f ( x)
=
.
x
v( x x)v( x)
x
, lim v( x x) v( x) , .
x 0
3.1.6. u(x) v(x) ,
v(x) 0:
u u v uv
.

v2
v
:

42
: IV
1
1
u uv u v uv
u 1
.
= u = u u = 2 =
v v
v
v2
v v
v
( 4. 5.).
3.1.7. x ( y) , y f (x) , f (x)
f x( x) 0 , (x) y ( y ) , :
f x( x) y ( y) 1 .
: f f (x) (, ), .
, x ( y) . ,
0, 0, . ,
f ( x x) f ( x) y , ( y y) ( y) x ,

f ( x x) f ( x) y ( y y) ( y) x
,
,
y
y
x
x
.
f ( x x) f ( x) ( y y) ( y)
1.
x
y
f (x) f x ( x) 0 ,
( y ) , y ( y ) , .
, y y(x) x x( y)
dy dx
x dx
y dy
x y lim
,
1.
x 0 x
y 0 y
dx
dx dy
dy
y x lim
, y x 2 , x 0, x
y x 2 x x y
y x x y 2 x
1
2 y
y , y 0,
1
2 y
, .
x
x2
1,

43
: IV
y x 2 ,
-.
, y y( x) e x ( y) ln y () . ( ,
) y x e x , y ( y )
1
,
y
y x y ( y) e x
1
1
y 1.
y
y
e x y .
3.1.8. y f (g ) f g (g ) g, g g (x) g x (x) ,
y f [ g ( x)] :
f [ g ( x)]
f g ( g ) g x ( x) .
: y f (g ) g g (x) , y f [ g ( x)] F ( x) .
f (g ) f g (g ) g, g (x) g x (x) x. f (g ) g (x)

g x. x x + x, g g g ( x x) g ( x) ,
g (x) , g 0 x 0 .
F ( x x) F ( x) = f ( g g ) f ( g ) ,
f ( g g ) f ( g ) g ( x x) g ( x)
F ( x x) F ( x)
=
,
x
g
x
lim
x 0
f ( g g ) f ( g )
g ( x x) g ( x)
F ( x x) F ( x)
= lim
.
lim
0
x
g
x
, . ,
y f (v) , v v(u) , u u(x) ,

y f v(v) vu (u) u x ( x) .
, y ( x 2 x) y ( x 2 x) 1 ( x 2 x) = (2 x 1)( x 2 x) 1 .

44
: IV
, y ln g ( x) y
1
g ( x) .
g ( x)
, y tg(sin x) , y
cos x
.
sin 2 x
3.1.9. y = x3 , , x0
y = y(x0+x) y(x0) = (x0+x)3 (x0)3
= 3x02x + 3x0(x)2 + (x)3
= 3x02x + (3x0x + (x)2)x
= x + (x)x,
= 3x02 x, (x) = 3x0x + (x)2 0 x 0.
, ,

y
(x) , x 0,
x
x.
o
.

A(x, f(x)), B(x+x, f(x)+dy),
C(x+x, f(x)), tg = f(x).
y = x3 x
dy = 3x2x.
3.1.10. y = f(x) x0
y, x ,
y = x + (x)x,
x, lim (x) 0 . x
x 0
f x0 dy = x.
,
. , f(x+x) f(x) f(x)x
f(x+x) f(x) +f(x)x.
, .
, .

45
: IV
3.1.11. , y = f(x) x0 ,
, :
y
y
, f lim
.
x 0 x
x 0 x
f lim
x0
(, ).
3.1.12. f(x) = |x| 1 .
:

x 1, x 0
f ( x)
x 1, x 0,

y (| 0 x | 1) (| 0 | 1)
=
=
x
x
| x | 1, x 0
=
x
1, x 0.
f 1 f 1 . , ,
x = 0 -1,
1, .
3.1.13.
1. , .
2. 3.1.2 3.1.1 4.
3. 3.1.5. 3.1.6. 1.
4. x ( y) y f (x) , f x (x)
-, y ( y ) -,
Oxy . , + = /2, + =
/2 + . tg = ctg , . f x( x) y ( y) 1.
5.
4,03 .
x 1, x 1
6. f ( x)
x 1,
x 1
?

46
: IV
7. y 3| x| .
3.2.
(1 10.) (1118.) .
3.2.1.
1. C 0 , C .
4.
2. x 1 .
x 2 1 x .
5. x
8. log b x
7. e x
1
x
1
.
x2
1
13. tg x
.
cos 2 x
1
16. arccos x
.
1 x2
10.
2 x .
a a ln a .
3. x 2
1
, R.
1
.
x ln b
11. sin x cos x .
14. ctg x
17. arctg x
1
.
sin 2 x
1
.
1 x2
6.
9. ln x
1
.
x
12. cos x sin x .
15. arcsin x
1 x2
1
18. arcctg x
.
1 x2
:
4.
x = lim
lim
x 0
x 0
( x x) x
x x x
x x x
x x x
= lim
= lim
=
x 0
x
x
x x x x0 x( x x x )
1
x x x
1
.
2x
7. f ( x) e x
e x 1
f ( x x) f ( x) e x x e x
=
= ex
,
x
x
x
e x 1
1 (. 2.5.2. 3.), e x e x .
x 0
x
lim
9. ln x 7. ( f ( x) e x ) . 3.1.7. ln x x e y
ln x x
e
y
=
y
1,
1 1
.
ey x

47
: IV
lim ( x x)x
5. = 1, 2, 3, x
x 0
( x x x)( x x) 1 ( x x) 2 x ( x x) 3 x 2 ... x 1
=
x 0
x
lim ( x x) 1 ( x x) 2 x ( x x) 3 x 2 ... x 1 = x 1 .
lim
x 0
, , , x > 0, x e ln x ,
7. . ln x u , x e u .
= e ln x
1
= x 1 , .
x
x x < 0 ( , ), x (1) ( x) ,
. u = -x, 3.1.2. 3.1.8. x (1) u , x x =

3.1.8. x
= x
(1) u 1 u = (1) ( x) 1 = (1) 1 ( x) 1 = x 1 . , x
x 0 : x x 1 , > 0, = 0 ,
: ( x) 1 , x
2x ,
1
1
, 2 , .
x
x
2 x x
6. a x e x a x e x ln a .
= e
, u ln a , a x
a x 1 ln a , . a x
8. log b x
u x = e u x ln a x = e x ln a x x ln a =
ln a .
ln x
1
log b x
.
x ln b
ln b
11. f(x) = sin x f(x+x) f(x) = sin(x+x) sin x = 2 cos x
x
x
,
sin
2
2
x
sin
x 2
f ( x x) f ( x)
= cos x
. , 2.4.1.
2 x
x
(sin x / x 1, kada x 0), sin x cos x .
x cos x cos x (1) sin x .

2
12. cos x sin

48
: IV
(sin x) cos x (cos x) sin x cos 2 x sin 2 x

1
sin x
13. tg x =
=
=
, .
=
2
2
cos 2 x
cos x
cos x
cos x
1
tg x
.
cos 2 x
14. , ctg x
cos x
.
sin x
15. y arcsin x x sin y . arcsin x x sin y
arcsin x x cos y 1 , arcsin x =
1
=
cos y
1 sin 2 y
1
1 x2
1 , .
cos y.
16-18.
.
3.2.2.
1. , x ?
x = 0,
x.
2. e x ? ?
3. y ln x ? ?
4. ( ):
. 3x 2 2 x 3 ,
. 5 2 x 3x 4 ,
. ax 5 bx ,
. 3 mx 2 2nx 3 ,
. (bx 2 c) m ,
. 4 x13 x15 ,
. ( x a) n
1
,
x
1
.
(x ) p
5. :
3
. 1 5 x 23 x 4 x ,
. xe ,
. x 10 ,
. ln ln x ,
. log b f ( x) ,
. ln x
x2 1 ,
. 2e x 3a x ,
. (3 x 3 x ) 4 ,
. log
x x
. 2 x 3 x ,
ax
.
,
x
. log(1 x 2 ) ,
x x
. a3 x 2 b4 x ,
. log b (kx n) ,
. xa x 3x 2 e x .

49
: IV
6. 1 2 x 3x 2 ...nx n1 =
nx n 1 (n 1) x n 1
.
( x 1) 2
n
k 1
x n 1 1
]
x 1
7. f ( x) f ( x0 ) f ( x0 )( x x0 ) x0 = 0 (1 x) ,
e x ln(1 x) .
8. y sin x - : 30, 45, 60.
-? cos x, tg x, ctg x.
9. : . , . -?
10. :
. sin 3x ,
. tg( x ) ,
. sin 3 x ,
. x cos x ,
. e x sin x ,
. m sin ax n cos bx ,
x
3
. ln tg ,
11. sec x
x
,
2 3
. log b cos
. cos 2 x ,
sin x
,
x
. log sin x ,
.
. ex (sin ax b) .
1
1
csc x
.
cos x
sin x
12. f ( x) f ( x0 ) f ( x0 )( x x0 ) x0 = 0 ,
.
13. (0, -6) (0,
6).
14. :
. arcsin
x
3
x
,
3
. arctg ,,
. arctgx ln x 2 1 .
15. , .
16. ,
y xx ,
y x sin x ,
y (sin x) cos x .
17. y = f(x) :
x 2 5xy 3 y 2 5 0 .

50
: IV
[ F(x,y) ( )
, '.
2 x 5 y (5x 6 y) y 0 , y
2x 5 y
]
5x 6 y
x2 y2
18. 2 2 1 .
a
b
[ ,
b2 x
2x 2 y
,
,
.
0
a2 y
a2 b2
T(x0, y0) y y 0
b2 x
( x x0 ) ,
a2 y
a 2 yy 0 b 2 xx 0 b 2 x02 a 2 y02 ,
a 2 yy 0 b 2 xx0 a 2 b 2 , .
xx 0 yy 0
2 1]
a2
b
19. ' , , :
x2 y2
1,
a2 b2
x2 y2 r 2 0 ,
2
3
2
3
2
3
y 2 2 px ,
x 3 y 3 3axy 0 .
x y a ,
.
20. ( x 2 y 2 ) 2 a 2 ( x 2 y 2 ) -.
21. x a cos t , y b sin t .
[ x f1 (t ) , y f 2 (t )

f (t t ) f 2 (t ) f1 (t t ) f1 (t )
y f 2 (t t ) f 2 (t )
:
= 2
.
x
f1 (t t ) f1 (t )
t
t
f1 f2 x f1(t ) , y f 2 (t ) ,
y y
, x 0 .
x x
, , x f1 (t ) , y f 2 (t ) x y t,
lim
x 0
y
, x 0 .
x
y
b cos t
b
, y =
= ctg t .]
x
a sin t
a
y x

51
: IV
22. (. 21.).
[ y y0 y ( x0 )( x x0 ) ] , ' .]
23.
x a(t sin t )
,
y a(1 cos t )
x a cos 3 t
.
3
y
a
sin
t
3.3.
, , .
. .
. ,
x-. y = f(x), f(x) = 0.
, = 0 F(x,y) = 0.
, y 3 x 2 1 (1, 0), x-.
y < 0, y > 0, .
, .
, y 3 x 2 1 -1 < x < 1, x (-, +).
. . ,
.
y f (x) ,
: x1 , x2 - x3 .

, .
-.
,

.
, .
. y 0 , -,
, , .
, x (-, x1) (x3, +). y 0 ,
. x (x1, x3)\{x2}.

52
: IV
,

,
. ()
--, --.
,
y 3 x 2 1 , y
2x
3 3 ( x 2 1) 2
.
()
x = 0 .
= 1 ,
. (
),
= 1.
, y 3 x 2
R, ,
, y
1
3 3 x
= 0. , = 0,
( ),
.
, .
, (0, 0) .

.
,
= 0 .
.
.
, .
: , , . , ,
. ,
.
, . -. , , .

53
: IV
, , . ,
--, --.
, , , -,
, .
, .
3.3.1. f ( x) 2 x 3 3x 2 12 x .
: , f ( x) x(2 x 2 3x 12) ,
x = 0,
3 105
1,81 -3,31. -.
4
, , ,
f(x) < 0
- < x < -3,31 0 < x < 1,81 ().
-.
f(x) > 0 -3,8 < x < 0 1,81 < x < +.
-.
f ( x) 6 x 2 6 x 12 = 6( x 2)( x 1) .
x1 = -2 x2 = 1
.
y1 f ( x1 ) = f (2) , .
y1 = 2(-2)3 + 3(-2)2 12(-2) = 20 y 2 f ( x2 ) = f (1) 7 . ,
M1(-2, 12), M2(1, -7). . f ( x) 0
x (-2, 1), . f ( x) 0 x (-, -2)(1,
+), . , M1 , , ,
M2 , .
, f ( x) 12 x 6 , .
. M1(-2, 12) f (2) = 12(-2) + 6 < 0,
. M2(1, -7) f (1) 0 ,
. .

54
: IV
() .
.
:
1.
2. ()
a. - = 0
b. - = 0
3. ()
4. ( )
5.
6. .
.
.
() () ,
. () , .
. ()
.
3.3.2. f ( x)
x2
.
x 1
:
1. D(f) = R\{1}.
2. :
x2
0 x + 2 = 0 x = -2 - (0, -2);
x 1
02
x=0 y
= -2 - (0, -2).
0 1
y=0
3. . f ( x)
x2
( x 2)( x 1)
x 1
. , x1 = -2 x2 = 1.
, f(x) < 0 x (-2, 1), f(x) > 0 x [-2, 1].
x2
4. : = 1; = 1, lim
= lim
x
x x 1
2
x = 1. 4.
1
1
x

55
: IV
5. :
f ( x)
3
( f ( x) 0 -3 = 0
( x 1) 2
)

, .
(xD) f ( x) 0 f
.
6. f ( x)
6
.
( x 1) 3
x < 1,
. x > 1 f ( x) 0 ,
.
.
:
(xD) f(-x) = f(x)
(xD) f(-x) = f(x)
f ( x)
1
2
x 4
f ( x)
-.
x 3 3x
x2 1
O.
3.3.3.
1. ,
x3
y
x.
3
x3
y
x2 ,
3
2.

56
: IV
x3 x 2 ,
3 2
x 3,
4
y x( x 1) 3 ,
y x3
y x( x 1) 3 ,
y 3 ( x 1) 2 ,
y 3 (2 x 1) 2 .
3.
y x 4 3x 3 1 ,
4. f ( x)
y ( x 1) 4 .
x
x 4y = 0.
x 1
2
5. a b f ( x)
ax
P(2; 2,5).
x b
2
6.
y x2 x4 ,
x2
,
x 1
1
y 3 x 2 2x ,
ye ,
1
y arctg1 ,
x
y ln cos x .
x2
7. : ) f ( x) x 2 e x ; ) f ( x) xe x :
2
3.4.
,
. dy y = f(x) dy f ( x)dx .

57
: IV
dy
dy
dx , df ( x) f ( x)dx .
dx
dy/dx, . y = f(x), , dy dx .
4 (x) x0.
, ,
. 5 .
3.4.1.
1
2
: y x x = 49. = 1 = 7.
1
1
1
1
dy x 2 dx x 2 x 49 2 1 .
2
2
2
50 y y y dy = 7
4
5
1
1 99
.
49 2 7
2
14 14
: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_of_a_function
o : http://archives.math.utk.edu/

58
: IV
99 99 9801
50,0051 , .
14 14 196
3.4.2. ,
x , x = 100, = 10, = -2.
: y
dy
dx
1
.
10
98 y y y dy =
2 x 2 x 2 100
10 (1 / 10) 9,9 . 9,92 = 98,01 .
=
3.4.3. ,
127 .
: y 3 x , = 125, = 2, = 5.
2
1
1
1
dy x 3 dx x 3 x = (125) 3 2 ,
3
3
3
1
2
127 y dy y y = 5 (125) 3 2 5 .
3
75
3.4.4. sin 3,14.

: y = sin x, x = , x = -0,0015926 = 0.
dy cos xdx cos xx = (cos )(0,0015926...) ,

sin(3,14) y dy = 0 (cos )(0,0015926...) 0,0015926... .

3.4.5. tg( 0,75) .
: y = tg x, x = /4, x = 0,035398 y = 1. , dy
tg(0,75) y y = 1
0,03598...
cos
dx
0,035398...
=
,
2
cos x
2
cos
4
1,070796... .

59
: IV
6 3.4.6.
1. :
a.
b. ,
[A.
c. sin 31.
= f(17) f(16)+f(16)x =
x = 1
, sin 31 = sin 30 + cos 30
+
+
1 = 4+ ;
= 4+ ;
2. ln(x+2) ln(e+2).
[ f(x) = ln x x = (x+2)-x = 2,
f(x+2) f(x)+f(x)2 = ln x + .
ln(e+2) 1+ .]
3.
4.
= 10.
5. ln(x+1) ln x.
6.
7. cos(x+1) cos x.
3.5*. 7
(. The Mean Value Theorem MVT)
. ,
, .
. , ,
(Michel Rolle, 1652 - 1719),
, n- , .
.
3.5.1. f(x) (a, b) a
, b , f(a) = f(b) = 0, a b
c, a < c < b, f(c) = 0.
6
7
Garrett P: http://mathinsight.org/linear_approximation_differentials_refresher
4.4. .

60
: IV
: ,
y = f(x)
- (c, f(c)),
8 .
f(x) , . f(x) =
0, -,
(a, f(a)) (b, f(b)) .

(. secant),

, .

, .
, c f(x)
, .
f(a) = 0 f(x).
: ,
.
3.5.2. f : [a, b] R :
i.
ii.
iii.
,
(a, b),
f(a) = f(b),
c (a, b), f(c) = 0.

: [a, b]
, m M. m = M, f(x) ,
, . f'(x) = 0, . m M, c (a, b) f(c) = M
f(x) f(c) x [a, b]. , h > 0 k < 0
f (c h) f (c )
f ( c k ) f (c )
0
0.
h
k
f(c) 0, f(c) 0 (ii.) f(c) = 0.
. .
3.5.3. f(x) [a, b]
(a, b). c (a,
b)
Rolle's theorem: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolle's_theorem

61
: IV
f (c)
f (b) f (a)
.
ba

(a, f(a))
(b, f(b)).
,
f(a) = f(b).
: .
, (a, f(a)) (b, f(b))
:
y ( x)
f (b) f (a)
( x a) f (a) .
ba
, g = f y
:
g (a) = f (a) y(a) f (b) y(b) = g (b) .
, c (a, b)
( f y)( x) f ( x) y ( x) =
f ( x)
f (c)
f (b) f (a)
. ( f y)(c) 0
ba
f (b) f (a)
.
ba
.
.
3.5.4. f(x) (a, b)
b , a b c,
f (b) f (a) (b a) f (c) , a < c < b.

.
, 9. f(x)
, c, AB.
(), , .
, , () .
:
http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%
B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0

62
: IV
f (c) tg = tg
f (b) f (a)
,
ba
.
, .
3.5.5. f(x)
F(x) = f(x) + x,
. F(x) = f(x) + a b a
, b , f(x) x. F(a) = F(b),
f(a) + a = f(b) + b,
f (b) f (a)
.
ba
, c (a, b) F(c) = 0,
F(c) + = 0, .
f (b) f (a)
f (c) .
ba

63
: IV
.
.
3.5.6. A, B X f(x) a, b x.
h(x) AB.
h(x) |AB|, . B,
P(x) ABX.
:
x
2 P ( x) a
b
f ( x) 1
f (a) 1 .
f (b) 1
P(a) = P(b) = 0. , .
.

1
2 P ( x) 0
0
f ( x) 1
f (a) 1 a
f (b) 1 b
f ( x) 1
0
0
1 = f (a) f (b) f ( x)(a b) .

1
, P(x) = 0 f (c)
f (b) f (a)
.
ba
.
3.5.7. 10 f(x) = x3 3x2 + 2x [0, ].
a = 0, b = , c (0, ) f (c)
f ( x)
f ( 12 ) f (0)
. :
1
2 0
d 3
( x 3 x 2 2 x) 3 x 2 6 x 2 ,
dx
f (a) f (0) 03 3 0 2 0 0 ,
f (b) f ( 12 ) ( 12 ) 3 3 ( 12 ) 2 2 12
10
3
,
8
LAGRANGE'S MEAN VALUE THEOREM: http://youtu.be/cTp-VaCU7XU

64
: IV
f ( 12 ) f (0)
3
=> 3x 2 6 x 2 ,
1
4
2 0
f (c)
12 x 2 24 x 5 0 ,
x12
c 1
24 336
21
,
1
24
6
21
(0, 12 ) , . c (a, b).
6
. , f(a) = f(b),
f(c) = 0, .
, b = a + h,
f(a+h) f(a) = hf(c), .
f ( a h) f ( a )
f (c) .
h
h = x , ,
f = f(+h) f() . ,
= = + h h
c a a + h, . a + h
c a + h.
a < c < a + h, c = a + h, 0 < < 1,
f (a h) f (a) hf (a h) .

, .
. , m M f(x) (a, b),
f (b) f (a)
M.
ba
, f(x) = sin x, a = 0, b = h,
sin h
cos c , 0 < c < h.
h
0 < h < /2 cos h < cos c < 1,

65
: IV
cos h
sin h
1,
h
sin x
0.
x 0
x
, lim
. , , .
.
f(x) g(x) a b a b ,
f (b) f (a) (b a) f (c1 ) , a < c1 < b,

g (b) g (a) (b a) g (c2 ) , a < c2 < b.
x (a, b) g(x) 0. g(b)
g(a) 0, ,
f (b) f (a) f (c1 )
.
g (b) g (a) f (c2 )
.
, f(x) = x sin x, g(x) = x3, a = 0, b = h, 0 < h < .
c
c
2 sin 1
sin 1
1
cos
c
h sin h
1
2
2 = 1
=
=
2
3
2
c
6 2
3c 2
h
3c 2
2
2
, , .
, ,
. , c1 = c2
.
,
F ( x) [ f (b) f (a)] g ( x) [ g (b) g (a)] f ( x) .

F f g:
F ( x) [ f (b) f (a)] g ( x) [ g (b) g (a)] f ( x) .

66
: IV
F (a) [ f (b) f (a)]g (a) [ g (b) g (a)] f (a) = f (b) g (a) g (b) f (a) ,
F (b) [ f (b) f (a)]g (b) [ g (b) g (a)] f (b) = f (a) g (b) g (a) f (b) ,
. F (a) F (b) . , F : c
a b, F (c) 0 ,
[ f (b) f (a)] g (c) [ g (b) g (a)] f (c) 0 .

x (a, b) g(x) 0, g(b) g(a) = (b a)g(c) 0
,
f (b) f (a) f (c)

, c (a, b).
g (b) g (a) g (c)

c ,
. ,
(Cauchy's mean value theorem). , .
3.5.8. f(x) g(x) (a, b)
g(x) 0, b , c
f (b) f (a) f (c)

, c (a, b).
g (b) g (a) g (c)

: h( x) f ( x) g ( x) , f g ,
.
h(a) h(b) <=> f (a) g (a) f (b) g (b) , .
[ g (b) g (a)] f (b) f (a) .

h(x) h(a) = h(b), , c (a, b)
h(c) = 0.
0 h(c) f (c) g (c) , .

[ g (b) g (a)] f (c) [ g (b) g (a)]g (c) = [ f (b) f (a)]g (c) ,
.
3.6*.
(Guillaume Franois Antoine, Marquis de l'Hpital, 1661
1704.) (Analyse des infiniment

67
: IV
petits pour l'intelligence des lignes courbes, 1696.),
, .
f(x) g(x) , ,

( ). f(x)/g(x) f'(x)/g'(x),
.
, f(x) g(x) x = c,
g(x) 0 , lim
x c
lim f ( x) lim g ( x) , lim

x c
x c
x c
f ( x)
L . lim f ( x) lim g ( x) 0 ,
x c
x c
g ( x)
f ( x)
L.
g ( x)
lim
x c
f ( x)
f ( x)
.
lim
g ( x) xc g ( x)
6.3.1. f(x) g(x) (x0 h,

x0 + k) x0 g(x) 0, lim f ( x) 0
x 0
lim g ( x) 0 , , lim
x 0
x 0
f ( x)
f ( x)
, lim

x0 g ( x )
g ( x)
lim
x0
f ( x)
f ( x)
= lim
.
g ( x) x0 g ( x)
: (3.5.7.), c
f ( x) f ( x0 ) f (c)
, x0 < c < x.
g ( x) g ( x0 ) g (c)
, f(x0) = g(x0) = 0
f ( x) f ( x)
.
g ( x) g ( x)

68
: IV
x x0 + 0, c x0 + 0. lim
x x0 0
f ( x)
A ,
g ( x)
f (c)
f ( x)
A , . lim
A . , (x0 h, x0)
x x0 0 g (c)
x x0 0 g ( x)
f ( x)
f ( x)
. .
lim
lim
x x0 0 g ( x)
x x0 0 f ( x)
lim
, x 0 x c c,
, x . ,
x .
3.6.1. f(x) g(x) c, f(c) =
g(c) g(c) 0.
f ( x ) f (c )
f ( x ) f (c )
f ( x) 0
f ( x)
xc
= lim f ( x) .
= lim
= lim
= lim
lim
x c g ( x ) g (c )
x c g ( x ) g (c )
x c g ( x ) 0
x c g ( x )
xc g ( x )
xc
3.6.2. lim f ( x) 0 lim g ( x) 0 . x = , u 0,

x
1
1
lim f 0 lim g 0 .
u 0
u 0
u
u
,
1 1
1
1
f
f 2
f
f ( x)
f ( x)
u = lim u u = lim u =
= lim
.
lim
lim
u 0
x g ( x )
1 u 0 1 1 u 0 1 x g ( x)
g
g 2
g
u
u u
u
g ( x)
f ( x)
, lim
0 ,
x
c
g ( x)
f ( x)
g ( x)
f ( x)
g ( x)
lim
= lim
0 , lim
.
x c f ( x )
x c g ( x )
xc f ( x )
3.6.3. lim
x c
.
3.6.4.
i.
x2 x 2
( x 1)( x 2)
3
x2 x 2
2x 1 3
lim
1
.
2
2
x 1 2 x x 1
x 1 4 x 1
3
3
2 x x 1 ( x 1)(2 x 1)
lim

69
: IV
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
sin 3x sin 3x 3
sin 3x
3 cos 3x 3
3
lim
.
.
x 0
x 0
4x
4x
3x 4
4
4
4
lim
ex
ex
ex
lim
lim
. .
x x 2
x 2 x
x 2
ln x
1/ x
lim x ln x lim
lim
lim ( x) 0 .
x 0
x 0 1 / x
x 0 1 / x 2
x 0
ln x
x ln x
1
x ln x x 1
x
= lim
= lim
=
lim
lim
x
1
x
1
x 1 x 1
x
1
x 1
x 1 x ln x
ln x
( x 1) ln x
ln x
x
1 ln x 1
lim
.
x 1 2 ln x
2
lim
3.6.5. .
2 sin x sin 2 x
,
x 0
x sin x
5x 4 4 x 2 1
,
x 1 10 x 9 x 3
ex x 1
. lim
,
x 0
x2
. lim
. lim
a x 1
,
x 0
x
. lim
1
x
x
. lim xe ,
. lim x .
3.7*. 11
y f (x)
(1, 2). 12 , - ,
, . . .
= (t) - t,
, :
dr
d2r
v
a
.
dt
dt 2

.
3.4.1. :
x ct , y
1 2
at ,
2
a c . , .
11
. : , I ,
, , , 1971.
12
,
, .

70
: IV
: ()
a 2
x .
2c 2
, .
x c , y at .
, x c .
, .

.
. , -
3.4.2. :
x b cos kt , y c sin kt .
, .

.
:
x
y
cos kt , sin kt ,
b
c
x2 y2
2 2 1 . , . ,
b
c
x bk sin kt , x bk 2 cos kt , y ck cos kt , y ck 2 sin kt .
, .
: x k 2 x ,
y k 2 y . ,
b2
c2
ck
bk
x , v x 2 y 2 = k 2 y 2 2 x 2 =
y , y ck cos kt
b
c
c
b
k
Xx Yy
c 4 x 2 b 4 y 2 . , 2 2 1 , X, Y
bc
b
c
x bk sin kt
, x, y .
, X = 0, Y = 0,

71
: IV
. d
b2c 2
c4 x2 b4 y2
1
x2 y2
b4 c4
b2c 2
k b 2 c 2 kbc
. v
, .
bc d
d
d
3.4.3. :
x be kt , y ce kt .
(), , . .
: (. )
xy bc . bc > 0, I III .
x bkekt , y cke kt . , ,
t, xy bck 2 . bc > 0, II
IV . v xi y j = bkekt i cke kt j = kxi k 2 y j .
, :
d r d r ds
v 0 ,
=
ds dt
dt
d 0 ds
d 0
d v dv
v2
a
0 v
n0 ,
=
= v 0 v
= v 0
R
dt
ds dt
dt
dt
(Frnet)
d r d 0 n 0
,
.
ds ds
R
vt v , vn 0 , vb 0 , at v , a n
v2
, ab 0 . ,
R
at
2
1
1
2
(v a ) 2 , a n 2 (v a ) 2 .
2
v
v
v 2 k 2 ( x 2 y 2 ) , a v k 3 ( x 2 y 2 ) , a v 2k 3 xy k ,

72
: IV

at
2
k 4 (x 2 y 2 )2
1
6
2
2 2
=
,
k
(
x
y
)
x2 y2
k 2 (x2 y 2 )
an
2
4k 4 x 2 y 2
1
6 2 2
=
.
4
k
x
y
x2 y2
k 2 (x2 y 2 )
.
3.4.3. :
x 2 y a sin t
y 2 x a cos t ,
a . , x = y = 0 t = 0.
: ,
x 2 y a cos t , ,
x 4 x 3a cos t .
. xh C1 cos 2t C2 sin 2t ,
. ,
x p A cos t B sin t , . .
, A = -a, B = 0,
x C1 cos 2t C2 sin 2 y a cos t .

1
2
y y ( x a sin t ) ,
x
y C1 sin 2t C2 cos 2t a sin t .

C1 C2 ,
x a(cos 2t cos t ) , y a(sin 2t sin t ) .

.
, .
x1 x a , y1 y ,
. ,
r a(2 cos 1) .

73
: IV
( ).

74
: IV
4.
. ,
f(x) g(x), f ( x) g ( x) , f(x)
g(x) ,
,
g ( x)dx = f(x) + C,
C . ,
x2 2x,
2 xdx = x
+ C,
C R (x + C) = 2x.
2
g(x),
b
g ( x)dx ,
a
Oxy ,
-.
b
g ( x)dx f (b) f (a) , f g.

a
4.1.
4.1.1. f(x), (a, b).
F(x) , F(x) = f(x), dF(x) = f(x)dx,
x , f(x).
.
, 3.2.1.
() .
4.1.2.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
x 1
x dx 1 C , -1, x > 0.
1
x dx ln | x | C , x 0.
ax
x
a dx ln a C (a > 0, a 1) ,
dx e x C .
cos xdx sin x C .

sin xdx cos x C .
dx
cos
tg x C , x
k , k Z.

75
: IV
dx
VII.
sin x ctg C , x k, k Z.
VIII.
IX.
arcsin x C
, -1 < x < 1.
1 x 2 ar cos x C
dx
arctg x C
dx
1 x 2 arctg x C .
()
.
X.
XI.
XII.
XIII.
dx
1 x
dx
Arc sh x C ln( x 1 x 2 ) C .
Arc ch x C ln( x x 2 1) C .
x 1
dx
1 1 x
1 x 2 Arc th x C 2 ln 1 x C , |x| < 1.
dx
1 x 1
1 x 2 Arc cth x C 2 ln x 1 C , |x| > 1.
2

. ,
,
.
4.1.3. .
1. c R f(x)
:
cf ( x)dx c f ( x)dx , c = const.

2. () () :
[ f ( x) f
1
( x)]dx f1 ( x)dx f 2 ( x)dx .
3. , x = (t):
f ( x)dx = f [ (t )] (t )dt .
4. :

76
: IV
udv uv vdu .
: 1. F(x) = f(x), cF(x) = cf(x). 2. F1 ( x) f1 ( x) F2 ( x) f 2 ( x) ,
( F1 ( x) F2 ( x)) = F1 ( x) F2 ( x) . 3. x = (t)
dx d (t )
=
= t (t ) ,
dt
dt
f ( x)dx f ( (t ))tdt . 4. u = u(x) v = v(x),

d (u v) u dv v du , d (u v) u v = u dv v du , udv uv vdu .
4.1.4.
x 51
x6
C1 =
1. 3x 5 dx = 3 x 5 dx = 3
C , C1 , C = 3C1.
5
1
2
2.
(5x
3x
4
x
1
2
)dx = 5 x 3 dx 3 xdx 4 x dx =
1
2
5x
3x
4x
C.
1
4
2
2
3. sin nxdx = [: nx = t, : x = t/n, dx = dt/n]
= sin t
cos nx
C .
n
=
4.
1
1
1
dt = sin tdt = cos t C = [ ]
n
n
n
x cos xdx = xd sin x = x sin x sin xdx = x sin x cos x C .
, ,
.
4.1.5.
(2 x 5 x 3 x ) 3
5
x7
dx =
8 x 2 60 x
1
3
8 x 3 3 4 x 5x
x 3 2 x 25 x 2 3 x 2 125 x 3 x
5
150 x
x
7
5
1 2
2
2 3
125 x 4
x7
dx
dx

77
: IV
3 7
7 7
19 7
= 8 x 2 5 dx 60 x 3 5 dx 150 x 6
dx 125 x
7
5
dx
80 10
900 15 14 4500 2 30 23 625 3 5 3
x x
x x
x x
x x C .
11
29
83
18

sin 2 x
1 cos 2 x
1 cos 2 x
cos 2 x
, .
2
2
4.1.6.
sin
xdx =
1
1 cos 2 x
dx =
2
2
dx cos 2xdx = 2x sin42x C .
.
4.1.7.
x
x
x
2 dx = 3 sin 2 d 2 = 3 cos 2 C .
3
3
3
i. sin
2
1
ii.
iii.
= 4
3
dx
4
3
dx
k x
2
1
k
x
x 3
d4
4
3
3
= 3
1
2
1
3
3
2
3
dx
x
1
k
= [:
x
t]=
k
9
x
C = 4
5
3
dt
1 t
= arcsin
5
3
C .
x
C .
k
(iii.) .
4.1.8.
a.
b.
dx
a bx 2
dx
1
= 2
2
x
k
dx
2
a
2
b x
dx
x
1
k
= [:
1
b
arcsin
x
a
b
C =
b
x ab
arcsin
C.
b
a
x
dt
1
x
= arctg C .
t]=
2
k
k
k
1 t

78
: IV
c.
dx
k x
2
1
k
dx
x
1
k
= [:
x
t]=
k
dt
1 t
= ln(t 1 t 2 ) C1
x
x k 2 x2
x 2
C1 = ln( x k 2 x 2 ) ln k C1
= ln
1 2 C1 = ln
k
k
k
= ln( x k 2 x 2 ) C .
, .
4.1.9.
dx
1
= 2
2
x
k
dx
x
1
k
= [:
1
x
dt
t]=
k 1 t2
k
1. [ |t| < 1] =
1
kx
1 1 1 t
=
ln
C ,
ln
k 2 1 t 2k k x
2. [ |t| > 1] =
1 1 t 1
1
xk
=
ln
ln
C .
k 2 t 1 2k x k
(a 0) ax 2 bx c =
2
2
2
2 b
b
b 2 4ac
b
b b
, x
a x x c = a x
t ,
a
2a
2a
2a
2a 2a
.
4.1.10.
2
3
arctg
2x 1
3
dx
dx
=
=
2
x 1
1
3
x
2
4
dt
3
t
4
dt
3
t 2
2
3
arctg
2t
3
C =
C .
, ()
.

79
: IV
4.1.11.
dx
=
x2
1 ( x 1) ( x 2)
1 dx
1 dx
=
dx =

3 x 2 3 x 1
( x 1)( x 2)
( x 1)( x 2) dx = 3
1
1
1 x2
ln | x 2 | ln | x 1 | C = ln
C .
3
3
3 x 1
,
.
4.1.12.
(arcsin x) 5
1 x
dx = [: arcsin x = t, dt
dx
1 x2
t6 1
= t dt =
= (arcsin x) 6 C .
6 6
5
4.1.13.
sin xdx .
sin xdx = I(x). I ( x) sin xde x = e x sin x e x d sin x
= e x sin x e x cos xdx
= e x sin x cos xde x
= e x sin x (e x cos x e x d cos x)
= e x sin x e x cos x e x sin xdx .

, I ( x) e x sin x e x cos x I ( x) , . 2I ( x) e x (sin x cos x) ,
ex
I ( x) (sin x cos x) .
2
4.1.14. .
1.
2x3
1
2
5 x 3x 2 dx .
4
3
(3x 2 x x 2)dx ,
2.

80
: IV
1
2
dx ,
x 5 x 3
x2
x5
3
4
dx .
x
x3
3.
x 2
1
x 3
x 3 dx ,
x 2 dx .
4.
ax b
17
dx ,
dx ,
px q
sin(kx n)dx ,
dx .
5.
cos
tg
sin
ctg
xdx ,
xdx ,
xdx ,
xdx .
6.
dx
2x 3
3 5x 2
dx
dx
5 3x
dx
1 4x 2
,
.
7.
ctg xdx ,
tg xdx ,
cos 7 x
sin 5 x
sin 7 x
dx ,
cos 5
dx .
8.
xdx
1 x
xdx
2 3x 2
xdx
1 x
xdx
3
3 2x 2
9.
dx
,
x 1
dx
4x x 2
dx
15 6 x 9 x
dx
x 2 6x 2
,
.

81
: IV
10.
dx
,
x2
2x 1
x 2 5x 6 dx ,
dx
,
5x 6
2x 1
x 2 3x 2dx .
10.
x e
2
ln xdx ,
dx ,
arctg xdx ,
cos xdx .
11. ( ) 13: wiki.elemenat.com.

4.2*. 14
, , ,
, , .
.
4.2.1. F R3 R.
F ( x, y( x), y ( x)) 0 ,
y : [a, b] R ,
, y(x).
4.2.2. y ( x) y( x) 2 1 .
2
y1 ( x) cos x () ,
, . ,
y( x) sin( x C ) , C y ( x) cos( x C )
. , y = 1,
, .
4.2.3. F n+1 . n
F ( x, y, y ,..., y ( n ) ) 0 , y ( k )
dky
, k = 1, , n .
dx
F n+1 .
4.2.3.
y 2 y 3 .
13
http://www.elemenat.com/cyr/wiki/index.php?title=_
Diferencijalne jednadbe: http://youtu.be/2VOMDvqpxWw
What is a differential equation: http://youtu.be/-_POEWfygmU
14

82
: IV
y y y x y .
4.2.4. :
x2 y2
1.
a2 b2
x 2 y 2 C1 x C2 y C3 0 ,
: () C1, C2, C3 ,
2 x 2 yy C1 C2 y 0 , 2 2( y ) 2 2 yy C2 y 0 .
C2 , x.
1 ( y ) 2 yy
0 , 3 y ( y ) 2 (1 ( y ) 2 ) y 0 .
y
b2
yy
2 x 2 yy
() 2 2 0 2
.
x
a
b
a
b2
b2 2 , xyy y 2 b 2 .
a
yy xy 2 xyy 0 .
()
.
4.2.5. .
i.
y ( x)
3 c
2 xy 4 y 3 .
4 x2
3
2
4 x 2 y 12 xy 3 y 0 , x > 0.
ii.
y ( x) x
iii.
(1 e y ) y 1 () y e y x C .
.
( )
, .
y f (x) , f .
y
f ( x)dx C .
f ( x)dx g ( y)dy 0 ,
. , , .
f ( x)dx g ( y)dy C . ,
F ( x) G( y) C , C .

83
: IV
4.2.6. :
i.
dy
6x 2 y ,
dx
: i.
ii. y
dy
5 x 2 dx ,
y
x 2 2x 3
,
3y 4
iii. y e y (2 x 4) .
3
x3
1
2
,
ln
y
C1 , y Ce 2x ,
dy
5
x
dx
y
C e C1 , C1 . ii. (3 y 4)dy ( x 2 2 x 3)dx ,

3
y2
x3
4y
x 2 3x C .
2
3
, () C. iii.
y( x) ln( x 2 4 x C ) , C 4.

:
y f ( x, y) , y( x0 ) y0 .
.
4.2.7.
(1 e x ) yy e x , y(0) 1.
: ydy
12
y2
e x dx
x
,
ln(1 e 0 ) C , .
ln(
1
e
)
C
x
2
2
1 e
e
1
ln 2 -0,193. y ln (1 e x ) 2 .
4
2
y
. y = ux, u
x
. y u x u u x u f (u) , f(u) u x 0,
y f

ln | x |
du
dx
,
f (u ) u
x
du
du
C . x C1e f (u )u , C1 e C
f (u ) u
.
4.2.8. )
dy 2 x 5 y
.
dx
2x y

84
: IV
ax by c
.
) y f
Ax By C
: ) z
2 x 5 xz 2 5 z
y
xz z
=
,
2 z
2 x xz
x
1 2 5z
z . , :
x 2 z
4 ln | z 2 | 3 ln | z 1 | ln | x | C
4 ln | y 2 x | 3 ln | y x | C
yx
z 1

y 2 x.
z 2,
( y x) 3 C1 ( y x) 4 .
) :
1.
A B
0 , y = u + , x = v + , ,
av bu a b c
du
. ,
f
dv
Av Bu A B C
a b c 0
du
av bu
,
f
=
dv
Av Bu
A B C 0
u
ab
v , .
f
u
A B
v
2.
A B
0 , A = ka, B = kb, k . u = ax + by
uc
, . .
ku C
u a bf
y f ( x) y g ( x) , f g .
g , .
y f ( x) y 0 , y 0,
f ( x ) dx
dy
f ( x)dx , . ln | y | f ( x)dx C , y C 2 e
, C 2 e C1
1
y
. , C2 = 0 () y = 0.

85
: IV
, .
C2 , x.
f ( x ) dx
f ( x ) dx
f ( x ) dx
, y C ( x)e
.
y C ( x )e
C ( x) f ( x)e
f ( x ) dx
f ( x ) dx
, C ( x)e
,
g ( x) , . C ( x) g ( x)e
C ( x) C3 g ( x)e
f ( x ) dx
dx . ,
f ( x ) dx
f ( x ) dx dx , C
y e
3
C 3 g ( x )e
.
()
y C3 F1 F2 .
4.2.9. y
1
y x.
x
1
1
1
x3 C x3
x dx
x dx
: y e
, C
dx , . y C =
C xe
x
3 x 3
.
4.2.10.
1. y C1e x C2 e 2 x .
[ y y 2 y 0 ]
2. y 5 y y(0) = 10.
3. xy y 2 1 , y(1) = 2.
[y
1 Cx 2
1
,C ]
2
3
1 Cx
4. . y 2 y 1 y 2 .
[ y arctg y x C ]
5. y 1 x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2 , y(0) = 1.
x3
dy
tg
x
C C ]
(
1
x
)
dx
2
3
4
1 y

86
: IV
6. y y tg x cos 2 x , y(0) = 2.
[ y (C sin x) cos x , C = 2]
7. y
2 xy 2
, y(0) = 0,4.
1 x2
[ y (1 x 2 )(arctg x
x
C ) , C = 0,4]
1 x2
8. 2 xy y x 1 , y(2) = 4.
[ 2x, y x 1 C x , C
3
2
4.3.
P Oxy
y = f(x) -, x = a x = b, a < b.
ba
, n
n
. x0 a , x1 a n , x2 a 2 n , ..., xn b .
[a, b] n n
D.
,
n
ba
, mi f (ci ) , M i f (Ci ) , ci , Ci [ xi 1 , xi ] (i = 1,
n
2, , n), .
[a, b] n = 5
5
ba
. i = 1, 2, , n,
5
ci Ci [xi-1, xi]
, f (ci ) f (Ci )
. ,
,
s n
f (c )
i 1
S n f (Ci ) n . P
i 1
s n P S n .
d(f,D)

87
: IV
(), g(f,D)
(). , ()
I * sup{d ( f , D)} , () I * inf{g ( f , D)} .
, f a b I I * I * ,
.
b
, I
f ( x)dx , a b [a, b]
a
, f , .
.
4.3.1. , I III , . f(x) = x. P
-, [a, b].
(a, b) n
ba
ba
. , x k a k
, f ( xk 1 ) xk 1 =
n
n
n
a (k 1) n , s n a (k 1) n n =
k 1
na (1 2 ... (n 1)) n n = na n(n 1) b a n
= ... =
ba
ba
a b
. n ,
2
n
b2 a2
b2 a2
, . xdx
.
2
2
a
b
n 0 , P
.
i.
f ( x)dx f ( x)dx ,
ii.
f ( x)dx 0 ,
a
iii.
iv.
cf ( x)dx c f ( x)dx ,
:
b
v.
f ( x) g ( x)dx f ( x)dx g ( x)dx ,

c
f ( x)dx f ( x)dx f ( x)dx ,

88
: IV
b
vi.
: (x[a,b]) f(x) 0
f ( x)dx 0 ,
a
vii.
: (x[a,b]) f(x) g(x)
f ( x)dx g ( x)dx ,
a
b
viii.
a
b
f ( x)dx f ( x) dx .
-
. .
4.3.2. f : [a, b] R [a, b]
F : [a, b] R x (a, b). - :
b
f ( x)dx F (b) F (a) .

a
. D [a, b] n . i = 1, 2, , n
F [xi-1, xi] (xn-1, xi).
( f
f (b) f ( z )
) i
ba
(xi-1, xi) F ( xi ) F ( xi 1 ) = F ( i )( xi xi 1 ) = f ( i )( xi xi 1 ) .
f ( )
inf{ f ( x) : x [ xi 1 , xi ]} = mi f ( ) M i = sup{ f ( x) : x [ xi 1 , xi ]}

mi ( xi xi 1 ) F ( xi ) F ( xi 1 ) M i ( xi xi 1 ) , i = 1, 2, , n.

n
m( f , D) F ( xi ) F ( xi 1 ) M ( f , D) ,
i 1
m( f , D) F (b) F (a) M ( f , D) .
D [a, b]

89
: IV
I * F (b) F (a) I * .
f I * I
*
f ( x)dx , f ( x)dx F (b) F (a) ,
.
,
, .
b
f ( x)dx F ( x) | .
a
4.3.3.
b
) f(x) = x (4.3.1)
xdx
a
b
x2
b2 a2
C| =
,
2
2
a
.
, .
) f(x) = sin x -,
, [0, ], sin xdx cos x | = cos cos 0 = -(-1) + 1 = 2.

0
x3 1 1
| .
) 1 f(x) = x x dx
3 0 3
0
2
4.3.4. y = f(x), x-, x = a x = b

c
P f ( x)dx
a
f ( x)dx + f ( x)dx ,
, f1(x) f2(x), (x[a, b]) je f1 ( x) f 2 ( x) ,

b
x = a x = b, P
f ( x) f
1
( x)dx .

90
: IV
4.3.5. y1 x 2 2 x 3 y 2 0,5x 2 x .
: A B .
y1 y 2 1,5x 2 3x 3 0 ,
x 2 2 x 2 0 .
2,732
x12 1 3
. 1,
- 0,732
A(0,732;1) B(2,732;1) ,
, :
2 , 732
2 , 732
(y
y 2 )dx =
3x 3)dx =
0 , 732
0 , 732
(1,5x
2, 732
1,5 x 3 3x 2
3x | = 10,392.
3
2
0 , 732
, P 10,4.
4.3.6. : (i) x 2 y 2 r 2 , (ii)
x2 y2
1.
a2 b2
: (i) r.
, y
r 2 x 2 0 x r . ,
Pk 4 r 2 x 2 dx = (: x r sin t , dx r cos tdt )

0
=4
1 cos 2t
dt
2
0
r 2 (1 sin 2 t )r cos tdt = 4r 2 cos 2 tdt = 4r 2

0
2
1
d
(
2
t
)
2
2
= 2r 2 dt cos 2t
= 2r t sin 2t | = r .
2
0
2
(ii) , I .

91
: IV

x2
y b 1 2 , I
a
.
a
Pe 4 b 1
0
x2
dx = ( x a sin t )
a2
= 4 b cos 2 t a cos tdt

0
1
2
= 4ab cos tdt = 2ab t sin 2t | = 2ab .
2
0
0
2
y = f(x) ,
()
, ds2 = dx2 + dy2.
, dx dy , ds
, . .
ds
dy
1 ,
dx
dx

dy
y (x) , ds 1 ( y ) 2 dx . y = f(x).
dx
s :
b
s 1 ( y ) 2 dx .
a
y ,
x f 1 ( y) , , ( = f(a), = f(b)):
s 1 x 2 ( y )dy .
4.3.6. y = ch x, x = 0 x = 1,12.

92
: IV
e x ex
,
2
e x ex
,
y sh x
2
y = ch x =
1 y 2 = 1 sh 2 x = ch x ,
1,12
1,12
ch xdx = sh x
= sh 1,12 = 1,37.
.
ch x
e x ex
e x ex
sh x
,
2
2
ch 2 x sh 2 x 1, ch 2 x sh 2 x ch 2 x , 2 sh x ch x sh x , (ch x) sh x , (sh x) ch x
.
15.
. , ,

( ) .
- y = f(x)
-. :
b
S 2 f ( x) 1 f 2 ( x)dx .
V f 2 ( x)dx ,
15
( 20. 21.):
http://www.elemenat.com/cyr/wiki/index.php?title=_

93
: IV
4.3.7. f ( x)
x x [1, 2] -.
.
:
:
b
V f ( x)dx =
2
x dx 4,7124 .
2
:
b
S 2 f ( x) 1 f 2 ( x)dx =
a
= 2
1
x 1
dx
2 x
= 8,2832 .
4.3.8.
1. -
2 x
3x dx ,
1
dx ,
x2
x 23 x dx ,
x 2 3 x dx .
2.
2
x x
3
dx ,
x 1
x
dx ,
x2 x 6
1 x 2 dx ,
x 2 3x 10
0 x 2 dx .
e x ex
2 dx ,
1
e x ex
1 2 dx ,
3.
3
x 1
2 x 1dx ,
x 1
x 1dx .
2
4. c
f ( x)dx f (c)(b a) ,
a

94
: IV
f ( x)
1
1 x
f ( x)
, a = 0, b = 1,
1
, a = 0, b = 1.
1 x2
5.
cos( x a)dx 0 [0, ].

0
a
[ sin( x a) | = sin 2a sin a = 0 sin a(2 cos a 1) 0 ]

0
6.

a 2
x 1
1
dx 4 ?
x
[a a 4 2
a 3 0 a 9]
7. x = a x = 2a, a > 0,
y 1
1
. .
x2
2a
[ f (a)
ydx = x
a
f (a) 1
x 1 2 a
1
,
| = 1
1 a
2a
2
1
= 0 => a
]
2
2
2a
8. 4.3.1.
9. :
) : x2 + y2 2x + 2y 2 = 0; ) : 9(x 1)2 + 16(y + 1)2 = 144.
10. y 2 2 px x 2 2 py .
11. :
y 3x 2 1 y x 2 1 ;
2
y x 2 2x 1 y ;
x
y x2 1 y x 1;
y
x2
1
y
.
2
x2 1
12. r.
13. 9 y 2 4 x 3 x = 0 x = 3.
2
3
2
3
14. x y 1 .

95
: IV
15. y x 2 9 .
16. :
a)
2 y 3x 2 x 2 y 2 6 x 0 , -.
b)
y x 2 2 y | x | , -.
c)
x 2 y 2 1 y 2 4 x 0 , -.
d)
y x 3 , y 8 x 0 , -.
17. .
4.4*. 16
() 4.4.1. f c (a, b) D
(a, b). c, f (c) 0 .
: f c (a, b). f
, . f (x) , x = c

. :
f (c ) lim
x c 0
f ( x) f (c) ()
0
xc
()
,
f (c ) lim
x c 0
f ( x) f (c) ()
0
xc
()
,
,
f (c) 0 .
. .

, .
, [a, b]
b .
.
4.4.2. f x D x (
f (x) ), f ( x) 0 .
16
3.5. , .

96
: IV
() 4.4.3. f [a, b],
(a, b) f(a) = f(b). c (a, b)
f (c) 0 .
: , f [a, b], f ( x) 0 ,
. , f ,
c (a, b) .
() 4.4.4. f, g : [a, b] R, g(x) 0,
(a, b) . c (a, b)
f (c) f (b) f (a)

.
g (c) g (b) g (a)

: g(x) 0 x (a, b) g(a) g(b). ,
g(a) = g(b), x (a, b) g ( x) 0 .
F ( x) f ( x) f (a)
f (b) f (a)
g ( x) g (a) , ,
g (b) g (a)
. , DF D f Dg F (a) F (b) 0 .
f g ,
F. , F c (a, b)
F (c) 0 . 0 F (c) = f (c)
f (b) f (a)
g (c) , .
g (b) g (a)
g ( x) x , g ( x) 1 g (b) g (a) b a ,
.
() 4.4.5. f, g : [a, b] R, g(x) 0,
(a, b) . c (a, b)
f (c)
f (b) f (a)
.
ba

97
: IV
,
.
f (b) f (a)
ba

A(a, f (a))
B(b, f (b)) , f (c)

C (c, f (c)) .

.

c (a, b) ,

.
, f
, . , f
, , c
. , f ( ),
, c .

98
: IV
( ) 4.4.6. f, g : [a, b] R, g(x) 0,
b
f (c )
c (a, b)
g (c )
f ( x)dx
a
b
g ( x)dx
1
f ( x)dx .
. ( g ( x) 1 ) f (c)
b a a
: F G f g, . f g
, F G , G( x) g ( x) 0 . F G
, c (a, b)
b
f (c) F (c) F (b) F (a)

=
=
=
g (c) G(c) G (b) G (a)
f ( x)dx
a
b
g ( x)dx
a
. g ( x) 1 .

, .
f(x) , a
b,
b - a f(c).
. f(c)
[a, b].
4.5*.
, :
x x(t ) , y y(t ) , t1 t t 2 .
b
dx x(t )dt , P
ydx
a
t2
P y (t ) x (t )dt ,
t1
t = t1 x = a, t = t2, x = b.
4.5.1. .

99
: IV
. -.
r = 2.
x r (t sin t ) , y r (1 cos t ) ,
0 t 2 . , x(t ) r (1 cos t )
2
P r (1 cos t )r (1 cos t )dt = r 2 (1 cos t ) 2 dt =

2
2
2
= r dt 2 cos tdt cos 2 tdt .
0
0
0
( ) ,
t sin 2t
Pr t
2
4
= r 2 (2 0) ,
P 3r 2 .
, ,
.
dP
1 2
r d ,
2
1 2
r ( ) d .
2
OAB, AB r r ( )
- OA OB ,
.

100
: IV
4.5.2. r 2 a 2 cos 2 .
: a = 2 . r ( ) cos 2

2 cos 1,68 , r 2 cos 0 ,
4
2
8
4
: r (0) 2 , r
3
3
r 2 cos
2 0,71 - , ... . ,
4
8
( x 2 y 2 ) 2 a 2 ( x 2 y 2 ) ,
, , -.
.
,
.
.
,
.
a 2 sin 2
P a2
=
cos
2
2
2
4
2
=
a2
2
4
0
2
1
a
,
0
2
4
P a 2 .
4.5.3. r a
2
1
a2 3
P a 2 2 d =
2 0
2 3
4
P 3 a 2 .
3
=
0
a2
8 3 , .
6
,
- Op O,
P -.
4.5.4. ( ) r a(1 cos ) .
:

101
: IV
2
1
a 2 (1 cos ) 2 d
2 0
a2
=
2
=
(1 2 cos cos
)d
a2
sin 2
2 sin
2
2
4
a
(2 ) , .
2
3
P a 2 .
2
=
(. )

.
4.6*.
() :
, , ,
( ), (
) .
4.6.1. x = a x = b
= F . 17 (. work) W = F(a b).
,
, . F = F(x) x [a, b], [a, b]
x0 = a, x1, , xn = b. n N xk = xk-1 xk, k = 1, 2, , n. xk
, , F(x)
F(tk). , Wk = F(tk)xk [xk-1, xk].
[a, b] [xk-1, xk]
, W F(x) x = a x = b
n
k 1
W lim F (t k )x k = F ( x)dx .
n
-.
17

102
: IV
,

= Fx + Fy + Fz = x + y + z ,
,

C.

W F dr .
C

= Fxdx + Fydy + Fzdz,

W Fx dx Fy dy Fz dz .
C
, xy ,
=
= 0.
, .
4.6.2. m v0.
= m .
:
,
t :
y = 0,
.
gt 2
0 ,
2
2v sin
gt
t v0 sin t 0 t 0
.
2
g
v0 sin t
= m = m(0, -g). P = Fx,

Q = Fy,

103
: IV
. ,
,
Fy
x
Fx
0 , Fx = P Fy = Q.
y
f ( x, y )
f ( x, y )
f(x,y)
x
y
, .

u
d
Q( x, y ) g ,
C1 ( y ) g C1 ( y) gy C2 .
y
dy
C , u(x,y) = -gy.
O(0,0) A(L,0)
W = u(A) u(O) = 0.
.
4.6.3. ,
. ,
k .
,

F kx .

, .

104
: IV
x
A kxdx
0
kx2
.
2
, .
. ,
. .
, .
4.6.4. 20 cm. 40 N
30 cm. 35 cm 38 cm?
: , F(x) = kx, k > 0 . , x
. ,
x = 30 cm 20 cm = 0,10 m,
0,35 0,20 0,38 0,20 .
, 40 = 0,10k, k = 400, F(x) = 400x

0 ,18
0 ,18
2
400xdx = 200x | = 1,98 J.
0 ,15
0 ,15
35 cm 38 cm 1,98 (J = Nm = kg m2/s2).
.
4.6.5. 15 4
, 12 .
? 1000 kg/m3.
: = 0 , = 15 . [0, 12] x

105
: IV
n . ,

ri x.
.
ri : xi* 4 : 15 , . =
.

= () ,
(1000)
x =
2
4
= 1000 xi* x , tj.
15
2
640
mi
xi* x .
9

= =(9,8) ( )2x,
15 . i-

Ai Fi (15 xi* ) = (9,8)

A
640
( xi* ) 2 (15 xi* )x .
9
A ,
i 1
A lim (9,8)
n
i 1
640
( xi* ) 2 (15 xi* )x , .
9
12
12
640
640 2
A (9,8)
(15 x 2 x 3 )dx
x (15 x)dx = (9,8)
9
9
0
0
= 9,8
12
640
(5 x 3 14 x 4 ) | = 7 566 362,543 J.
9
0
,

. .
.
4.6.6. l M .
m d .
.

106
: IV

(. infinite) ,
,

, , .
.
_1 l
_1 l
2
M
d
m
,
(dM) ,
(x, , r).
, . (.
magnitude)
dF m dM
dF
mdM
,
r2
= 6,6738410-11 m3kg-1s-2 .
,
, . , ,
d , .
F dF .
, ,
Fx dFx dF sin
mdM sin
r
Fy
G mdM cos
.
r2
, , . Fx = 0,
. ,
F Fy
mdM cos
r2
. r
,
r 2 d 2 x 2 cos
d
d
.
r
d 2 x2
M
dx .
l
dx dM, pa je dM
l/2 + l/2,
l / 2
Mmd
dx
2
l l / 2 d x 2
3/ 2

107
: IV
.
() : ,
, ( ),
( ), .
4.6.7. C .
(x,y,z).
m ( x, y, z )ds ,
C
ds dx 2 dy 2 dz 2 ,
dx, dy, dz,
OXYZ. C r (t ) ( x(t ), y(t ), z (t ))
,
2
dx dy dz
m ( x(t ), y (t ), z (t )) dt .
dt dt dt
a
b
C xy ,
m ( x, y )ds ,
C
dx dy
m ( x(t ), y (t )) dt .
dt dt
a
b
4.6.8. C, (1,1) B(2,4). ,

(x,y) = 3x + 2y.
: AB:
x xA
y yA
t ,
xB x A y B y A
x 1 y 1
t , .
2 1 4 1
x 1 y 1
t ,
1
3

108
: IV
x t 1
y 3t 1
t [0, 1].
2
dx dz
dx dy
m ( x, y, z ) dt = [3x(t ) 2 y (t )] dt =
dt dt
dt dt
0
a
b
d (t 1) d (3t 1)
2
2
0 [3(t 1) 2(3t 1)] dt dt dt = 0 (9t 5) 1 3 dt = 10 0 (9t 5)dt =
2
9t 2
1 19 10
10
5t | =
30 .
2
2
0
4.6.9. x2 + y2 = 1 A(1, 0) B(0, 1).
(x,y) = xy.
:
x cos t , y sin t ,
t [0, /2]. ,
:
dx dz
m ( x, y, z ) dt
dt dt
a
2
dx dy
0 x(t ) y(t ) dt dt dt
2
dx dy
= cos t sin t dt
dt dt
0
2
cos t sin t sin t
2
12
1
cos t dt = cos t sin tdt = sin 2tdt = ( cos 2t ) | =
20
4
0
0
1
1
( cos cos 0) .
4
2
4.6.10. C
(x,y,z).
M yz
m
, y
M xy
M xz
, z
,
m
m

109
: IV
M yz x ( x, y, z )ds , M xz y ( x, y, z )ds , M xy z ( x, y, z )ds

C
. .
I x ( y 2 z 2 ) ( x, y, z )ds ,
C
I y ( x 2 z 2 ) ( x, y, z )ds ,
C
I z ( x 2 y 2 ) ( x, y, z )ds .
C
4.6.11. r = a(1 + cos ), = 1, = 1.

:
= 0. ,
,
.
:
2
dr
m (r , ) r d
d
a
b
2
2
= 1 (1 cos ) ( sin ) d
0
1 2 cos cos 2 sin 2 d
2 2 cos d
2 1 cos d =
0
2
0
2 cos d = 4 cos d = 4 sin | 4 .

2
2 2
20
0
2
My
2
dr
M y F ( x, y )ds = F (r cos , r sin ) r
d .
d
C
a
b

110
: IV
/2 = z
My
m
16
5
4
.
5
, (0, 4/5) .
4.6.12. Ix x2 + y2 = a2, = 1.
:
Ix -

111
: IV
, Ix = a3.
.
4.6.13. C
()
, .

0 = 1,2610-6 H/m
. .
4.6.14.
r ,
I.
: r
,
.
,
Bdr.
2rB 0 I , . B
0 I
.
2r
4.6.15.

112
: IV
S
C
.
,
C,
:

1831,
.
4.6.16. E

900 km/h.
: . ,
t 2rBx 2rBvt , v , x = vt
, B .
, .
E d r . ,
C
.
. ,

113
: IV
0,00025
= 0,004 V/m.
2r 2 0,01

114
: IV
5.
. ,
,
.
. ,
, , 1700.
. , (. . )
, ,
. ,
, .
, ,
.

: -, - . ,
, .
6. 4. .... ,
1002000000000.
.
(202. 220. . ...) (
), ( ) .
, ,
.
(, 100. .
...) . , ,
18. , :
.
, ,
500 .. 654321 2,
19.
,
( 1150. ..).
(Musurgia Universalis, 1650.) ,
,
.
18
19
Solomon Gandz, Studies in Hebrew Astronomy and Mathematics, New York, Ktav, 1970, . 494-496.
G. Chakravarti, Bull. Calcutta Math Soc., 24 (1932), 79-88.

115
: IV

(Trait du trianglearithmtique, 1665.),
, . ,
.
(960 1279.) .
(- -, 1303.)
-, .
.
5.1.
. S {a1 , a2 ,..., an }
k, 1 k n. (a1 , a2 ,..., ak ) k-.
:
i.
k- S k-
S. Vkn .
ii.
k- S k-
S. Vkn .
5.1.1. S = {1, 2, 3, 4}.
V24 ( )
V24 ( )
5.1.2.
, ?
: , n = 2, k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
, V12 2 , .
, : -, -, - -,
V22 4 . --, , ,
: , . 222 = 8, V32 8 .
V42 2 4 V52 2 5 . , 1-5
V12 V22 V32 V42 V52 = 21 2 2 23 2 4 25 = 2 4 8 16 32 = 62 .

116
: IV
n k-
Vkn n k .
5.1.3. ,
. () .

V340 40 3 = 64 000.
: 40 , 10 :
(), (), ()

().
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, , ,
.
, ,
.

40 .
,
404040 = 64 000.
k n ( k n) ,
, . , ( )
n k
Vkn n (n 1) ... (n k 1) .
k ,
. , k .
5.1.4. n = 26 , k = 3: , .
.
, . 26
= 262524 = 15 600?
: , . 26
. . 25 .
. 24 . 262524
.

117
: IV
5.1.5. 100 1000 ?
?
: : 0, 1, 2, ..., 9.
. , ,
1-9. , ,
. ,
. 998 = 648 100 1000
.
648 , 1, 3, 5, 7 9 .
.
. . ,
, .
, . 588 = 320 . ,
100 1000 320 .
5.1.6. 41. a, b, c, d, e.
: V24 4 3 12 . 12
b 12 c. , xyz zyx,
: 1. abc, 2. abd, , 12. aed, 13. bac, , 24. bed, 25. cab, , 36. ced. : 37. dab, 38.
dac, 39. dae, 40. dba, 41. dbc. dbc.
5.1.7. S = {a1, a2, , an}, k N, 1 k n.
k- S k-
. Vkn
n!
, n! n (n 1) ... 2 1 .
(n k )!
k- S k- .
Vkn n k .
20 5.1.9.
1. = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. ()
.
2. ?
: 32 , 8 . (),
(), () ().
20
, : , IV
, 4. , 1994, . 167-177.

118
: IV
VII (7), VIII (8), IX
(9), X (10), , , .
, .
3. , 12 .
?
4. 0,
1, 2, 3, 4? ?
5. 0 10 000 ? ,
?
6. A = {a, b, c, d, e, f}. abc
A, fed .
i.
ii.
45. ( ) A?
88. A?
7. = {a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6}.

? 21. ?
5.2.
.
1 2 3 4
. ,
4 1 3
, A {1,2,3,4} f
2
2413.
.
( ) ( ) .
, n n . Vnn ,
P(n) , Pn , n! . (-) -,
.
n! = Vnn = n (n 1) ... 2 1 .
, .
, n,
n
n
n! 2n .
e
n = 8 1,04%, .

119
: IV
5.2.1. ?
: 52 , , : 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10, J (), Q (), K () A (), : ( -),
(-), ( -) ( -).
.
. n = 52
52
n! 2 52
2,71828
52
= 8 10 67 .
, n k
Vkn
n!
.
(n k )!
,
, . 5! 5 4 3 2 1 = 120 ( ).
, A = {a1, a2, , an} n k,
1 k n.
A n k ( k - ) k
A. k = n
A.
5.2.2. A = {a1, a2, , an} n . Vkn
k , Pn , C kn
k n (1 k n). :
a) Vkn n(n 1)...(n k 2)(n k 1) ,
b)
Pn n! n (n 1) ... 2 1 ,
: a) () k S n
. , n ,
n 1 ( ), n 2 ( ),
, k- n (k 1) = n k + 1 .
. b) a) k = n.

120
: IV
21 5.2.3. 1, 2, 3, ..., 2n
?
: (, , ...) n! .
n! n
(, , ...). , n! n! = (n!)2.
5.2.4. n ,
?
: a b. ()
. , a b, .
(n 1)!, ()
n 1 . , a b
2(n 1)!. n! 2(n 1)! = (n 2)[(n 1)!].
5.2.5. 8 ,
?
: 8 . i1
(. ), i2 ,
..., i8 . i1i2...i8
1, 2, ..., 8 ( i1, i2, ..., i8 ,
). , i1i2...i8
1, 2, ..., 8,
.
85617342.
8! = 40 320.
k x1x2xk (xi A, i = 1, 2, , k)
. A,
a1 k1 , a2 k2 , ..., an kn ( k1 + k2 + + kn = k),
( n ) k.
k > n
. , .
5.2.6. A = {a1, a2, , an}.
a) Vkn k (k > 1),
Vkn n k .
21
: , , 1998.

121
: IV
n
b) Pk1 ,k2 ...,kn A, a1
() k1 , a2 k2 , .... an kn ,

Pkn1 ,k2 ,...,kn
(k1 k 2 ... k n )!
.
k1!k 2 !...k n !
:
a) ( ) x1x2xk n ,
. (
). , n
n
...
n nk .
b) ,
k1 + k2 + + kn , (k1 + k2 + + kn)!. ,
(i = 1, 2, , n) ai,
ki!. ,
k1!k2!...kn!
A.
k1 + k2 + + kn .
k1!k 2 !...k n ! Pkn1 ,k2 ,...,kn (k1 k 2 ... k n )! .

, V23 3 2 = 9 P23, 2,1
(2 2 1)!
5 4 3 2 1
5!
=
=
= 30,
2!2!1!
2 2 1
4
.
5.2.7. 4 , 3
2 ?
.
: P49,3, 2
9!
1260 .
4!3!2!
5.2.7. 0, 1, ..., 6?
: , V37 7 3 = 343
0, V27 7 2 = 49. ,
V37 V27 = 343 49 = 294.
5.2.8. () ?

122
: IV
: ( 28.09.2009.)

( )
X00 - X - 000.
A, E, J, K, M, O, T.
. 7,
10 . .
710107101010 = 4 900 000.
5.2.9. 11 ?
: , 10! .
5.2.10. ?
: . P24, 2
4!
6 . ,
2!2!
, , , , , .
5.2.11. 2
, 5 ?
:
7!
35.
3!4!
5.2.12.
1. 5. .
2. 5. 3 .
3. 2, 3
4?
4. A = {1, 2, 3}
2 ?
5. 0, 1
2?
6. 483. aaabcdeee.
5.3.
A n k A k .

123
: IV
5.3.1. A = {a1, a2, , an} n . Vkn
( ) k , C kn k n
(1 k n).
C kn
Vkn
n(n 1)...(n k 1)
=
.
k!
k!
: x1x2xk k k!
{x1, x2, , xk}. , C kn k! Vkn , .
5.3.2. 39/7 ?
: 39/7 39 , 7 . ,
(
), 7. 39 . C739
39 38 ... 33
=
7!
15 380 937.
5.3.3. 9 1, 2, ..., 9.
3 . ? 52.
3. 9 .
: 3. 9 C39
1 C 28
V39 9 8 7
=
84 .
3!
1 2 3
87
28 . 2 C 27 21
1 2
. , 1 2 28 + 21 = 49 . 50. (345), 51.

(346) 52. (347). , 52. 347.
5.3.4. 7 4 6 ,
. ?
: k = 2, 3 4 , C k4 = 6, 4 1 .
6 k = 4, 3 2 , C 67 k = 35, 35 21 . ,
4
C
k 2
4
k
C 67k = 6 35 4 35 1 21 = 371.
5.3.5.
1.
.

124
: IV
2. (Four of a Kind), .
.
: 13 22: (), (), () ().
3. 20 10 ?
4. 20 30
10 15 ?
5. 8 7 5 ,
. ?
6. .
:
a. ;
b. ;
c. .
7. n . ?
8. n .
9. n . ,
.
a. ?
b. ?
10. k m x n, k m, k n ?
5.4.
5.4.1.
n(n 1)...(n k 1)
,
k!
n
,
k
n, k N, 1 k n . n k, . . 1 .
0
k
C kn .
k
.
5.4.2. :
22
: http://www.elemenat.com/cyr/wiki/index.php?title=__

125
: IV
n!
a)
,
k k!(n k )!
,
b)
k
nk
n n n 1

.
c)
k k 1 k 1
: a) , 1 0! = 1, =
0
n

n n(n 1)...(n k 1)
n(n 1)...(n n 1)
= 1. 1 k n , =
=
n!
k!
k
n(n k )...(n k 1) (n k )!
n!
=
, .
k!
(n k )! (k!(n k )!
n
n!
n!
n!
=
b) ,

=
.
k k!(n k )! n k (n k )![n (n k )]! k!(n k )!
.
n n
n!
n!
=
c) k! (k 1)!k
=
k k 1 k!(n k )! (k 1)!(n k 1)!
n!
n 1
(n 1)!
n!
1
1
=
=
=
k!(n k 1)! n k k 1 k!(n k 1)! (k 1)(n k ) (k 1)!(n k )!
n 1
(n 1)!
. .
=
(k 1)![(n 1) (k 1)]! k 1
5.4.3. c) .
: , Ckn Ckn11 Ckn1 , k = 1, 2, , n. A = {a1, a2,
, an}. n k
, . C kn . . , k
, 1. 1 C kn11 ( {a2, , an} n 1
k 1, a1), 1 C kn 1 .
.
n n 1
, n = 1, 2, 3, k = 1, ..., n:
5.4.4.
k k k 1
a) ;

126
: IV
b) .
Vn
n (n 1)(n 2)...(n k 1) n (n 1)((n 1) 1)...((n 1 (k 1) 1)

=
=
(k 1)!
k
(k 1)!
: ) k
k k! k
n Vkn11
n n 1
. b) : Ckn k n Ckn11 .
=
k (k 1)! k k 1
k n ,
. k n, . C kn ,
k. n , n
1 k 1 , n C kn11 .
n(n 1) n 2
.

k k (k 1) k 2
5.4.5. n ?
: 2n. : , 1 n, .
- 2, 22...2, n 2,
. 2n.
5.4.6. n :
n
k 0
k k n 2
n 1
: n = 0. n 1.
n
n n 1
n
k =
k 0 k
n
k 1
k k
n 1
= n 2 n1 .
j
j 0
n 1
n 1
k k k 1 = n k 1 = ( j = k 1) = n
k 1
k 1
5.4.7. n, k :
n
n 1
k 0
j k
k = k = k 1 .

127
: IV
j 1 j j

.
k 1 k k 1
: 5.4.2.(c)
j
=
j 0 k
n
j 1 j
1 0
k 1 k 1 = k 1 k 1 +
j 0
2 1 3 2

+
+ ... +
k 1 k 1 k 1 k 1
n 1 n n 1 0 n 1

=

.
=
k 1 k 1 k 1 k 1 k 1
n 1
(k+1)
k 1
n+1. j
= k, k+1, , n . k+1 . ?
k
k 1
. ? ... ,
k
k+2
n+1 . ? .
k
5.4.8. n, k :
n
j 0
j k
Vk j Vk j
1
Vkn11 .
k 1
: k!.
5.4.9. n, r :
n 1 n n 1
n r n r 1
...
=
=
.
i 0 i
0 1
r r
n i
= ( j = n + i) =
i 0 n
n r 1
.
= ( 5.4.2.b) =
r
n i
i 0 i
r
n r 1
n 1
nr
j n
n = ( 5.4.7.) =
, (A. . Vandermonde, 1735-1796).

5.4.10. m, n, r :

128
: IV
m n r m n

r j 0 j r
.
j
m n
r
r
: m n
. . , j = 0, , r
, r j .
.
5.4.11. n :
2
n
2n
.
j 0 j
n
n
n
: =
j 0 j
n
n n
2n
j n j = n .
j 0
n k- , ,
n k 1
.
k
C kn
5.4.12.
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
C 35 ( )
B = {1, 2, 3, 4}
C 34 ( )
5!
5 4 3 2 1
4 3 1 6
=
3 3
C 35 =
=
= 10 C34
3
(
3
3
!
(
2
5
1
)
(
3
2
)!
1
)

6!
= 20, .
3!(6 3)!

129
: IV
.
.

,
c) (5.4.2). ,
,
b) . , a)

:
, , , ,
10. , 1665. .
...
,
2
2
2
1665.
(a b) a 2ab b
,
(a b) 3 a 3 3a 2 b 3ab 2 b 3
. ,
(a b) 4 a 4 4a 3b 6a 2 b 2 4ab 3 b 4
...
n
n
(a b) n a n k b k .
k 0 k
, ,
- 10. :
n = 0, (a + b)0 = 1(ab)0,
, a b.
n = 1, (a + b)1 = a + b.
n,
n + 1.
(a b) n1 a(a b) n b(a b) n ,

[(a b) n1 ] jk [(a b) n ] j 1,k [(a b) n ] j ,k 1 ,

[ f (a, b)] jk a j b k f (a, b) . j k n
. j k n 1 , ( j 1) k n j (k 1) n ,
k

130
: IV
n n
n 1

. , j k n 1 ,

k k 1 k
( j 1) k n j (k 1) n , 0 + 0 = 0.
n 1 n 1
n1k k
a
(a b) n 1
b ,
k 0 k
C kn k A n
k
.
5.4.13. 23 A
n 2n.
: A k = 0, 1, 2, , n , , .
k
P(A)
k 0
k . a = b = 1,
n
n
n 1 n1 n n
1 1 1 =
(1 1) n = 1n 1n1 11 ...
0
1
n 1
0
n
n
2 n , .
k 0 k
n n
k 0
k . ,
5.4.14. ... (1) n 0 .

0
1
n
: a = 1 b = -1, (1 1)
n
(1)
k 0
k 0
k 1
nk
(1) k ,
n
0 .
k
5.4.15. 13. ( 2 3 3 )15 .
23
5.4.5.

131
: IV
15
T13 2
12
2 3
1512
2
12
3
15
k
15 k
15
2
2
3 3 , k = 12. ,
k
k 0
15
15
= 2 2 81 = 73710 2 .
12
5.4.16.
1.
(n 1)!
n(n 1) .
(n 1)!
2. {5, 6, 7, 8}?
3. :
a) 256.
b) 153.
4. (2n)!! n!2 n , (2n)!! 2 4 ... (2n) ,
.
5. :
2n
2n
,
n (n 1)
n
n 1
n n n n 2
2

,
b)
k 1 k k 1 k 1
n n 1 n 2 n 3

,
c)
n n n n 1
a)
n n 1
n m
n m 1
.
m
...

d)
0 1
m
n 1 n 1 n 1
:
:
5 : 5 : 3 .
m 1 m m 1
6. m n
n n
7. 8 .
3
2
1
[7]
8. 1 3x .
4

132
: IV
9. 11. ( 2 3 3 )15 .
10. x8 (3 x)12 .
[40095]
15
11. x 3 x .
x
15 4 11
2 3 ]
4

[
16
x
.
12.
3 x
[ ]
13.
x
3
x 1
.
15
[ ]
8
1
14. x
.
x
[ ]
16
x .
x
15.
[3294720x-4]
16. 2 x x 3 x .
[ 1120x
22
3
x 1
17. 2 x 2 2 135,
22.
[n = 6, x = -1 = 2]

133
: IV
18. (1 x) n :
a) 2 3 ... n ,
1
2
3
n

n n n
n

0 1 2
n
b)
... .
1
2
3
n 1

134
: IV
6.
X XI
, .
(1623-1622, (1601-1655)
(1629-1695). (1654-1705)
.
XVIII (1667-1754),
(17429-1827), (1777-1855).
. (1702-1763), . (1707-1788), (1781-1840)
.
XIX
. ,
(1821-1894), (1856-1922) (1858-1918).
( ),
. ,
XX .
. . 1933.
6.1.
.
, ,
.
, .
(. trial) ,
, .
(. event) , ,
. , , .
, , .
()
(sample space) , .
6.1.1. .
(. head)
(tail), S1 = {, }.

S2 = {(, ), (, ), (, ), (, )}.
S2 .
6.1.2. T V% .
(T,V). :

135
: IV
a. a T b, 0 V 100; b. T> 0, , 0 V 100; c. (a T -5 V 75%) (0 T b) .
Q
, Q ( ) . , ,
.
A A A
. A A .
A .
AB ( AB) A B
A, B.
AB ( A + B)
. , . , A
B AB = . A A , A A
.
A\B A,
B.
6.1.2. 1 6.
, 1 , 2 , ..., 6
. Q = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. :
= {2, 4, 6}, B = {1, 3, 5}, 4 C = {5,
6}. A B Q , B C {1 , 3 , 5 , 6 } , B C {5 } , A {1 , 3 , 5 } B .
6.1.3. . :
A B A B , A B A B .
: A B A B , ,
A B , . A B .

136
: IV
A B . .
.
, .
A B
AB
A \ B
A \ B AB .
, .
A B . A B,
A , B, B ,
A, A B. A B B A, A B
A = B.
6.1.5.
1. , :

137
: IV
1. ,
2. ,
3. .
2. . 4 6,
4 6. .
3. .
. .
4. a, b, c, d. . A
: , B : b .
1.
2.
3.
4.
.
A + B.
AB.
A\B.
5. , B
. A B.
6. A, B, C E :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A + A = A,
A + E = E,
A + = A,
A + B = B + A,
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C).
7. .
. B . :
A , A A , A A , AB , A B , AB , AB , A \ B , A \ B , A \ B , A \ B .
8. A, B, C E :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
AA A ,
AE A ,
A ,
AB BA ,
( AB)C A( BC ) ,
6.
A( B C ) AB AC .
9. A, B, C . :

138
: IV
1. A, B, C ;
2. A, B, C ;
3. A, B, C .
6.2.
, ,
.
.
n0 , n(A)
. 0 n(A) n0. ,

n( A)
,
n0
p0 ( A) . .
24 6.2.1. 30 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , , . 19 , 11.
n = 1000 , , 494 ( 506 ). n = 10000
, 5039 .
1/2.
.
,
F. , p(.)
p(A) , .

.
, F p( A) 0 ,
n( A)
0 . , ()
n0
, n() n0 , p() 1 . A B ,
n( A B) n( A) n( B) ,
n( A B) n( A) n( B)
a n0
n0
n0
n0
. p( A B) p( A) p( B) .
25 6.2.2. p(.) F
, :
24
25
http://www.elemenat.com/cyr/wiki/index.php?title=__, 1 0.
Zoran A. Ivkovi: MATEMATIKA STATISTIKA, III izdanje, Nauna knjiga, Beograd, 1976.

139
: IV
i.
: A F, p( A) 0 ;
ii.
: p() 1 ;
iii.
: A1, A2, (AiAj = , i j),
p Ak P( Ak ) .
k
k
.
, .
.
6.2.3.
1.
p() 0 A A p( A) p( A ) = p( A) p() .
2.
p( A) 1 p( A) A A p( A) p( A) p() 1 .
3. A B p( A) p( B) . , A B B A AB ,
, p( B) p( A) p( AB) . p( AB) 0
p( B) p( A) .
4. F p( A) 1. A 3.
5.
p( A B) p( A) p( B) p( AB) . A B A AB B AB AB ,
. p( A B) p( A) p( AB)
p( B) p( AB) p( AB) . p( AB) ,

.
26 .
6.2.4.
p( A B C ) = p( A) p( B) p(C) p( AB) p( AC ) p( BC ) p( ABC ) .

: A B C ( A B) C , ( A B)C AC BC ACBC ABC p( A B C )
= p( A B) p(C ) p(( A B)C) = p( A) p( B) p( AB) + p(C ) p( AC BC ) =

p( A) p( B) p(C) p( AB) p( AC ) p( BC ) p( ABC ) .
26
A B A B . ,
A B AB .

140
: IV
{1 , 2 ,..., n }
, . F F = P() = {, 1 ,..., n , 1 2 ,..., 1 2 ... n }
2 n (. 5.4.4.).
, . p(1 ) = p( 2 ) = ... = p( n ) ,
1
k = 1, 2, ..., n. ,
n
A k1 k2 ...km .
1 2 ... n p( k )
. p( A) p( k1 ) p( k2 ) ... p( km )
m
. ,
n
. ,
.
6.2.5. , 1 10 .
. 10
?
: (,)
10
45 . A {(1,9), (2,8), (3,7), (4,6)}
2
.
4, p( A)
4
.
45
6.2.6. . .
(-), (+).
.
I
+
+
+
+
+
+
II
+
+
+
+
+
+
III
+
+
+
+
+
+
IV
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
V
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
:

() (),
. ,
5
10 .
2
:
+ + + + + +.
,
2
.
10
6.2.7. , . 100 ,
5 ( A), 65

141
: IV
( B), 30 ( C).
?
: p(A + B) = p(A) + p(B) =
= 0,70.
6.2.8. 52 4 .
.
: 4 . A
4 . 52 4
52
n() 270 725 ,
4
48
n( A) 194 580 , . 48 4.
4
194 580
, p( A) 1 p( A) = 1
= 0,28126... .
270 725
.
6.2.9. AB a, C D.
C D A.
: AC = x, D = y. A-D-C-B,
A-C-D-B, ,
CD CA , | y x | x .
y x , x y x , . y 0 .
y x , y x x , . y 2 x .
,
. , I Oxy.
a. ,
P() a 2 ,
a
2
2 a ,
P( S )
2
4
2
2
a
3a
P( S ) a 2
. ,
4
4
a
p( S )
3a 2 / 4
P( S )
=
= 0,75.
P()
a2

142
: IV
6.2.10. 1 2
20 . ?
:
. 60 . je |x y| 20.
x>y
y>x
x y 20
y x 20
y x 20
y x + 20
(y = x 20)
(y = x + 20)
.
P() 60 2 3600 ,
40 40
1600 , P( A) 3600 P( A) 2000 .
2
P( A) 2000
, p( A)
0,56 .
P() 3600
P( A) 2
6.2.11.
1. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 . :
A. 3 .
B. 1, 2.
2. 52 . :
A.
B.
C.
D.
.
.
.
.
3. 90 , 12 .
?
4. 110 7 ,
?
5. 12 7 . .
:
A. ;
B. .
6. 12 7 .
?

143
: IV
7. . 0,65 0,70.
?
8. . 0,7 0,5
0,4. ?
9. p
p( Ak ) , k = 1, 2, 3, ( ).
k
10. . :
A. ;
B. ;
C. B.
18 90
: ; 4.
2 2
: 1. 24/120, 12/120; 2. 1/52, 26/52, 13/52, 13/52 + 13/52; 3.
12 7

2
2
7
110
; 5. ,
( 7 103) /
19
2
2

2
12 7

1 1 ; 6.
19

2
12 7
2
7
; 7. 0,895; 8. 0,91; 9.
24

7
A1 A1 A2 A1 A 2 A3 ... A1 ... A j 1 A j A j .
6.3.
:
a.
b.
c.
d.
,
,
,
.
a.
, A B.
p(B|A) B ,
.
6.3.1. 120 30 .
, , . :
A. ;
B. .

144
: IV
B ,
. , :
p( B | A)
29
30
= 0,24... , p( B | A)
= 0,25... .
119
119
, ,
nA, nB, nAB A, B, AB , n .
B :
n AB
nA
n AB
n .
nA
n
p( B | A)
p( AB )
, p( A) 0 .
p( A)
p( AB) p( A) p( B | A) , p( BA) p( B) p( A | B) .
AB BA () .
b.
A = {1, 2, ..., n}
.
, 1, 2, ..., n

n
A
k 1
.
: 1, 2, ..., n

n
p( B) p( Ak ) p( B | Ak ) .
k 1
A B ,
k 1
p( B) p( Ak B) . p( Ak B) p( Ak ) p( B | Ak )
k 1
. .

145
: IV
6.3.2. . ,
, . , 2%
, 4 % .
, .
.
: . i. :
.
, t, ,
: 2n, n n . 4n . ,
2
2
2n , 2% =
n 4%
100
100
10n
4
=
= n/10 .
n ,
100
100
2% =
, ,
p() =
= 0,025.
ii. : . Ak k- (k = 1, 2, 3)
. A1, A2, A3 . p( A1 ) 2 p( A2 ) , p( A2 ) p( A3 )
1
1
1
, p( A2 ) p( A3 ) . ,
2
4
4
B : , p( B | A1 ) p( B | A2 ) 0,02 , . 2%,
p( A1 ) p( A2 ) p( A3 ) 1 . p( A1 )
p( B | A3 ) 0,04 .
p(B) = p( A1 ) p( B | A1 ) p( A2 ) p( B | A2 ) p( A3 ) p( B | A3 ) = 0,02 + 0,02 + 0,04 = 0,025.
c.
:
. . ,
p( A1 | B) ? ,
, .
(Bayes) : 1, 2, ..., n
p( A j | B)
p( A j ) p( B | A j )
n
p( A ) p( B | A )
k 1
, j = 1, 2, , n.

146
: IV
p( A j B) p( B) p( A j | B) p( A j ) p( B | A j )
p ( A j | B)
p( A j ) p( B | A j )
p ( B)
, p(B) ,
.
6.3.3. (6.3.2.) .
.
?
: p( A1 | B) =
p( A1 ) p( B | A1 )
0,5 0,02
=
= 0,4.
0,025
p( B)
6.3.4. :
1.
2.
3.
4.
3 , 2 , 2 , 3 ;
1 , 3 , 5 , 2 ;
2 , 4 , 1 , 2 ;
4 , 1 , 6 , 3 .
. :
A. ;
B. .
: : .
Kj : j- (j = 1, , 4). p( K1 ) ... p( K 4 )
+
. p(A) = +
= 2
+ +
= , p(A|K2) = 2
1
, p(A|K1) =
4
, p(A|K3) = 2 = , p(A|K4) = 2
= 0,1198.
, : , B :
1 1
p( K1 ) p( A | K1 )
p( K1 | A)
= 4 5 = 0,4174.
0,1198
p( A)
d.
, B
p( B | A) p( B) .
B

147
: IV
p ( A | B) =
p( AB ) p( A) p( B | A) p( A) p( B)
=
=
= p(A) ,
p( B)
p( B)
p( B)
B. , A B

p( AB) p( A) p( B) .
6.3.5. . : B :
.
6.3.6. 32 . :
A. ;
B. .
A B ?
: , . p( A)
p( AB )
8 1
4 1
, p( B)

32 4
32 8
1
. , p( AB) p( A) p( B) , A B .
32
, n N A1, A2, , An Ak1,

Ak2, , Akm p( Ak1 , Ak 2 ,..., Akm ) p( Ak1 ) p( Ak 2 )... p( Akm ) .
6.3.7. , , ,
. .
:
A. ;
B. ;
C. .
A, B C ?
2 1
1
, p( AB ) p( BC ) p( AC ) ,
4 2
4
1
p( AB) p( A) p( B) , ., A, B C , p( ABC )
4
1
p( A) p( B) p(C ) .
8
: p( A) p( B) p(C )
, .

148
: IV
27 6.3.8.
1. . 3?
2. 5 , 4 6 . 3 ,
?
3. . :
A.
B.
C.
D.
;
;
;
.
A C, A D, B C, B D, .
4. 3 . ,
: 0,8, 0,7 0,6.
?
5. 6% , 70%
. ?
6. 60% 40% .
0,3 0,4.
.
7. 30% , 25% .
1% , 1,2%, 2%.
?
8. . 1 6 ,
. 3 , 2 1 , 4 2
.
i.
ii.
.
, .
5 15
: 1. : {3,6}, B : {2,4,6}, p(A|B) = (1/6)/(3/6) = 1/3. 2. p( A | B) /

. 3. A C
3 3 91
p(C) = , p(C|A) = 1/2; A B p(A) = ,, p(A|D) = ; B C
p(B) = , p(B|C) = 2/3; B D p(B) = , p(B|D) = 1. 4. P(ABC) = p(A)p(B)p(C) = 0,80,70,6 =
0,336. 5. : , B : ; p(A) = 0,94, p(B|A) = 0,70, p(AB) = p(A)p(B|A) = 0,940,70 =
0,658. 6. A, B : , . S : . P(A) =
27
Ivana. Kovaevi: Verovatnoa i statistika sa zbirkom zadataka, Beograd, 2011.

149
: IV
0,6, p(B) = 0,4, p(S|A) = 0,3, p(S|B) = 0,4 p(S) = p(A)p(S|A) + p(B)p(S|B) = 0,60,3 + 0,40,4 = 0,34. 7. S :
, A, B, C , , . P(A) = 0,30, p(B) = 0,25, p(C) =
0,45, p(S|A) = 0,01, p(S|B) = 0,012, p(S|C) = 0,02, p(S) = p(A)p(S|A) + p(B)p(S|B) + p(C)p(S|C) =
0,015. 8. , B , . P(A) = 2/6, p(B) = 4/6, p(X|A) = 2/6, p(X|B) = 4/6, p(X) =
p(A)p(X|A) + p(B)p(X|B) = 1/5; p(A|X) = p(A)p(X|A)/p(A) = 1/5.
6.3.9.
1. . .
6?
2. m n . ,
.
,
i.
ii.
,
.
, .
3. p(.|A), p(A) > 0 F, . 6.2.2.
4. p( A1 , A2 ,..., An ) p( A1 ) p( A2 | A1 ) p( A3 | A1 A2 )... p( An | A1 A2 ... An1 ) .
5. p(B) 6.3.1.
6. I x y , II u v .
I II, II
. ?
7.
11% , 9% , 2%
. , :
A. ;
B. ?
A B ?
8. A B , A B , A B .
9. 14 . , ,
. :
A. ,
B. ,

150
: IV
C. .
9. A B . A

0,4 0,5 . B
0,1, 0,2 0,3 . A
90% , B 70%
.
?
10. I 0,1, II
0,05. . :
a. ;
b. ;
c. , .
11. : , , . :
,
. 0,3, 0,2, 0,1.
, .
12. ,
. .
.
13. , .
. ,
.
14. 3 . m1 n1 , m2 n2
, .
. : 1. , 2. .
15. . 35%, 40%,
25% . 90% , 95%,
85%. :
A. ,
B. , .
16.
.
p1, p2 p3.
?

151
: IV
17. 1 0,5.
2 1 : 1 ,
2 0,7, 1 , 2 0,8.
.
18. , ,
p. .
.

152
: IV
7.

. , . X : R.
() ()
(). ,
, .
7.1
,
.
7.1.1. X X()
. X, Y, Z, .
7.1.2. , X .
= {, , , }, 0, 1 2.
() = 0, () = () = 1 () = 2.
S = [-1,5; 1,5]. {XS} = {-1,5 X 1,5} = { : -1,5 X
1,5} = {, , }, p{XS} = p{-1,5 X 1,5} = p {, , } = .

. , .
x1, x2, , xn, p1, p2, , pn,
p1 + p2 + + pn = 1, .

x
X : 1
p1
p2
...
.
...
1
1
2
2
.
1
2
x2
, (6.4.2.)
0
X :
1
4
28 7.1.3. (. )
. (+), ().
, , .
. .
28
Zoran Ivkovi: Matematika statistika, Nauna knjiga, Beograd, 1976.

153
: IV
:
.
: = {+, +, +, +, }. (+) =
1, ( +) = 2, ( +) = 3, ... , X : RX = {1, 2, 3, }. {X =
n} n 1 , n- .
, p{X = n} = p(n) = = ( )
31
, () p(n)
44
3 1
p(n)
4 n 1 4
n 1
n 1
, n .
n 1
1 .
1
X :
3
2
4
3
43
3
44
...
.
...
A = {2, 4, 6, }
3 1
p( A) p(2k ) =
4 k 1 4
k 1
2 k 1
3
1
1
1
.
= 3 =
1 5
16
k 1 16
1
16
29 7.1.4. x 2 y 2 1 Oxy.
. .
: ,
r .
, (,) r
x2 y 2 , 0 r 1.
,
.
29
M. Obradovi i D. Georgijevi: Matematika (za IV razred srednje kole), Zavod za udbenike, Beograd 1994.

154
: IV
, I (r1 , r2 ) , 0 r1 r2 1 ,
X I
r1 x 2 y 2 r2 , .
P( X I ) r2 r1 ,
. ,

, .
2
(r2 r1 )
2
p( X I )
= rr 2 r1 2 .
, .
, ,
(, ) I.
, . p{ | X () x} 0 , x
I. .

F ( x) p( X x) , < x < ,
x X.
,
. :
1.
0 F ( x) 1 ;
2.
F () 0 , F () 1 ;
x1 x2 F ( x1 ) F ( x2 ) ;
4. p(a X b) F (b) F (a) ;
3.
5.
lim F ( x) F ( x0 ) .
x x0
7.1.5.
R (. 7.1.4.). () .
:
. 0 x R, {|X()=x} x
x2.
p( X ( ) x)
x 2
x2
=
, 0 x R .
R 2
R2

155
: IV
0, x 0
x 2
F ( x) 2 , 0 x R
R
1 x R.

f(x)
f ( x)dx 1 F ( x) f (t )dt .
b
p(a X b)
f ( x)dx , f(x)
a
dF ( x)
F ( x) f ( x) , . F(x) ( ) f(x).
dx
7.1.6. - < x < ,

f ( x)
1
.
(1 x 2 )
a. f(x).
b. p(-1<X<1).
:
. .
b. p(1 X 1) =
1
1
dx
1
1
=
arctg
x
| .
1 (1 x 2 )
2
1
, F(x)
f(x),
, .
(a,b) f(x)
(a,b)
.
30 7.1.7.
30
Svetozar Vukadinovi: Elementi teorije verovatnoe i matematike statistike, Beograd, 1978.

156
: IV
1. .
, 0,5
.
2. , 3/4 , .
.
.
3. () . (
). .
4. 3 5 .
1 2,
1 - ,
2 - .
ax 2 , x [0,2]
5. f ( x)

0, x [0,2]
. , p(0 X 1) .
6. (a,b) (a b
a < b),
0,
1
f ( x)
,
ba
0,
xa
a x b.
x b.
F(x) f(x) F(x).

7. ( )
F ( x) 1 e
xm
x0
, x 0.
:
a. f(x).
b. xp F(xp) = p.
p.
c. x .
.

157
: IV
8. ( ) :
F ( x) 1 e
x2
2 2
.
a. f(x).
b. x0,5 F(0,5) = 0,5.
( 0,5).
c. x ( ).
:
0 1 2 3 4
F ( x)
1. X :
1
4
6
4
1
16 16 16 16 16
2.
xi
0,
x0
1
,
16
5
,
16
11
,
16
15
,
16
0 x 1
1 x 2
2 x3
3 x4
x4
1,
1
pi
3. ,
. ,
,
2
1
1 1 1
1 1 1
p( X 1) , p( X 2) 1 , p( X 3) 1 , ...
2
2 2 8
2 2 4
, p( X x)
1
, x = 1, 2, 3, . :
2x

158
: IV
x 1
x 1
p ( X x) = 2
4. F1 ( x)
0,
20
,
56
50
,
56
1,
0 x 1
F2
1 x 2
x2
1
2
0,
x0
25
,
64
55
,
64
0 x 1
x0
1 .
1
1
2
1 x 2
x2
1,
2
5. ,
ax
dx 1 , a
3
. , f(x)
8
, = 2,
.
F ( x)
p(0 X 1) =
8x
0
0,
x a
,
6. F ( x)
ba
1,
0,
x0
x3
,
8
0 x2
1,
x 2.
1
dx = F (1) F (0) .
8
xa
a x b .
xb
, .

159
: IV
xm
m m1 x0
m 1
m
7. a. f ( x)
x0 .
x e , x 0. b. x p [ x0 ln(1 p)] m . c.
x0
m
8. a. f ( x)
x2
2 2
. b.
2 log 2
1,18 . c. .
log e

.
, (T)
(V). ,
. T() V() , , . (T, V).
7.1.8. X = X() Y = Y()
. (X,Y)
.
Oxy.
() () .
:
Y\X
y1
y2
yj
x1
p(x1,y1)
p(x1,y2)
p(x1,yj)
p
i
ij
x2
p(x2,y1)
p(x2,y2)
p(x2,yj)
xi
p(xi,y1)
p(xi,y2)
p(xi,yj)
1.
7.1.9. 4 () , 3 2 ,
. X, Y .
2- (X, Y).

160
: IV
: p(x = 0, y = 0) = p{ } = ( ) /( ) = 3/36, p(0,1) = p{ } = ( ) ( )/( ) =
32/36, p(0,2) = p{ } = ( ) /( ) = 1/36, p(1,0) = ( ) ( )/( ) = 12/36, p(1,1) = ( ) ( )/( )=
8/36, p(2,0) = ( ) /( ) = 6/36. (1,2), (2,1) (2,2) . .

10/36 ( ),
14/36 (
).
X\Y
0
1
2
0
3/36
12/36
6/36
1
6/36
8/36
0
2
1/36
0
0
(, ) .
7.2
31,
(Bernoulli) ():
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
n = 1, 2, 3, ;
( );
p q = 1 p ;
.
, p(A) = p
. A ,
p q = 1 p. n = 1, 2, 3, , (
n) A , 2n.
Sn = 0, 1, 2, , n. Sn
.
, :
(Poisson) . ,
.
7.2.1. 3 :
. n = 3, p(A) = , S3 (0, 1 2).
2 3 8 A A A , A AA , AA A , A A A , AAA , A AA , AA A , AAA . ,
A k (k = 0, 1, 2, 3), A 3 k
k
p q
3 k
. ,
3
p k p{S 3 k} p k q 3k (k = 0, 1, 2, 3).
k
31
http://www.gimbl.com/lat/binomnaras.php

161
: IV
{S 3 0} {S 3 1} {S 3 2} {S 3 3}
3
3
3
3
p0 p1 p2 = q 3 pq 2 p 2 q p 3 1 .
0
1
2
3
Sn. ,
n p, B(n;p).
B (3; ).
, {Sn = k}, - n
k ( n k ).
Sn, . pk = p{Sn = k}, k = 0, 1, , n.
{Sn = k}, ,
p(A(1) (2) A(n)) = p(A)p( )p(A) = pqp = pkqn-k,
q = p( ) = 1 p, a A(j) - , = 1, 2, ..., n.
k- (n-k)- ( )
pkqn-k, :
pk = p{Sn = k} = ( ) pkqn-k, k = 0, 1, , n.
=
( )
= 1.
32
n
Pn, x , p p{S n x} p x q n x , q = 1 p.
x
n
n, x, p
x 0
Pn, x 1, p
Pn, x , p
1 . ,
n! p x 1q n x 1
n! p x q n x n x p
:
.
( x 1)!(n x 1)! x!(n x)! x 1 q
:

32
nx p
1 , . x np q , Pn, x 1, p > Pn, x , p .
x 1 q
Svetozar Vukadinovi: Elementi teorije verovatnoe i matematike statistike, Beograd, 1978.

162
: IV
nx p
1 , . x np q , Pn, x 1, p = Pn, x , p .
x 1 q
nx p
1 , . x np q , Pn, x 1, p < Pn, x , p .
x 1 q
, Pn , x , p x np q ,
x np q , x . np q
. ,
:
np q np q 1 np p .
7.2.3. Sn, :
a. n=39, p = 0,935;
b. n = 15, p = .
: a. np q 39 0,935 0,065 36 np p 39 0,935 0,935 37 ,
36 37. b. np q
5
8
, np p .
3
3
7.2.4. 1% .
0,95?
n
: Pn, x1, p 1 Pn,0, p , Pn,0, p q , Pn, x1, p 0,95
1 q n 0,95 , q n 0,05 . n
log 0,05
= 298.
log 0,99
7.2.5. 6% . 5
, ?
: 3 ( p = 0,06)
P5;3;0,06 . Pn, x 1, p
nx p
Pn, x , p = 0, 1 2, :
x 1 q
5 0,06
P5;0;0,06 (1 0,06) 5 0,734 , P5;1;0,06
0,734 0,234 ,
1 0,94
3
4
P5; 2;0,06 0,0638 0,234 0,030 , P5;3;0,06 0,0638 0,030 0,002 .
3
2

163
: IV
, n > 5,
Pn , x , p . , , n > 50
.
7.2.6. 0,01. 100
. :
a. 5 ;
b. 10.
: : p(A) = p = 0,01 :
p( ) = q = 0,99. 100 (
), . :
a.
100
0,015 0,9995 ;
p{S100 5} =
5
b. 10 {S100 0} {S100 1} ... {S100 10}
{S100 k} =
k 0
10
10
pk =
k 0
100
0,01k 0,99100k .
k
k 0
10

n . . n > 50 np < 15
, ( n np 10) . n ,
.
7.2.7. np = > 0,
n
k
p k p k q nk e
, k = 0, 1, 2, , n .
k!
k
P()
. .
, , , ,
.
X[a,b] [a,b].
{0,1,2,}
33:
a. : X[a,b] [a,b],
b a;
33
Zoran Ivkovi: Matematika statistika, Nauna knjiga, Beograd, 1976.

164
: IV
b. : [a1,b1] [a2,b2] , X[a1,b1] X[a2,b2]
;
c. : lim
t 0
p{ X [t , t t ] 1}
0 ,
t
t .
, X[0,t] = X(t) P(t),
> 0 .
7.2.8. X(t) t ,
20t. 6
15 ?
: X(t) P(20t) t = 0,25 X(0,25) P(5)
. p{X(0,25) = 5} = e
56
= 0,1462.
6!
7.2.9.
i.
S np
p n
x
npq
ii.
S np
p a n
b
npq
1
2 npq
1
2
x2
2
x2
2
, n ;
dx , n .
7.2.10. (7.2.2.)
, = np = 1000,01 = 1 < 10, :
1
0,003 ;
5!
a.
p{S100 5} e 1
b.
100
0,01k 0,99100k
k 0 k
10
10
e
k 0
1
= 1,000.
k!
p( X x)
k 0
k!

165
: IV

166
: IV
7.2.11. 14 400 7 428 .
np = 14400 = 7200.
: S14400 n = 14400 .
= {S14400 7200 7428 7200},
S
7200
240 ,
p A p{228 S14400 7200 14400} = p 3,8 14400
60
1 1
npq 14400 = 60. , a = 3,8
2 2
b = p A
1
2
x2
2
dx .
3, 8
, (Laplace)
( z )
1
2
x2
2
dx , (z ) = 1 ( z ) =
1
2
x2
2
dx .
( ), z
+, z = 3,8 0,00007235. , pA = 0,00007.

167
: IV

168
: IV
7.2.12.
1. p = 0,01 20 ,
10 20 ?
[0,9910 0,904]
2. .
Sn .
3. 3 , ?
[1-( ) =
0,7]
4. 0,59.
.
[0,2]
5. 30 , 6 , 4 .
4 . :
a. ;
b. .
6. p{X = k} = 2-k, k = 1, 2, .
a. p{X };
b. p{X 4};
c. p{X 5}.

169
: IV
7. , .
0,6 0,7. ( )
.
8.
0,5 0,5 .
.
.
9. . 5%
, 3%. .
12 3 .
10. .
, :
a. 3 3 ;
b. 2 5 .
11. .
4 , .
0,85. a , a/3.
, b .
c , .
12. 3 , 15
. 15
P(0,8).
.
13. 0,03.
120 . :
a. ;
b. 3;
c. , 0,9
120 ?
14. 1200 . 1/365.
6 .
15. 150 , 0,8.
,
100 , .

170
: IV
7.3.
,
, .
7.3.1.
x
X 1
p1
x2
...
p2
...
xn
,
p n
p
k 1
1,
M ( X ) xk pk .
k 1
, f(x),
- < x < ,
M (X )
xf ( x)dx .
,
. () ,
, .
7.3.2. . ,
. () .
: 1, 2, 3, ..., k, , ,
,
, ...,
, . () =
2
k 1
1 k
.
2 k 1 2 k 1
1
, |x| < 1,
1 x
1
1
1
, , x = , () =
= 2.
1 2 x 3x 2 ...
2
2 1 2
(1 x)
1
2
1 x x 2 x 3 ...
7.3.3.
.
:

171
: IV
1
,
f ( x) b a
0,
x ( a, b)
x ( a, b)
xdx
b2 a2
ab
() =
=
=
.
ba
2(b a)
2
a
b
7.3.4. F(x) X,
F (x p ) p
p. 0,5 X, .
:
F (M e ) F ( x0,5 ) p( X M e ) 0,5 .
, 0,25 0,75, . .
7.3.5. , .
,
.
, , .
, M(X) = Me, .
x a b, y = ax + b
. x xk, y yk = axk + b,
, . p(yk) = p(xk).
7.3.6. M (ax b) aM ( x) b ,
: . p(ax + b) = ap(x) + b,
M (ax b) =
(ax
b) p( xk ) = a xk p( xk ) b p( xk ) .
k
x
k
p ( x k ) M ( x) ,
p( x
) 1 M (ax b) aM ( x) b ,
.
7.3.7. X Y

172
: IV
M ( XY ) M ( X )M (Y ) .
: XY xkyj pkpj ,
(pkj = pkpj) M ( XY )
x
k
x j p kj =
p k y j p j = M ( X )M (Y ) .
.
7.3.8.
, .
M (| X |) | M ( X ) | .
: 1, 2, ..., xn, p1, p2, ,
pn, |X| |1|, |2|, ..., |xn|, .
|xk|pk xkpk |xk|pk, k = 1, 2, , n,

M (| X |)
k 1
k 1
| xk | pk M ( X ) xk pk
| x
k 1
| p k M (| X |) ,
.
7.3.9. (a,b),
.
: f(x) (a,b) . ,
b
af ( x)dx xf ( x)dx bf ( x)dx
a M ( X ) xf ( x)dx b
a
f ( x)dx 1 .
a
1 , 2 , x1 M(X) x2.
. x = c, .
f(c + x) = f(c x), M(X) = c.
7.3.10. () = np

173
: IV
n
p( X k ) p k (1 p) n k , k = 0, 1, 2, , n.
k
: () =
n
x p x (1 p) n x =
x 0 x
n
x 1
(n 1)! p (1 p)
( x 1)!(n x)!
x 1
n
np
x
x 1
n! p x (1 p) n x
=
x!(n x)!
n! p x (1 p) n x
=
x 1 ( x 1)!( n x)!
n
n x
. x 1 = y () = np
(n 1)! p y (1 p) n 1 y
=
y!(n 1 y )!
y 0
n 1
np[ p (1 p)]n1 = np .
7.3.11. M (X )
p( X x) e
xe
: M (X ) =
x 0
x
x!
, x = 0, 1, 2, .
x 1
e x
=
= e
= e e .
x!
x 1 ( x 1)!
x 1 ( x 1)!
, .
xk
e x .
k
!
k 1
7.3.12. M (X ) ,
f ( x)
: M ( X )
te
t2
dt
t2
2
xe
1 x

1 x

dx = [
, - < x < .
t]=
(t )e
t2
2
dt =
dt . , . M (X ) .
7.3.13. . 1, 2, ..., n,
xk < k = 1, 2, , m xk > k = m+1, m+2, , n,
p( X )
M (X )
: xk k = 1, 2, , n ,
n
M ( X ) xk pk >
k 1
k k pk >
k m 1
p k =
k m 1
k m 1

174
: IV

n
p( X )
k m 1
pk 1
k 1
k m 1
M (X )
, p( x ) 1
M ( x)
.
7.3.14.
1. :
i.
ii.
< a, M(X) < a;

> a, M(X) > a.
[ xkpk < apk]
2. ,
.
[ : 0 1,
p q = 1 p. M(X) = ]
3. , 20 ?
[70]
4.
xe x ,
f ( x)
0,
x0
x 0.
2 x
[ x e dx 2 ]
0
5. ,
e x ,
f ( x)
0,
x0
x 0.
[ M (X )
, Me
ln 2
6.

175
: IV
f ( x)
1
, - < x < .
(1 x 2 )
, .
7.
2 cos 2 x,
f ( x)
0,
x (0, )
4
x (0, ).
4
.
[ 2 cos 2x (0,/4), .
p( X M e ) 0,5 , p(0 X M e ) 0,5 ,
Me
. 2 cos 2 xdx = sin 2M e 0,5 , M e

0
12
8.
3 x e 3
, = 0, 1, 2, ... ;
x!
i.
p ( X x)
ii.
12
p( X x)
3 3
iii.
3 5 4
p( X x)
x 9 9
iv.
x 4

5 3 x
p( X x)
, = 0, 1, 2, 3.
9

3
x 1
, = 1, 2, 3, ... ;
x
3 x
, = 0, 1, 2, 3;
[3; 3; ; ]
9.
i.
f ( x) 2 x , 0 < x < 1;
ii.
f ( x)
iii.
, 0 < x < 1;
2
f ( x) 6 x(1 x) , 0 < x < 1;

176
: IV
iv.
f ( x)
1
, 1 < x < .
x2
[ , , , ]
7.4
,
.
7.4.1. .
D( X ) M ( X M ( X )) 2
() .
()
D(X ) .
7.4.2.
0
X :
2
1
1
3
2
.
4
9
2
: M ( X ) 0
2
11
2
1
4 11
1 2 , D( X ) M ( X M ( X )) 2 = M X =
9
3
9 9
9
1
450 50
11 2 11 1
11 4
2
2
2
=
0 1 2 = 3 (11 2 2 3 7 4) =
81 9 81
9 9
9 3
9 9 9
(X )
5 2
.
9
7.4.3.
1
,
f ( x) b a
0,
x ( a, b)
x (a, b).

177
: IV
: (. 7.3.3)
2
(b a) 2
ab
dx
ab
. D(X ) = x
=
,
M (X )
2
b
a
12
2
a
b
(X )
|ba| 3
.
6
[ x
M ( X )]2 p k .
[ x M ( X )]
f ( x)dx . ,
.
7.4.4.
D( X ) M ( X 2 ) M ( X ) .
2
: D(X ) = M [ X M ( X )]2 = M {X 2 2M ( X ) X [M ( X )]2 } =
M ( X 2 ) 2M ( X )M ( X ) [M ( X )]2 = M ( X 2 ) [M ( X )]2 .
7.4.5. IA , :
IA = 1 , IA = 0 , p(A) = p.
p p p2 .
A
A.
1,
0,
: I A I A ( )
M ( I A ) = 1 p( A) 0 p( A) = p( A) p . , I A 2 I A
D( I A ) = M ( I A 2 ) [M ( I A )]2 = M ( I A ) p 2 = p p 2 .
7.4.6.
p( X x) e
x
x!
, x = 0, 1, 2, .
: M (X ) (. 7.3.11.) .
D(X ) = M ( X 2 ) 2 =
k
k 0
p k 2 =
k
k 0
1 k
1
e 2 = e k
k 1 2
k!
(k 1)!
k 1

178
: IV
= e
k 1
k 0
k!
(k 1)
k 1
k 0
k!
2 = e k
k 1
k 0
k!
k 0
k!
2 = ke
k 0
k!
2 =
M ( X ) e e 2 = 2 2 = .
7.4.7.
f ( x)
1 x

, - < x < .
: M (X ) (. 7.3.12.).
2
M ( X ) =
t2
2
x e
2
1 x

dx
dt 2 . M ( X 2 ) 2 2 . , D(X ) =
M ( X ) [M ( X )]2 = ( 2 2 ) 2 = 2 .
2
2
, .
, N(,2).
7.4.8. () :
i.
D( X ) 0 , D( X ) 0 X c ;
ii.
iv.
D(cX ) c 2 D( X ) , ;
D( X c) D( X ) ;
X Y D( X Y ) D( X ) D(Y ) ;
v.
: M ( X c) 2 D(X ) c M (X ) .
iii.
: iv. D( X Y ) = M ( X Y ) 2 [M ( X Y )]2 = M ( X 2 2 XY Y 2 ) [M ( X ) M (Y )]2 =
M ( X 2 ) 2M ( XY ) M (Y 2 ) [M ( X )]2 2M ( X )M (Y ) [M (Y )]2 =
M ( X 2 ) [M ( X )]2 M (Y 2 ) [M (Y )]2 = D( X ) D(Y ) .
v. M ( X c) 2 = M X M ( X ) M ( X ) c = M X M ( X ) M ( X ) c .
2
7.4.9. npq (p + q = 1):
n
p( X k ) p k (1 p) n k , k = 0, 1, 2, , n.
k

179
: IV
: M ( X ) np (. 7.3.10.).
n k nk
p q
= (
k 0
k
n
n 1 k 1 ( n1)( k 1)
p q
= np k
= ( j = k
k 1 k 1
n
I . M ( X 2 ) =
n 1
) =
k n
k
k 1
kn k 1 p
k 0
1, m = n - 1) = np
( j 1) j p

j 0
n 1
q nk
q m j = ( ) =
m
m
np j p j q m j p j q m j = (
j 0 j
j 0 j
m
m
m 1 j m j
m
p q
np m
p j q m j =
j 0 j
j 0 j 1
m
m 1
) =
j m
j
j
m 1 j 1 ( m1)( j 1) m m j m j
p q
np (n 1) p
p q = np(n 1) p( p q) m1 ( p q) m =
j 0 j 1
j 0 j
np(n 1) p 1 = n 2 p 2 np(1 p) . , D(X ) = M ( X 2 ) M ( X )2 =

np(1 p) n 2 p 2 (np) 2 = np(1 p) .
II . Ak k- , k =
1, 2, , n. Sn , n ,
(. 7.4.5.) Ik Ak Sn = I1 + I2 + + In.
D(Sn) = D(I1) + D(I2) + + D(In) ( 7.4.8. iv.). , D(Ik) =
p(Ak) p(Ak)2 = p p2 = p(1 p) = pq ( 7.4.5.), D(Sn) = npq, .

S n np
npq
Sn. , Z* Z,
N(, 2) N(0, 1) ,
. , .
7.4.10.
, > 0
p{| X | }
M (X 2 )

180
: IV
: f(x). M ( X 2 ) =
| x|
f ( x)dx
f ( x)dx = 2
| x|
f ( x)dx
f ( x)dx =
f ( x)dx +
f ( x)dx
| x|
| x|
2 p{| X | } .
| x|
X M(X)
p{| X M ( X ) | }
D( X )

. , (X ) =
D(X ) =
M X M (x) . ,
2
, , 34.
68% -
( ). 95%
2 . 99,7% ( 3, + 3).
,
() . .
X Y
X ,Y
M [( X M ( X ))(Y M (Y ))] M ( XY ) M ( X ) M (Y )
=
.
( X ) (Y )
( X ) (Y )
34
i.
| X ,Y | 1 ;
ii.
X Y , X ,Y 0 ;
http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/_

181
: IV
iii.
| X ,Y | 1 Y X ( < 0 X ,Y 1 > 0 X ,Y 1 ).
7.4.11. :
(0,6), (1,3), (2,1), (3,-2), (4,-3).
:

182
: IV
. A, B, C, D
E ,
-1 ( -1 1). ,
,
xi | 0 1 2 3 4 || 10
yi | 6 3 1 -2 -3 || 5
xi2 | 0 1 4 9 16 || 30
xiyi | 0 3 2 -6 -12 || -13
yi2 | 36 9 1 4 9 || 59
X ,Y
5 (13) 5 10
5 30 10 5 59 5
2
115
30 15
0,98976 .
7.4.11. (X,Y) () ABC

A(0,0), B(1,0) C(0,1). X Y.
: ABC P = , 1/ P = 2
2,
( x, y )
0,
( x, y ) .
(x,y) ABC, , . f ( x, y )
( )
x y = x (
I , y = x) yx.
. 2,
i- yi2x.
1
yi 2x x2dx x 2 | 1 .
i
, .
1
M ( X ) x 2 xdx
0
M (Y 2 ) y 2 2(1 y )dy
0
1
2
1
2
2
, M (Y ) y 2(1 y )dy , ( X ) x 2 xdx ,
2
3
3
0
0
1
1
1
, D( X ) M ( X 2 ) [ M ( X )]2
, D(Y ) M (Y 2 ) [ M (Y )]2
6
18
18
1
1 x
1
M ( XY ) M ( X ) M (Y )
3
x
dx
=
=
, X ,Y =
xyf
(
x
,
y
)
dxdy
2
xydy
dx
0 0
4
D( X ) D(Y )
0
, M ( XY )
1 2 1

4
3 3 1 .
=
1
2
18
35 7.4.12.
35
Zoran Ivkovi: Matematika statistika, Nauna knjiga, Beograd, 1976. . 51.

183
: IV
1. .
.
2. . , n .
. .
3. ( 1000 )
ex ,
f ( x)
0,
x0
x 0.
2 ,
5 < 0,5. ,
.
i.
ii.
.
.
4. . .
2 4 ..
. .
5. 5 10 ,
5 .. .
0,9 .
.
6. 8 .
.
. .
7.
p{ X k} a
i.
ii.
iii.
22
, k = 1, 2, 3, 4.
k!
.
.
5 .. n, :
1. n;
2. ?
8.
, 1 .
4 , 3 2 .

184
: IV
0 .
,
(1 x 2 ) ,
f ( x)
0,
x0
x 0.
5 .
9. .
() (5; 7). .
10. : 7.4.8. ii., iii.
11. p{| X M ( X ) | } , :
1
1
.
X :
1 / 3 2 / 3
1 1
,
X :
0,5 0,5
12. , () U(-1; 3).

185
: IV
8.

XIX , ,
, , , .
. ( ) (
), . ,
, .
, , ,
. 36 1998, ,
: , ,
37.
, ,
.
8.1.
" "
. , .
, .
( ) ,
.
, 38 ()
() . :
, .
, , (169 cm, 185 cm, 173 cm );
, . , ,
(, , , ...).
8.1.1. n , np nq (p + q = 1).
. ( p n).
: . ()
. , , ,
1 , 0 .
,
n p, np n(1 p) . ,
36
M. Lovri, J. Komi, S. Stevi: STATISTIKA ANALIZA (metodi i primjena), Banja Luka, 2006. str. 3
David Moore, George McCabe: INTRODUCTION TO THE PRACTICE OF STATISTICS, New York, 1998, str. Xviii.
38
( ), ( ).
37

186
: IV
m . m1

n .
, ,
, , . .
8.1.2. , 16. 2008.
:
.
11-20
9
21-31
16
25, 29, 45, 19, 36, 17, 60, 51, 39, 24, 15, 13, 31, 18, 24, 32,
37, 27, 23, 53, 41, 34, 29, 28, 52, 17, 55, 47, 34, 28, 22, 20,
31-40
12
64, 39, 38, 33, 24, 16, 27, 19, 26, 27, 25, 32, 26, 48, 54, 35.
41-50
4
51-60
6
61+
1
() , .
, .
. .
, .
,
.
360 48,
,
,
= (. ). :
67,5 120 90 30 45 7,5
-.

187
: IV
,

, .
, ,
20 40 .
, , .
:
,
;
( );
.
, , x1, x2, , xn ,
. , ,

= . ,
. , xk ,
fk,
,
, , ,
. ,
=
= 2,67857.
5
1
4
5
3
10
2
8
1
4
, . 13, 15, 16,
15. , . 13, 15, 16, 17,
,
= 15,5.
8.1.3. , 48
(8.1.2.) :
13, 15, 16, 17, 17, 18, 19, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 24, 24, 25, 25,
26, 26, 27, 27, 27, 28, 28, 29, 29, 31, 32, 32, 33, 34, 34, 35,
36, 37, 38, 39, 39, 41, 45, 47, 48, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 60, 64.
1558, , : 1558/48 32,4583. 48 , 24
, 9 , (24 27) . ,
, . 24 27, .
, 29 29 8 . ,
29, .
,
. - (. stem and leaf diagram).

188
: IV
8.1.4. 23, 45.6 7.89
23
45.6
7.89
2
45
7.8
3
6
9
8.1.5. 23
12 13 21 27 29 34 35 36 37 40 41 46 48 49 51 52 56 58 62 64 65 80 81
-
1 2
3
2 1
7
9
3 4
5
6
7
4 0
1
6
8
9
5 1
2
6
8
6 2
4
5
8 0
1
: 3|4 = 34
12. , 46. , 46.
8.1.6.
1. , ?
a.
b.
c.
d.
.
.
.
.
2. , ?
a.
b.
c.
d.
.
.
100 .
.
3. 12 450 . , 1200
. 35 .
a. ?
b. ?
c. .

189
: IV
4. . 120 ,
. 200 20
.
a. ?
b. .
5.
.
90
6 .
1200
.
a. ?
b. ?
c. ?
d. 20
?
6. ( ) 30 :
153
152
185
159
168
183
157
163
163
151
158
164
165
165
182
187
157
163
187
175
155
178
174
189
174
152
155
175
166
153
, 10 cm, .
7. ( ) 40 :
240
247
248
236
243
232
238
226
225
242
237
229
239
235
242
248
226
233
247
234
237
237
234
247
243
238
237
238
243
235
228
240
247
248
234
238
248
227
228
239
, 225-227, 228-230, 231-233, ..., .

8. 6 , 5
, 4 , 1 . .
9. , 6, 7 8.
10. -

190
: IV
616
780
810
679
944
449
330
738
381
653
770
465
508
338
648
260
914
393
525
783
823
157
502
821
518
162
972
672
706
102
981
996
100
748
210
465
11. :
, .
8.2.
, .
,
.
:
( = ),
(3),
(3).
,
. .
5
4
3
2
1
I
1
5
10
8
4
II
0
1
19
6
2
:
1. (Xmax Xmin) ;
2. (2
),
( );
3. (
),
;
4. (Q1, Q2, Q3) .

191
: IV
, .
M(X), D(X).
, I 5, 1, ,
4. je I
2
1 n
( xk ) 2 f k =
n k 1
1
75 2
75 2
75 2
75 2
75 2
(5 ) (4 ) 5 (3 ) 10 (2 ) 8 (1 ) 4 =
28
28
28
28
28
28
281
1,11508.
252
I I
1,05597.
II Xmax Xmin = 4 1 = 3. II =
2
1
75 2
75 2
75 2
75 2
(4 ) (3 ) 19 (2 ) 6 (1 ) 2 =
28
28
28
28
28
113
0,44841.
252
II 0,44841 0,66964. I II
.
( = 2,68), I II
(O , f , - ):
O
fII
(O )2fI
O
(O )2 fII
5,38
5
0
2,32
0
8,71
4
1
1,32
1,74
1,02
3
19
0,32
1,95
3,70
2
6
-0,68
2,77
11,29
1
2
-1,68
12,10
30,10
II:
12,10
2
2
I = 1,08
I = 1,04
II = 0,43
II = 0,66
(O ) (O) (
= 2,68) (I II) .
, (f) .
, . I II
n = 28.
O
5
4
3
2
1
fI
1
5
10
8
4
O
2,32
1,32
0,32
-0,68
-1,68
I:

192
: IV
, 2 =
, 2 =
= 1,075 1,08, =
= 0,432 0,43, =
1,04.
0,66.
, :
( xk ) 2
= f
xk
( xk ) 2
1
( f k xk ) , n .
n
,
, ,
. :
s n21
1 n
f k ( xk x) 2 sn1 sn21 ,
n 1 k 1
n . n n 1,
sn sn-1,
. ,
, , ,
2
,
(, ), .
25% (. ) Q1.
50% ,
. 75% (), Q3.
8.2.1. , :
1
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5
1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4
Q1
Q2
Q3
28 , 7 , 14,
21. , 2
, . Q1 = 2, . , Q2 = 3
Q3 = 3. , .

193
: IV
39 8.2.2. (download) (
) 2006. 12
:
28,5 17,4 15,3 12,3 19,0 22,1 19,2 20,1 15,7 20,9 22,5 25,6.
, .
, .
12,3
15,3
15,7
17,4
Q1
Q2
Q3
19,0
19,2
20,1
Q2
20,9
22,1
22,5
25,6
28,5
Q3
15,7 17,4
19,2 20,1
19,65 , Q1
16,55 ,
2
2
22,2 22,5
22,30 .
2

, .
40 8.2.3. :
.
0-9
1
1
10-19
4
5
20-29
9
14
30-39
11
25
40-49
32
57
50-59
23
80
60-69
10
90
70-79
9
99
80-89
1
100
100 , 9 ,
10 19 , 20-29, ..., 80-89
.
, . 25 25
40.
,
. ()
, ()
. .
39
40
M. Lovri, J. Komi, S. Stevi: STATISTIKA ANALIZA (metodi i primjena), Banja Luka, 2006. str. 79
Fabio Cirrito: MATHEMATICAL STUDIES SL, International Baccalaureate, IBID Press, 1998, p. 549

194
: IV
, ( 100 )
( 25% ) .
25, 50 75.
, Q1, Q2 Q3, ,
40, 50 57. - IQR = Q3 Q1 = 57 40 = 17 .
, (. boxplot).
: (Minx), (Q1),
(Q2), (Q3) (Maxx).
41 8.2.4. 9, 8, 2, 3, 7, 6, 5, 4, 5, 4, 6, 8, 9, 5, 5, 5, 4, 6, 6, 8. : ,
, .
: , 2-3-4-4-4-5-5-5-5-5-6-6-6-7-8-8-8-9-9 (20 ).
10. 11. , . Q2 =
= 5,5.
41
M. Coad, G. Whiffen, J. Owen, R. Haese, S. Haese, M. Bruce: Mathematics for the international student,
Mathematical Studies SL, International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme, Haese & Harris Publications, Australia,
2004, p. 146

195
: IV
( 5. 6. ), . Q1 =
, . Q3 =
= 4,5.
= 7,5. - (interquartile range) = Q3 Q1 = 7,5 4,5 = 3.
: 2,
4,5, 5,5, 7,5, 9.
.
, , :

8.2.5.
1. , :
5
4
3
2
1
-
I
0
1
5
10
7
7
II
3
4
9
6
5
3
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
I II
I2 II2

.
: () 7 (3) 30
.
[2,
; 0.85, 1.25; 1, 2; 2, 3; 3, 4]
2. (kg) A B :

196
: IV
A B , :
i.
ii.
() s n 1
f ( x x) ;
f 1
f (x ) .
()
f
2
iii.
[1.99, 2.00; 0.0552, 0.1877; 0.0547, 0.1858]

3. :
:
0-4
5-9
10-14
15-19
20-24
.:
2
7
10
13
12
i.
.
ii.
() .
iii.
.
25-29
6
[16.44; 6.74; 12, 17, 22]

4. .
i.
.
ii.
.
iii.
.
iv.
?
: .
1 9.99
10 19.99
20 29.99
30 39.99
40 49.99
50 59.99
3
11
25
36
31
14

197
: IV
5. - , :
0 1223
1 0112345
2 2336
3 15
4 7
: 2|3 23
50
50
60
60
136
015678
255
4
: 50|3 53
10 0 1 2 3
20 2 3 4 7 8 0
30 1 3 4
40 2 6
50 9
: 20|3 203
6. ( 0 10 ) 200 :
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
6 .
.
?
.
.
7. ( ) .
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
?
.
.
56 kg?
50-60 kg?

60 kg?
.
8.3.

(. 7.4.11.).
()

198
: IV
()
, .
,
,
.
.
. :
,
.
8.3.1. ,

y kx n

x ( )
y ( ) .

y 2 y1
, y y1 k ( x x1 )
x 2 x1
A(x1, y1) B(x2, y2) .
88 64
= 0.8,
190 160
y 64 0.8( x 160) , . y 0.8x 64 .
A(160, 64) B(190, 88), k
A B,
.
,
X Y, n (x1, y1), (x2, y2), , (xn, yn)
s xy
sx s y
s xy
( x x)( y y)
n
xy x y
n
- X Y,

199
: IV
( x x)
sx
( y y)
sy
y
n
x - X,
y - Y.
( x x)( y y)
( x x) ( y y )
2
, r

r2 = 0

0 < r2 0,25

0,25 < r2 0,50

0,50 < r2 0,75

0,75 < r2 0,90

0,90 < r2 < 1

r2 = 1
.
xy n x y
x nx y
2
ny

(r2).
.

8.3.2. (X )
(Y ). :
:
I
II
III
IV
X [g]:
1
3
5
6
Y [mm] :
2
3
6
6
.
: n = 4 ,
x 15 , y 17 , xy 77 , x
71 ,
85 .
xy, x2 , y2 :
:
x [g]:
y [mm] :
xy
x2
y2
I
1
2
2
1
4
II
3
3
9
9
9
III
5
6
30
25
36
15
17
77
71
85
IV
6
6
36
36
36
77 4
2
15 17
4 4
15
17
71 4 85 4
4
4
53
59 51
0,966. r2 0,934 .

200
: IV
8.3.3.
(X ) (Y) .
(2, 10), (3, 7), (7, 5), (4, 6) (9, 4). .
:
.
,
xy, x2 , y2, .
xy 136 ,
x 25 ,
y 32 ,
x
r
159 , y
136 5
226 .
25 32
5 5
32
159 5 5 2 226 5
5
= 12
x
2
3
7
4
9
25
y
10
7
5
6
4
32
xy
20
21
35
24
36
136
x2
4
9
49
16
81
159
y2
100
49
25
36
16
226
5
-0,894. r2 0,799
901

.
(8.3.1),
. , .
,
.
,
(. residuals). , y = y' y
' . ' ,
, y = kx + n.
() ()
y'' y'. , , . ()
, ().
, , B .
, x'1, x'2, , x'n y'1, y'2, , y'n, k
n y = kx + n. x'i yi = k x'i + n .
yi = y' yi , .
. (yi)2 .
k n (y1)2 + (y2)2 + ... + (yn)2 .
.
(. 7.4 : ).
8.3.4. Y X + , ,
[Y (X )]2 ,

201
: IV
(Y )
[ X M ( X )] M (Y ) .
(X )
Y X ,Y
:
f ( , ) M [Y (X )]2
(1)
f
f
0.
0,
(2)
(1) f(,) = M(Y2) + 2M(X2) + 2 - 2M(XY) 2M(Y) + 2M(X). , (2)
M ( X 2 ) M ( X ) M ( XY ),
M ( X ) M (Y ).
(3)
,
,
M (X 2 )
M (X )
M (X )
= M ( X 2 ) [M ( X )]2 = D( X ) 0 .
(3) .
(3) X +
Y X. Y X .

yy
s xy
sx
( x x) .
.
8.3.5.
A(1,4), B(2,5) C(4,7).
. .
x
y
xy
x2
y 16 ,
xy 42 ,
x 2 21 , n = 3.
x 7,
1
4
4
1
x
y
7 16 14
2
5
10
4
= 42
=
,
s xy
xy
n
3
3
4
7
28
16

202
: IV
7
16
42
21
sx x 2
2
= 21
72
14
x = 7 , y y = 16 .
=
, x
3
n
3
3
3
n
14
16
7
3 x , . y x 3 .
3 14
3
3
, x ()
y = kx + n. ( x1 xn)
, ,
, .
8.3.6. :
x
y
:
2
3
xy n x y
1
1
x 2
n
4
4
5
6
7
6
9
7
10
9
11
10
15
11
1
522 63 56
8
=
=
1
621 (63) 2
8
24
0,648649,
37
56 24 63 70
=
1,89189,
n y kx =
8 37 8
37
y kx n ,
y = 0,65x + 1,89.
8.3.7. X Y . ?
x
y
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
9
1
3
2
5
6
5
7
8
(: 1-4) (: 6-9) .
.
, .
y x = 5?

203
: IV
xy n x y
x nx y
2
232 8
2
ny
40 38
8 8
19
260 8 5 2 213 8
4
47 2
0, 93766.
5 201
() r2 0,88 .
i. x1
1 2 3 4
23 25
10 11
, y1
, A1 , .
4
4
4 4
6789
x 2
,
4
6579
,
y2
4
32 27
A2 , .
4 4
y y1
( x x1 )
y y1 2
x2 x1
27 11
11
4 x 10 ,
y
4
32
10
4
4

4
4
8 x 41
y
, .
11 44
y = 0,73x + 0,93 ( ).
ii. y = 0,708x + 0,783 ( ).
iii. , x = 5 y = 0,708x + 0,783 = 4,323 ( ).
8.3.8.
1. X Y . ?
x
2
4
5
7
9
10
11
15
y
3
4
6
6
7
9
10
11
i.
(: 1-4) (: 6-9) .
ii.
.
iii.
, .
iv.
y x = 1?
[x = 63, y = 56, xy = 522, x2 = 621, y2 = 448, r = 0,9686, ]
2. () (). :
x
56
91
84
63
10
63
28
35
91
y
66
100
60
96
24
46
35
36
72
63
80

204
: IV
1
n
xy n x y s
i.
s xy
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
r2 = 0,60. ?
.
.
s xy
sx s y
xy
= 493,78.
r =
= 0,7715.
3. (y) , 15 ,
(x C), :
x
16,7
16,1
15,6
15,0
14,4
12,8
11,7
11,1
10,0
y
24
21
19
18
19
15
15
12
11
i.
ii.
iii.
y y
s xy
s x2
( x x) ,
s xy
s x2
sy
sx
r , .
18,3.
.
[ = 56,6667, = 17,1111, sx = 4,0551, sy = 3,9845,
r = 0,9686, y = 0,9482x 36,6215]
4. ( mm)
( ), . ,
, :
(mm)
11
25
27
48
(t)
38
28
51
81
, :
= 180, = 270,
i.
ii.
iii.
= 1240,
= 2554,
= 9592.
.
.
.
5. . 5,
3 .
, (X,Y) :
Y\X
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
0
0,01
0,03
0,05
0,07
0,09
0,25
1
0,01
0,02
0,04
0,05
0,06
0,08
0,26
2
0,01
0,03
0,05
0,05
0,05
0,06
0,25
3
0,01
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,06
0,05
0,24
0,03
0,08
0,16
0,21
0,24
0,08
1
i.
: .

205
: IV
ii.
iii.
B: 3.
(. 8.3.4.).
[i. p(A) = p(X>Y) =
ii. p(B) = p(X<3) =
= 0,01 + 0,03 + 0,05 + + 0,05 = 0,75.

= 0,01 + 0,01 + 0,01 + + 0,04 =0,27]
6. 8.3.4. , , .
M[Y (X2 + Y2 + )]2 .
?
8.4.
, ,
: - .
.
, ,
.
,

.
- (2) 42 .
(ak) (bk) (k = 1, 2, , s) ,
(a k bk ) 2
.
bk
k 1
s
(ak) (bk). ,
, , . .
H0: , .
, , H1
.
, .
? 95%
() , = 0,05.
( = 0,05 ) ,
1 . :
1. ,
42
http://www.elemenat.com/cyr/wiki/index.php?title=-_

206
: IV
2.
( = 0,05 . = 0,10)
. , (. = 0,01),
.
(. contingency table) ( mn)

. 43
.
Xi i = 1, 2, , m ai1, ai2, , ain, Yj j = 1, 2, , n
a1j, a2j, , amj. =
=
,
, = =
= .
(A) 44:
A
Y1
Y2
Yn
X1
a11
a12
a1n
X2
a21
a22
a2n
Xm
am1
am2
amn
43
44
Karl Pearson: On the Theory of Contingency and Its Relation to Association and Normal Correlation, 1904.
. observed value table

207
: IV
bij
X Y
(B)
XY
i
45
Y1
Y2
Yn
X1
b11
b12
b1n
X2
b21
b22
b2n
Xm
bm1
bm2
bmn
, B
. ,
i= 1, 2, , m B
n
m
ail a kj
n
n
bij = l 1 k 1 =
j 1
j 1
XY
ail
a kj =
XY j 1 k 1
l 1
a
XY = a
XY
l 1
il
l 1
il
.
() (B)
2
ij
(aij bij ) 2
bij
(2) , 46:
(m 1)(n 1) .
, m n .
m 1 , m-
m 1. , n 1
. , 2- (m 1)(n 1) .
, 47 ( 5%)
2 48 ().
45
. expected value table

. degrees of freedom (df)
47
. significance levels
48
. http://www.medcalc.org/manual/chi-square-table.php
46

208
: IV
15
= 0.01
= 0.05
= 0.10
6.635
9.210
11.345
13.277
15.086
16.812
37.697
3.841
5.991
7.815
9.488
11.07
12.59
24.996
2.706
4.605
6.251
7.779
9.236
10.645
22.307
2
(),
() ().
H0: X Y ,
. , ,
, .
, < () ,
. 1%, 5% 10%.
, > () .
, .
8.4.1. 400 ,
. ( 22), :

32
188
4
176
36
364
H0: .
220
180
400
= 19.8,
= 200.2,
= 16.2,

19.8
16.2
36
= 163.8 B:

200.2
163.8
364
ij
(aij bij ) 2
bij
220
180
400
(32 19.8) 2 (188 200.2) 2 (4 16.2) 2 (176 163.8) 2
=
19.8
200.2
16.2
163.8
7.5171 + 0.7435 + 9.1877 + 0.9087 = 18.36.

209
: IV
= 18,36. = (2 1)(2 1) = 1. = 0.05,
2 (1) = 3.841. > (1),
, . ,
.
8.4.2.
. , , (, ) ,
: (7, 14), (9, 12), (13, 9), (14, 7). 5%
.
: : H0 . =
(4 1)(2 1) = 3. 5%, 0,05. H0 > 7,815.
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
B
1.
2.
3.
4.
7
9
13
14
43
10,6
10,6
11,1
10,6
43
14
12
9
7
42
10,4
10,4
10,9
10,4
42
21
21
22
21
85
21
21
22
21
85
, :
= 5,816
A
B
aij bij (aij bij)2
7,815.
7
9
13
14
14
12
9
7
10,6
10,6
11,1
10,4
10,4
10,4
10,9
10,4
-3,6
12,96
-1,6
2,56
1,9
3,61
3,4
11.56
3,6
12,96
1,6
2,56
-1,9
3,61
-3,4
11,56
:
1,223
0,242
0,325
1,091
1,246
0,246
0,331
1,112
5,816
, H0, .

(1 4).
1. 2.
,
.
8.4.3. 8.3.8.5. 2- (X,Y):

Y\X
0
1
2
3
4
0
0
0,01
0,03
0,05
0,07
1
0,01
0,02
0,04
0,05
0,06
2
0,01
0,03
0,05
0,05
0,05
3
0,01
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,06
0,03
0,08
0,16
0,21
0,24
H0: X Y .
5
0,09
0,08
0,06
0,05
0,28
0,25
0,26
0,25
0,24
1
: () . ,
(B) :
B
0
1
0
0,008
0,008
1
0,020
0,021
2
0,040
0,042
3
0,052
0,055
4
0,060
0,062
5
0,070
0,073
0,25
0,26

210
: IV
2
0,075
3
0,007
0,03
= 0,043.
0,020
0,019
0,08
0,040
0,038
0,16
0,052
0,050
0,21
0,060
0,058
0,24
0,070
0,067
0,28
0,25
0,24
1
= (6 1)(4 1) = 15, = 0,05

H0 > 24,996. , = 0, 043
. . , X Y
, 8.3.8.5. .
8.4.4. 2010. .
(Kendrick Meek), (Marco Rubio) (Charlie Crist) . 3069
.
12 ,
. :
140
188
183
76
587
338
494
510
178
1520
153
306
316
187
962
631
988
1009
441
3069
49, 12 (aij ) 12
(bij) 12
aij bij ij
----------------------------------------------------------140 120.689801238 3.08960469232
338 312.518735745 2.07761888742
153 197.791463017 10.1433860118
188 188.972303682 0.00500271432149
494 489.332029977 0.0445299771913
306 309.695666341 0.0441011973597
183 192.988921473 0.517016994697
510 499.732811991 0.210943022122
316 316.278266536 0.000244823225098
76 84.348973607 0.826392513272
178 218.416422287 7.47877459673
49
http://www.elemenat.com/lat/tabkontigen.php

211
: IV
187 138.234604106 17.2031008598
---------------------------------------------------------- 12 2 = 41.6407162903. = 6,
= 0.05 - (6) = 12.592. , 2 > (6),
.
8.4.5. .
1. 22 279
31
17
48

109
122
231
140
139
297
Pauling, L. (1971). The signicance of the evidence about ascorbic acid and the common cold.
Proc. National Academy of Sciences (U.S.A.), 68, 2678{2681.
Fienberg. S.E. (1980). The Analysis of Cross-Classied Categorical Data. 2nd Edition MIT
Press: Cambridge, MA. Reprinted by Springer-Verlag, New York (2007).
2. 33 .
18
28
14
60
20
51
28
99
12
25
9
46
50
104
51
205
Yule, G.U. (1900). On the association of attributes in statistics: with illustration from thematerial
of the childhood society, &c. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Series A, 194 257319.
3. 1973-74. .

Steinway
4
2
6
13
1
14
11
2
13
2
2
4

9
2
11
6
0
6
45
9
54
Fienberg. S.E. (1980). The Analysis of Cross-Classied Categorical Data. 2nd Edition MIT
Press: Cambridge, MA. Reprinted by Springer-Verlag, New York (2007).

212
: IV
4. .

0
1
2
3
4
0
78
144
204
211
179
1
106
153
126
80
32
2
130
92
55
15
3
125
38
7
4
104
26
5
50
593
453
392
306
211
Waite, H. (1915). Association of fingerprints. Biometrika, 10, 421-478.
5
45
45
861
497
292
170
130
50
2000
5. 222 .

:
156
107
84
31
84
133
156
209
240
240
240
240
Bartlett, M.S. (1935). Contingency table interactions. J. Roy. Statist. Soc. Suppl., 2, 248-252.
Bishop, Y. M. M., Fienberg, S. E., and Holland, P. W. (1975). Discrete Multivariate Analysis:
Theory and Practice. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Reprinted by Springer-Verlag, New York (2007).
6. 263 , 197778. 1980-81.
j1
j2
j3
j4
0
0
0
0
140
0
0
0
1
31
0
0
1
0
16
0
0
1
1
3
0
1
0
0
17
0
1
1
0
5
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
20
1
0
0
1
2
1
0
1
0
9
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
12
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
4
1
1
1
1
0
Haber, M. (1986). Testing for pairwise independence. Biometrics, 42, 429-435.

213

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: IV

log b ( x1 x2 ) log b x1 log b x2 , log b

(log b x) (log c b) log c b logb x log c x .

sin 2 x cos 2 x 1 , sin x cos x , tg x ctg x .

sin 2 x 2 sin x cos x , cos 2 x cos 2 x sin 2 x , tg 2 x

sin x sin y 2 sin

cos x cos y 2 cos

. arc sin = sin-1 : [-1,+1]

sin(arc sin x) = x (|x| < 1), arc sin(sin x) = x (x [-/2, +/2].).

, arc ctg = ctg-1 : R (0, ).

lim ( xn y n ) lim xn lim y n .

lim ( xn y n ) lim xn lim y n ,

lim ( xn y n ) lim xn lim y n ,

(A-, A+) , (x0-, x0+)

: > 0, A > 0, A > 0. > 0

: > 0. |a + b| |a| + |b|,

lim f ( x) A 1 > 0 0 < |x x0| < 1 |f(x) A| < . ,

lim g ( x) B 2 > 0 0 < |x x0| < 2 |g(x) B| < .

min{1 , 2 } , 0 < |x x0| < |f(x) A| < |g(x) B| < ,

|f(x) + g(x) (A + B)| < + = ,

2. , , f(x) g(x) = f(x) +

|f(x)g(x) AB| = |f(x)g(x) Ag(x) + Ag(x) AB| =

(x0-1, x0+1) ( 2.2.1.); |g(x)| < M, M > 0.

(*) 0 < |x x0| <

lim [ f ( x) g ( x)] = lim f ( x) lim g ( x) = A B 0 ,

2.2.2. x0 f(x) g(x) > 0, . f(x) > g(x). ,

f(x) g(x) h(x), lim g ( x) A .

: f(x) A g(x) A h(x) A -

lim log b f ( x) log b lim f ( x) .

(2.2.1.) x0 < x < x0 x0 < x < x0 , L

2.4. (sin x)/x

P(OBD) P(O BD) P(OBC ) ,

lim 1 1 lim cos x 1 , 2.2.7 (. Squeeze theorem), lim

, 3/5. f(0,1) = 0,591..., f(0,01) =

1. : f(0,1) = 0.999983, f(0,01) = 0.9999999983 .

lim sin x 1 sin x .

T1(x1, y1) T2(x2, y2). , x 0

3.1.3. u(x) v(x) ,

u( x)v( x) u ( x)v( x) u( x)v( x) .

u( x x)v( x x) u( x)v( x x) u( x)v( x x) u( x)v( x) =

[u( x)v( x)] =

3.1.6. u(x) v(x) ,

f (g ) f g (g ) g, g (x) g x (x) x. f (g ) g (x)

y f (v) , v v(u) , u u(x) ,

11. sin x cos x .

12. cos x sin x .

. u = -x, 3.1.2. 3.1.8. x (1) u , x x =

(1) u 1 u = (1) ( x) 1 = (1) 1 ( x) 1 = x 1 . , x

11. f(x) = sin x f(x+x) f(x) = sin(x+x) sin x = 2 cos x

(sin x / x 1, kada x 0), sin x cos x .

x cos x cos x (1) sin x .

12. cos x sin

(sin x) cos x (cos x) sin x cos 2 x sin 2 x

15. y arcsin x x sin y . arcsin x x sin y

arcsin x x cos y 1 , arcsin x =

x , x = 100, = 10, = -2.

3.4.4. sin 3,14.

dy cos xdx cos xx = (cos )(0,0015926...) ,

sin(3,14) y dy = 0 (cos )(0,0015926...) 0,0015926... .

, sin 31 = sin 30 + cos 30

c (a, b), f(c) = 0.

Rolle's theorem: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolle's_theorem

f (b) f (a) (b a) f (c) , a < c < b.