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ti:

Cng ngh nh
v ton cu GPS

Mc ng Huy

Kha lun tt nghip

Li cm n

Li u tin em xin gi li cm n n ton th cc thy, c gio trng i

hc Cng Ngh, nhng ngi tn tnh dy d, ch bo em trong sut bn nm
hc va qua ti nh trng.
Tip theo em xin gi li cm n su sc n TS. Nguyn Thng Long, ngi
trc tip hng dn em trong sut qu trnh hc tp, nghin cu ti khoa hc
in t vin thng i Hc Cng ngh, Ngi truyn cho em cch t duy c
h thng, phng php nghin cu, tip cn thc t - nhng iu rt qu bu vi
em khi ra trng lm vic thc t.
Em xin gi li cm n ti ton th cn b b mn Vi c in t - vi h thng
nhng ngi dn dt v nh hng nghin cu cho em trong sut nhng nm
qua.
Em xin t lng bit n chn thnh ti cha m, gia nh em nhng ngi
sinh thnh, nui nng, tin tng ng vin em. Xin gi li cm n ti tt c bn b,
c bit l tp th lp K49B, nhng ngi c v, ng vin, chia s vi em
trong sut nhng nm qua.

Sinh vin thc hin

Mc ng Huy

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Mc ng Huy

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MC LC

LI GII THIU ........................................................................................................ 4

Chng 1:
TNG QUAN V H THNG GPS................................................ 5
1.1
Gii thiu v h thng GPS ........................................................................ 5
1.2
Thnh phn c bn ca h thng GPS ...................................................... 5
1.2.1 B phn ngi dng. .............................................................................. 5
1.2.2 B phn khng gian. ............................................................................... 6
1.2.3 B phn iu khin. ................................................................................ 7
1.3
Thnh phn tn hiu GPS .......................................................................... 8
1.3.1 Tn hiu GPS........................................................................................... 9
1.3.1.1 Thng ip t chui d liu 50bps .............................................. 11
1.3.1.2 Cu trc mt thng dip tn hiu ................................................. 12
1.4
Cch thc lm vic ca h thng GPS..................................................... 13
1.4.1 Hot ng ca GPS .............................................................................. 13
1.4.2 tng nh v ca h thng GPS ...................................................... 14
1.4.3 chnh xc ca h thng GPS ........................................................... 15
1.4.4 Nhng ngun li nh hng n tn hiu GPS ................................... 15
1.5
Chun NMEA ........................................................................................... 17
1.5.1 Gii thiu v chun NMEA.................................................................. 17
1.5.2 Ghp ni phn Cng theo chun NMEA ............................................ 18
1.5.3 Cc on m theo chun NMEA ......................................................... 20
1.5.4 Mt s on m theo chun NMEA xc nh v tr ....................... 24
1.5.4.1 Gii m mt s on m xc nh v tr ....................................... 25
Chng 2: Tng quan v h thng GIS v k thut xy dng bn s.............. 28
2.1
Tng quan v h thng GIS ..................................................................... 28
2.1.1 Gii thiu v h thng GIS ................................................................... 28
2.1.2 Cu trc d liu trong GIS .................................................................. 29
2.1.2.1 D liu kiu khng gian ................................................................... 29
2.1.2.2 D liu kiu phi khng gian ............................................................. 30
2.1.3 M hnh d liu trong GIS ................................................................... 31
2.1.3.1 M hnh d liu kiu RASTER .................................................... 31
2.1.3.2 M hnh d liu kiu VECTOR ................................................... 32
2.2
K thut xy dng bn s trn phn mm Mapinfo.......................... 33
2.2.1 Cch ng k mt bn trn Mapinfo. ............................................... 33
2.2.1.1 Xc nh cc im khng ch. .......................................................... 33
2.2.1.2 Thit lp h ta ............................................................................ 33
2.2.2 Cch s ha bn trn Mapinfo........................................................ 34
Chng 3: Ngn ng lp trnh C# .......................................................................... 35
3.1
Ngn ng C# ............................................................................................. 35
3.1.1 Tng quan v ngn ng C# .................................................................. 35
3.1.2 M chng trnh................................................................................... 36
Kt lun ................................................................................................................ 45
TI LIU THAM KHO: ...................................................................................... 46

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Mc ng Huy

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MT S T VIT TT TRONG KHA LUN ................................................. 47

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Mc ng Huy

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LI GII THIU

Nh chng ta bit, hin nay, cng ngh nh v ton cu GPS (Global

Positioning System ) l cng ngh ang c ng dng rng ri trn th gii ni chung
v Vit Nam ni ring. Cng ngh GPS bt u c gii thiu v ng dng vo
Vit Nam t gia nhng nm 1990 nhng ch yu phc v cho vic thu thp s liu
ta chnh xc ca cc im trc a gc lm c s pht trin cc li trc a cp
thp hn. Trong nhng nm gn y, vi vic xut hin cc thit b o GPS cm tay
n gin v gi r, vic ng dng cng ngh GPS vo cng tc thu thp thng tin v tr
cng tr nn ph bin. c bit l khi n c kt hp vi cc cng ngh khc nh
cng ngh GIS v h thng vin thng th thc s mang li mt cuc cch mng
trong cuc sng hin nay. Di y l mt ng dng ca cng ngh GPS, GIS v cng
ngh vin thng to nn mt h thng gim st cc thit b di ng c gn thit b
o GPS nh qun l t, taxi, xe bus hay cc my di ng gip cho nh qun l c
th iu hnh v gim st c cng vic ca mnh mt cch hiu qu. Theo cc nh
d bo, trong thi gian ti, cc thit b GPS s ngy cng nh gn, chnh xc to iu
khin cho s bng n trong vic ng dng cng ngh.
Vi mc ch nghin cu lm ch cng ngh, trong lun vn ny, em tp trung
vo tm hiu cng ngh GPS cng nh th nghim xy dng mt h thng thu thp
thng tin t thit b GPS v hin th ln bn s. y l tin cho vic xy dng
mt h thng qun l phng tin giao thng cng nh h thng dn ng phng
tin ng b s dng cng ngh GPS.
Lun vn c chia lm 3 chng:
Chng I : Tng quan v h thng GPS
Chng II: Tng quan v h thng GIS v k thut xy dng bn s
Chng III: Ngn ng lp trnh C#

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Mc ng Huy

Chng 1:

1.1

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TNG QUAN V H THNG GPS

Gii thiu v h thng GPS

H thng nh v ton cu GPS l h thng xc nh v tr da trn v tr ca cc

v tinh nhn to. Trong cng mt thi im, mt v tr bt k trn tri t nu xc
nh c khong cch n ti thiu ba v tinh th ta c th tnh c ta ca v tr
.
GPS c thit k v qun l bi B Quc phng Hoa K, nhng chnh ph
Hoa K cho php mi ngi s dng n min ph, bt k quc tch.
H thng GPS

1.2

Thnh phn c bn ca h thng GPS

H thng nh v GPS bao gm 3 b phn: b phn ngi dng, b phn khng

gian v b phn iu khin.

Hnh 1.1: S lin quan gia ba phn ca h thng nh v ton cu

1.2.1 B phn ngi dng.
B phn ngi dng l thit b thu tin hiu GPS v ngi s dng nhng thit
b ny. Thit b thu tin hiu GPS l mt my thu tn hiu sng v tuyn c bit. N

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Mc ng Huy

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c thit k thu tn hiu sng v tuyn c truyn t cc v tinh v tnh ton v

tr da trn thng tin . Thit b thu tin hiu GPS c nhiu kch c khc nhau, hnh
dng v gi c khc nhau.
Tnh cht v gi c ca cc Thit b thu tin hiu GPS ni chung l thuc vo chc
nng m b phn thu nhn c nh. B phn thu nhn dng cho ngnh hng hi v
hng khng thng s dng cho tnh nng giao din vi th nh cha bn i bin.
B phn thu nhn dng cho bn kh nng chnh xc rt cao v c giao din ngi
s dng cho php ghi nhn d liu nhanh chng.
1.2.2 B phn khng gian.
B phn khng gian gm cc v tinh GPS m n truyn tin hiu v thi gian v
v tr ti b phn ngi dng. Tp hp tt c cc v tinh ny c gi l chm sao.
Chng ta c th xem qua b phn khng gian ca h thng GPS:
H thng NAVSTAR ca M gm 24 v tinh vi 6 qu o bay. Cc v tinh ny
hot ng qu o c cao 20.200 km (10,900 nm) gc nghing 55 v vi
thi gian 12 gi/qu o. Qu o bay khng gian ca cc v tinh c sp xp ti
thiu 5 v tinh s c b phn ngi dng nhn thy v bao ph ton cu, vi v tr
chnh xc hon ton (position dilution of precision PDOP) ca 6 v tinh hoc t hn.

Hnh 1.2: Chuyn ng v tinh nhn to xung quanh tri t

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Mc ng Huy

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Mi v tinh truyn trn 2 di tn s L, L1 c tn s 1575.42 MHz v L2 c tn s

1227.6 MHz. Mi v tinh truyn trn cng tn s xc nh. tuy nhin, tn hiu mi v
tinh th thay i theo thi gian n ngi s dng. L1 mang m P (precise code) v m
C/A (coarse/acquisition (C/A) code). L2 ch mang m P (P code).
Thng tin d liu hng hi c thm cc m ny. Thng tin d liu hng hi ging
nhau c mang c 2 di tn s. M P th thng c m ho v th ch m C/A th
c sn n ngi s dng bnh thng; tuy nhin, mt vi thng tin c th nhn c
t m P. Khi m ho, m P c hiu nh m Y. Mi v tinh c 2 s nhn dng. u
tin l s NAVSTAR vi nhn dng trn thit b v tinh c bit. Th hai l s sv (the
space vehicle (sv) number). S ny c n nh ra lch phng v tinh. Th ba l s
m n gi ngu nhin (the pseudo-random noise-PRN). y ch l s nguyn m n
c s dng m tn hiu t cc v tinh . Mt vi my ghi nhn nhn bit v tinh
m chng ang ghi nhn t m SV, hoc m khc t m PRN.
1.2.3 B phn iu khin.
B phn iu khin gm ton b thit b trn mt t c s dng gim st
v iu khin cc v tinh. B phn ny thng ngi s dng khng nhn thy, nhng
y l b phn quan trng ca h thng GPS. B phn iu khin NAVSTAR, c
gi l h thng iu khin hot ng (operational control system (OCS)) gm cc trm
gim st, mt trm iu khin chnh (master control station (MCS)) v anten quay.
Cc trm gim th ng khng nhiu hn GPS nhn m ng bay ca cc v tinh
c nhn thy v do phm vi tch lu d liu t tn hiu v tinh. C 5 trm gim
st th ng, to lc Colorado Springs, Hawaii, o Ascencion, Diego Garcia v
Kwajalein. Cc trm gim st gi d liu th v trm MSC x l.
Trm MCS c to lc Falcon Air Force Base, cch 12 dm v pha ng ca
Colorado Springs, Colorado v c M qun l. Trm MCS nhn d liu t trm
gim st trong thi gian 24 gi/ngy v s dng thng tin ny xc nh nu cc v
tinh ang kho hoc lch thin vn thay i v pht hin thit bi trc trc. Thng tin
v tu thu di chuyn v lch thin vn c tnh ton t tn hiu gim st v chuyn
n v tinh mt ln hoc hai ln/ngy.
Thng tin tnh ton bi trm MCS, cng vi cc mnh lnh duy tr thng xuyn c
truyn bi anten xoay trn mt t. Anten ny to lc ti o Ascencion, Diego Garcia
v Kwajalein. Anten c phng tin truyn n v tinh theo ng lin kt sng
v tuyn di tn S.

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Thm vo chc nng chnh ca trm MCS duy tr 24 gi h thng bn tin in t

vi tnh trng v tin tc h thng sau cng. Cng dn lin lc cho vn ny vi The
United States Coast Guard's (USCG) Navigation Center (NAVCEN).

1.3

Thnh phn tn hiu GPS

Mi v tinh GPS pht tn hiu radio vi tn s rt cao, bao gm 2 tn s sng

mang c iu ch bi 2 loi m (m C/A v m P-code) v thng tin nh v. Hai
sng mang c pht ra vi tn s 1,575.42MHz (sng mang bng tn L1) v
1,227.60MHz( song mang bng tn L2). Tc l bc sng xp x 19cm v
24.4cm.Vic s dng 2 loi sng mang ny cho php sa li chnh trong h thng GPS
l s tr trong tng kh quyn, iu ny c gii thch r rng hn trong phn sa
li h thng. Tt c cc v tinh GPS pht chung tn s sng mang L1 v L2, Tuy nhin
m iu ch th khc nhau cho mi v tinh khc nhau.
Hai loi m c dng l m C/A (Coarse/Acquisition) v m P-code (precision code).
Mi m bao gm mt nhm s nh phn 0 v 1 gi l cc bit. Cc m thng thng
c bit n l m PRN - Pseudo Random Noise(m n gi ngu nhin) gi l nh
vy v chng c tao ra mt cch ngu nhin v tn hiu ging nh cc tn hiu n,
nhng thc t chng c pht ra t cc gii thut ton hc. Hin nay m C/A ch
c iu ch bng tn L1 cn m P-code c c iu ch c 2 bng tn L1 v
L2. Vic iu ch ny gi l iu ch lng pha v pha ca chng dch 180 khi gi
tr m thay i t 0 ->1 hay t 1->0.
M C/A l 1 lung bt nh phn ca 1023 s nh phn v lp li bn thn chng trong
mi giy. iu ny c ngha l tc chip ca m C/A l 1.023Mbps. Hay theo cch
khc,chu k ca mt bit xp x 1ms hay tng ng vi 300m. Vic o c s dng
m C/A l km chnh xc so vi m P-code nhng n t phc tp v c cung cp
cho tt c ngi s dng.
M P-code l 1 mt chui di cc s nh phn ,n lp li bn thn n sau 266 ngy. N
cng nhanh hn 10 ln so vi m C/A( tc l 10.23MBps). Nhn vi thi gian lp
li bn thn n sau 266 ngy cho ra tc 10.23Mbps suy ra m P-code l mt
lung gm 2.35x1014chip m di 266 ngy c chia ra 38 on;mi on l 1 tun.32
on c phn chia ti cc v tinh khc nhau. Mi v tinh pht ra on 1-tun ca
m P-code,chng c khi to vo na m nm gia th 7 v ch nht hng tun. 6
on cn li dnh ring cho mc ch s dng khc. M P-code c thit k ch
yu s dng cho mc ch qun s. N c cung cp cho ngi s dng vo ngy

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Mc ng Huy

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31/1/1994. thi im m P-code c m ha bng vic thm vo n 1 loi m

W-code. V kt qu ca vic thm vo loi m code ny l m Y-Code v n c tc
chp ging vi m P-code.

Hnh 1.3 M hnh tn hiu GPS kh truyn

1.3.1 Tn hiu GPS
Mi v tinh GPS truyn ng thi 2 di tn s l L1 v L2 (L1 l 1575,42MHz
, L2 l 1227,60MHz )
Sng mang ca tin hiu L1 gm 1 thnh phn cng pha v mt thnh phn vung pha.
Thnh phn cng pha l hai pha c iu ch bi 1 lung d liu 50bps v mt m
gi ngu nhin c gi l m C/A bao gm 1 chui 1023 chip ni tip c chu ky l
1ms v 1 tc xung nhip 1.023MHz.
Thnh phn vung pha cng l hai pha c iu ch bi 1 lung d liu 50bps
nhng c mt s khc nhau l thnh phn vung pha dng m gi ngu nhin c
gi l P-Code, n c xung nhp l 10.23MHz v chu k l 1 tun.
Biu thc ton hc ca sng L1 l:

Trong

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