Graphic Arts I Layout, Measuring and Drawing Tools Introduction: Students in the Graphic Arts courses at B.H.S. will be involved with some form of layout or planning of a project. This project planning will in most cases be designed or prepared on a computer. There are occasions however that will require the graphic artist: (you) to use a few basic tools and techniques to plan or draw designs or images without the use of a computer. This packet is designed to help you the graphic artist use these tools and techniques. Identifying Tools: The T-square is a drawing tool used to assist the artist in drawing horizontallines and also as a rest for triangles. When the T-square and triangles are used together the artist can draw vertical lines and angled lines (teacher will demonstrate). *Note: The T-square will always lay flat on a table or drawing surface and the head will always rest against the edge of that surface. See illustration 1-A Length of Tsquare ete nclg ™ ed or of T-sjare \ ast to eroghe Creno 1-A T-square set up for a right handed artist.ee ee ee The drawing Triangles that are used in Graphic Arts are the 30- 60-90 degree and the 45-45-90 degree triangles. It is important to note that all triangles (3 angles) contain a sum of 180 degrees no matter what shape they appear to have. The two triangles found in the Graphic’s Lab look like the images in illustration 1-B. 4 A 1-B Left, 30-60-90 and on the right, 45-45-90 triangles The Compass is a tool used for drawing arcs and circles and can in the Graphic’s Lab is able to draw an arc with a 6" radius or a circle with a 12" diameter. This same compass is adjustable for any size arc or circle up to ‘these is shown in 1-C. *Note A compass is a delicate too! and should be treated with care, as should all of these tools. The teacher will demonstrate the use of the compass as well as the other tools.A Protractor is a measuring tool used to create angles or measure existing angles. Since all angles are derived from the circle (360 degrees), the protractor's purpose is to measure any angle or any part of a circle. Note: A protractor only has a degree scale of 180 degrees and can be used in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction. See image of protractor in 1-D The final and most important tool to be used in the Graphic's Lab is the Ruler. This tool is not new to us but we have to know how to use it in order to function in the Graphic's Lab and in some instances in our lives outside of school. We have all heard expressions: "That car missed me by a fraction of an inch" or “He came within a 1/16 of an inch from losing his life." These quotes are all referring to something that could have happened but didn’t. They also point out how close or small in distance the accident was avoided. In Graphics we measure using the inch or a part of that inch. In the illustration 1-E, (on the next page) an inch is shown as the distance between 0-1, 1-2, 3-4 etc. So the inch is the exact same size or length in every part of the ruler, yardstick or tape measure.This is simple enough! But, many times it is necessary to measure objects, lines or distances that are smaller than a whole inch. On the following pages you will find some measuring, drawing and simple problem solving exercises to familiarize yourself with the tools and processes already discussed to this point. ~1-E Ruler Terms you should know and use: T-square Triangles (30-60-90 and“45-45-90) Arc Circle Radius Diameter Circumference Fraction Inch Linear Right Angle Parallel Perpendicular Tangent Vertical Horizontal=e Measuring, layout and tools assignment A. In this exercise the student is to measure the length of each line to the nearest 1/16" and print the answer in the small blank to the right of each measured line. The length of this line is? Example: Se et eS Drawing #1 Given a teacher demonstration on laying out a drawing paper with a T-square, the student will: 1. Use a T-square to align drawing paper and tape in place. 2. Use a T-square to find the center of the paper and mark the center with a small X using a pencil, See illustr, B-1 3. Use a T-square and any triangle to draw four rectangles that are equal in size and each rectangle touches, (In other words, divide your paper into 4 equal parts.) B-2 4. Label all rectangles in their upper left corner. Starting with the rectangle on your left, label it “A” and in a clockwise direction label the next rectangle “B" etc.& In rectangle “A”, draw 6 horizontal lines with the T-square so that the lines are 3" apart and 6" long. (Start drawing these lines close to the top of your paper) 6. Also in rectangle “A”, Draw 5 horizontal lines 3/8" apart and 4" long 7. In rectangle “B”, draw 10 vertical lines with a T-square and a triangle so that these lines are +" apart and 5" long. 8 Inrectangle “C”, draw as many lines as possible that will be on a 45 degree angle and 3" apart. Startto draw the first line at the center of the paper and draw the line 6 1/2" long. 9. Inrectangle “Db”, draw as many lines as possible on 60 degree 3H angles so that the lines are 5/8" apart and 5 3" long. Start at the center of the paper once again. —-———----- See examples on the next pageyuewublsse jo sdais BuluujGeg jo ejduexa “syed p ou) Jaded apiaig “2-4 yeded jo sejua9 uy Burpuld “1-@ (siewco p je ode) pede; pue poubye sedeg sedeg Buymeig, ae oeyng Bumesg| adv —>— See Drawing #2 In this exercise the student (you) are to use the T-square, triangles, compass and ruler to complete the assignment. Your paper should look like the following page, which has 4 boxes with circles, hexagons etc. A. Once again divide your paper into four parts as you did in drawing #1 In the upper left box or rectangle find the center. Set your compass for a radius of 1 3" and using the center of the box as a starting point draw a circle. ne QD z g 5 8 8 es + z a 8 a a 3 € 3 8 § : 2 q 5 g g es oe & = 3 a a 5 g 4 g 3 & g y a a ae and draw a circle inside the first. See iMustration C-1 = In the box to the right of the circles, find the center and draw a circle with a radius of 13". . Use your T-square and triangle to draw-a-horizontaland— vertical axis through the center of the circle. . Using C-2 as a guide, keep the compass at the same 1 3" radius and draw 2 arcs from the end points of the vertical axis. . From where the arcs intersect the circle, (using a triangle as a straight edge) connect these points with a straight line. The result will yield a hexagon. N w C. Inthe third box on your sheet, draw a circle with a1 4" radius using the center as a starting point for your compass. Use your T-square and triangle to draw a horizontal and vertical axis through the center of the circle, . Use a 45-degree triangle and draw a line that bisects each quarter of the circle. . Using a straight edge, connect the intersection points with straight lines, The result will yield an octagon. nv ewee D. In the last box, draw a circle with a 3” diameter and construct horizontal and vertical axis. Draw lightly with the compass!!! 1. By trial and error method, set the compass slightly larger (1/8" - 3") than the radius. 2. Use your pencil and mark a small point on the outside of the circle. (Hint: extend your horizontal axis outside of the circle) Starting at the vertical axis, use the compass to swing / draw 5 points of intersection. 4. When drawing the fifth intersection point, the compass should be as close to the original starting point as possible. ( It may take several adjustments of the compass to do this correctly) 5. The resulting geometric shape will be a pentagon. Note: All'sides of the pentagon should be the same lengths! ct“uoBewued & 10 Sepis eny meup 0} Sseduico Bulsn “p-9 suapiaiq 10 TF Saf SJQUJOD) SSOIDY _ NAAID T : HUGOUOD OMT MBIp O} pasn SSedUIOD I-p “ejGuey) @ ssedusoo yim UoBejoo ue Bumesg “¢-9GRAPHIC ARTS 1 MEASURING AND LAYOUT WORKSHEET TASK: Using the layout tools that were covered in class ( T-square, triangles, compass, etc. ) Your job is to design a car that meets the following criteria: 1. The car must have two (2) round wheels, and they must be: a. 11/2” DIA. b. 6” apart 2, The car must have a body, and it must meet these specifications: “a. 3/8” off the ground a eteaeace ae b. Wheel wells 1/8” larger than the wheels c. Must have at least one rounded part or parts d. Hood e. Roof height must not exceed 3 5/8” from the ground f. Trunk g. GlassGRAPHIC ARTS 1 MEASURING AND LAYOUT WORKSHEET TASK: Using the layout tools that were covered in class ( T-square triangles, compass, etc. ). Your job is to design a clock face that meets the following criteria: 1. The clock face must have a DIA. of six (6) inches. 2. Locate the center. 3. Layout the numbers precisely around the outside of the circle.